内幕交易论文提纲(全英语)

Assignment 1

Research Proposal Assignment

Student ID:

Paper: National and International Securities Regulation Paper code: LAWS502-10B

Lecturer: Nan Seuffert

Due Date: 10/09/2010

My topic:

I am going to argue the issue is whether insider trading should be prohibited through the insider trading regime in New Zealand. It will be critically considered and debated in terms of:

-What is insider trading as defined by the existing insider trading regime in New Zealand?

-What are rationales used for the insider trading regime in New Zealand and does insider trading violate the rationale so insider

trading should be forbidden?

-What are the main causes to result in insider trading being prohibited and whether these reasons for banning insider trading are

justified?

-Does insider trading have positive influences on the financial market so insider trading should not be prohibited?

How I intend to engage this topic:

I am going to engage in this topic by briefly looking at the insider trading regime such as the Securities Markets Act 1988 and the Securities Markets Amendment Act 2006 to understand what prohibited insider trading is in New Zealand. Then, I will begin by exploring what rationales of the insider trading regime are in New Zealand. In terms of the rationales, I will debate whether insider trading really contravenes the rationales. Also, through researching different resources such as cases and articles, I will analyse what the main reasons that cause insider trading prohibited are in New Zealand and discuss whether these reasons are justification for forbidding insider trading. Besides, studying certain economic theories and some economic statistics, I will canvass whether insider trading has positive influences on the financial market for further discussing whether insider trading should be allowed in New Zealand. Finally, I will provide my opinion about the topic issue.

Purpose and focus of my paper:

In the research paper, my purpose will be to argue and analyse whether we need to prohibit insider trading by insider trading regime in New Zealand in light of legal and economic aspects. Also, I would like to provide my view about the issue depending on my research.

The advantages and disadvantages of insider trading in the financial market have been fairly controversial in the law.1 Usually, all the articles have viewed insider trading as murky2. For instance, some scholars believe that the

1 Utpal Bhattacharya and Hazem Daouk “The world Price of Insider Trading” (2002) LVⅡJournal of Finance 75 at 104.

2 Robert W McGee “Applying Ethics to Insider Trading” (2008) 77 Journal of Business Ethics 205 at 205.

transparency and fairness of the capital market have been damaged by insider trading so New Zealand needs to protect investors and builds confidence in the capital market by legislative and regulatory mechanism – insider trading regime.3 However, other scholars criticize prohibiting insider trading. For example, Manne claims insider trading is significant as well as beneficial for the development of financial markets, so governments should not prohibit insider trading. 4 Therefore, my focus is to study and take part in the argument about whether New Zealand needs to prohibit insider trading. Furthermore, because insider trading regime’s aim is usually for shoring up investor confidence and bolstering efficiency and fairness in the financial market, 5 I will focus on analysing the issue from both legal and economic views. For example in law, I will survey what rationales are adopted in New Zealand insider trading regime such as a fiduciary rationale and a fairness rationale. 6 Then, I will debate whether insider trading violates the principles. In addition, I will study what influences (positive or negative) are brought to the economy by insider trading in the financial market such us stock price accuracy and agency costs7.

Core Questions:

The first core question that I would like to debate is whether insider trading really breaches the rationales of the insider trading regime. If insider trading actually breaks the rationales, insider trading should be prohibited for defending the rationales. Before starting to debate the first core question, I need to solve what the rationales of the insider trading regime are in New Zealand. My next core question is to debate whether the principal reasons that cause insider trading to be prohibited; such as, harming investors and being fraudulent, give enough grounds for proscribing insider trading. For instance, I will analyse whether insider trading really injures investors. If the investors are harmed, the insider trading regime should be established for protecting investors, but if not, insider trading should not be voted due to the reason. The last core question is to argue whether insider trading can promote the financial market. For example, if insider trading encourages the development of the market including the improvement of stock price accuracy and the decrease of 3 Jane Diplock, Chairman of New Zealand Securities Commission “Regulating Insider Trading Effectively: Lessons From New Zealand” (Cambridge International Symposium on Economic Crime, Jesus College, Cambridge 2nd-9th September 2007).

4 Aaron Gilbert “The Efficacy and Microstructure Effects of Insider Trading Regulations”(Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Auckland University of Technology, 2007) at 7-8.

5 Diplock, above n3.

6 Sophie Anne Cunliffe “Materiality in Insider Trading: An Obstacle to Enforcement and Compliance”(LLB(Hons) Dissertation, University of Otageo,2007).

7 Laura N Beny “A Comparative Empirical investigation of Agency and Market Theories of Insider Trading” (Law & Economics Working paper, University of Michigan, 2004) at 4. “Jensen and Meckling (1976) define agency costs as the sum of the shareholders’ monitoring costs, the managers’ bonding costs, if any, and the residual loss, which is the decrease in shareholders’ welfare caused by the divergence between the managers’ decisions and the decisions that would maximize the shareholders’ wealth. Easterbrook (1985) was among the first to raise the possibility that insider trading is an agency problem.”

agency costs , which means the government should not prohibit insider trading and vice versa. Depending on the above arguments, I will seek to answer the issue related to whether insider trading should be prohibited in New Zealand. Major sections of my paper

The first major section will consist of an introduction which will briefly introduce the background of insider trading regulations all over the world and clarify my purpose for this research paper. The next major section will set out to review the development of the insider trading regime in New Zealand and then explore what the rationales are the insider trading regime in New Zealand. Part three will discuss whether the rationales are transgressed by insider trading. In Part four, I will discuss whether different reasons (harmful for investors, being fraudulent and infringing property rights) give rise to prohibit i ng insider trading. Meanwhile, I will debate whether insider trading can contribute to these bad results mentioned by the above causes. Part five will argue whether insider trading benefits the financial market (stock price accuracy and agency costs). Finally, a brief conclusion summarises my argument whether insider trading should be prohibited in New Zealand in terms of the above argument. Bibliography

So far, I have found these sources for forming my ideas about my topic. These sources mainly consist of statues, cases, dissertations and articles. Legislations:

Securities markets Act 1988

Securities Markets Amendment Act 2006

These legislations are basic for my research paper because they let me understand what insider trading is and what rationales of insider trading regime are in New Zealand. Then, I can start to analyse and argue my topic issue. Cases:

New Zealand

Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd v Wilson Neill Ltd (No 2) [1993] 2 NZLR 657

Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd v Wilson Neill Ltd (No 2) [1994] 2 NZLR 152

These cases are under Securities Market Act 1988. Although these cases are unsuccessful appeals for insider trading alleged, they clarify clearly what insider trading is under securities Market Act 1988. Therefore, they are good examples to help me understand deeply what insider trading is prohibited in New Zealand.

USA

Fmc Corp. v. Boesky, 852 F.2d 981 (7th Cir. 1988)

This case is rare because the defendant – Ivan F. Boesky gained around $20 million and caused a loss of F.M.C. corporation about $220 million in insider trading. Hence, it is useful to analyse whether insider trading is harmful and fraudulent.

Book:

Schie, Adran Van, Insider trading, Nominee Disclosure and Futures Dealing: An Analysis of the Securities Amendment Act 1988 (Wellington, Butterworths, 1994)

The book provides a guide to Securities Markets Act 1988. Furthermore, it critics and comments on the regulation including rationale, burdens of proof and so on, which is valuable to debate whether prohibition of insider trading is necessary by the insider trading regime.

Dissertations and research paper:

Beny, Laura N “A Comparative Empirical investigation of Agency and Market Theories of Insider Trading” (Law & Economics Working paper, University of Michigan, 2004) available at

The working paper debates whether insider trading benefits financial market underlying two economic theories (agency cost and market theories). Moreover, the paper shows profitable evidences to support theoretical arguments. Therefore, the paper provides many proofs and statistics for arguments of my topic issue.

Cunliffe,Sophie Anne “Materiality in Insider Trading: An Obstacle to Enforcement and Compliance” (LLB(Hons), University of Otageo 2007) available at

The dissertation argues about benefits of regulating insider trading through how to define “material information” and how to test “material information”according to insider trading regime. It helps me comprehend deeply insider trading regulation and debate my topic issue.

Gilbert, Aaron “The Efficacy and Microstructure Effects of Insider Trading Regulations” (PhD, AUT, 2007) available at

The dissertation debates the role of regulation in restricting insider trading in New Zealand. Also, it analyse how effects insider trading has on liquidity and volatility, cost of equity and bid-ask spread. Therefore, it presents practical evidences for discussing whether insider trading regime is necessary for prohibiting insider trading.

Journal articles:

Bhattacharya, Utpal and Daouk, Hazem “The world Price of Insider Trading”(2005) LVⅡJournal of Finance 75

The article discusses whether prohibitions against insider trading impact the stock markets such as bid-ask spread and liquidity. It illustrates many statistics for studying whether insider trading has positive influences on market.

McGee, Robert W “Applying Ethics to Insider Trading” (2008) 77 Journal of Business Ethics 205

The article argues that certain insider trading really profit the financial market and analyses what positive and negative aspects insider trading has. Hence, the article provides arguments to discuss whether insider trading is harmful and fraudulent.

Other:

Bandow, Doug “What’s Wrong about Insider Trading?” (2010) Barron’s

The document in the website demonstrates inside trading profits the market and is not a crime. Therefore, the article is useful to argue and analyse whether insider trading is beneficial.

Diplock, Jane, Chairman of New Zealand Securities Commission “Regulating Insider Trading Effectively: Lessons from New Zealand” (Cambridge International Symposium on Economic Crime, Jesus College, Cambridge 2nd-9th September 2007) available at

The speech is very useful to review the development of insider trading regime in New Zealand. Moreover, it explains why insider trading law is needed in New Zealand.

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