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跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释
跨文化交际名词解释

Introduction

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business

operations.

经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one

large society.

宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and

nationlities.

熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures

微观文化:文化中的文化

5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture

perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 1

6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect

the behavior of a relatively large group of people.

文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.

文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and

distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.

亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has

communication problems.

亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。

10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.

规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。

11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if

broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.

规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

Chapter 2

12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.

社会文化适应:人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。

13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the

new host culture.

文化适应:人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。

14.分隔和隔离separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not

participating in the new culture.

在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化,完全没有接受和习得新文化。

15.融合Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture

while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.

在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分,同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。

16.同化Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for

another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.

人们放弃原有文化,接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化,人们就失去了原有的文化。

17.边缘化Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not

having any psychological contact with the larger society.人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份,而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。

18.文化震荡Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter

when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时,遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。

Chapter 3

19.信息源source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.

是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。

20.编码encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.

是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。

21.信息message is the resulting object.

是交流的内容,编码的结果。

22.渠道channel是信息传递的手段。

23.干扰noise指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。

24.解码decoing信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过

程。

25.反馈feedback 指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。

26.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。

Chapter 4

27.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting

exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息,又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

28.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among

members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际,总的来说,同一种族,政治倾向宗教,或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。

29.国家间交际internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际,此种交际

非常正式和仪式化。

30.跨民族交际interthnic communication:refers to communication between people of the

same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族,不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。

31.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver

exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.

指信息源和信息来自不同的种族,种族具有不同的身体特征。

32.跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between

members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息

交换过程。

Chapter 5

33.世界观worldview:is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of

humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙,神,人本质及自然的最根本的看法。

34.宗教religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as

creator and governor of the universe. 对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。

35.个人主义individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益,集体主义collectivism:个人融入集体。

36.对不确定因素的回避态度:uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for

uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

37.权利距离power distance:组织或机构里边,没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受

和期望的程度。

Chapter 6

38.感觉sensation:is the neurological process by which people become aware of their

environmnent .人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。

39.低语境low context:交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载,只有少

量的信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。

40.高语境high versus:在人们交际时,有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中,

明显的语码负载较少的信息量。

Chapter 7

41.焦虑Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on

that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新环境下人们不知如何应对,过多关注自己的情绪,不能全身心投入到交际中。

42.假定一致性:(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they

see things is called projected cognitive similarity.

从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。

(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more

similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.

43.定势stereotypes:refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on

any observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

44.偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular

group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.

偏见是指对于某一特定群体,种类,宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。

45.种族主义是基于种族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes

characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。

46.语言绝对论:Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural

norms.语言结构控制思维和文化。

47.语言相对论:Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.

文化由语言来决定,同时也决定语言。

Chapter 8

48.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different

cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。

49.禁忌语:T aboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of

people,or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。

50.委婉语:Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one

considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的,间接的方式来代替严厉的,生硬的或冒犯的言语。

Chapter 10

51.非言语信号:(狭义)noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol

to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。(广义)refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。

52.副语言:Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which

interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关,指说的速度,音高,和质量,这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.

53.时间行为:Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人们如

何看待和使用时间。

54.时空行为:proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and

personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通,包括地盘性和个人空间。

55.目光语:The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的

交流信息。

56.气味行为Olfactics:The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道

进行交流的研究。

57.触觉行为Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过身体接触

来进行交流。

58.身势语行为Kinesics:is the term used for communicating through various types of body

movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.

指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作,包括表情,手势,姿势,和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。

59.色彩学Chromatics:r efers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and

impression of others.指影响你的情绪,情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。

Chapter 11

60.礼节Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business

situation .在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。

Chapter 12

61.良好的交际Competent communication:as interaction that is perceived as effective in

fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的目标的有效交际。

62.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the

target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context.指理解和适应目标文化的能力,指对文化多样性的敏感性,也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。

63.跨文化交际能力包括:involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are inseparable in

reality.认知能力,情感能力,行为能力,事实上他们是密不可分的。

64.认知Cognition:The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the

mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal codes.指的是思维的理解力和理解各种言语和非言语交际的能力。

65.情感Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experience when

communicating with someone from a different culture.当你和来自其他文化的人进行交际的时候,你所经历的情感状态

66.目的Intentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction.指引你

如何进行一个特定的跨文化交际。

67.行动Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as

appropriate and effective.指交际的适当而有效的行为表现。

68.移情Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people’s points of view能够以他

人的观点看待和感受事情。

跨文化交际与翻译

Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to

翻译研究的语篇分析模式及其意义(二)

英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语

《跨文化交际》_名词解释

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化:文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应:人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and

跨文化交际案例分析答题技巧

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Unit 2 With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be. 随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展,不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁,但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。正因为如此,人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。事实上,文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。我们听、读、谈它,如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。但说到文化的意义,很难界定什么是真正的文化,什么应该是文化。 Text A The Concept of Culture Culture is notoriously difficult to define. In 1952, the American anthropologist, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, critically reviewed concepts and definitions of culture, and compiled a list of 164 different definitions. So far there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture. 众所周知,文化很难定义。1952年,美国植物学家阿尔弗雷德·克罗伯和克莱德·克鲁克汉对文化的概念和定义进行了批判性的重新审视,并编制了164个不同的定义清单。到目前为止,人类学家和学者对于文化的本质还没有达成一致意见。 Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology. Whereas sociology has concentrated on the notion of society; economics on the concepts of production, distribution, and consumption; political science on the concept of power; anthropology has focused on the culture concept. From anthropology nineteenth-century beginnings, culture has been central to both ethnology and archaeology and has been an important, if not major, concern of physical anthropology. Anthropology, through its constant examining of different life ways throughout space and time, has done more than any other scientific discipline to refine our understanding of the concept of culture. 尽管今天大多数社会科学都使用“文化”这个词,但多年来,它从人类学学科中得到了最精确、最彻底的定义。而社会学则集中于社会概念;经济学则集中于生产、分配和消费概念;政治学则集中于权力概念;人类学则集中于文化概念。从19世纪的人类学开始,文化就一直是民族学和考古学的中心,并且一直是一个重要的,如果不是主要的,对物质人类学的关注。人类学通过对整个空间和时间中不同生活方式的不断研究,比任何其他科学学科都更能完善我们对文化概念的理解。 In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts ,world philosophy and gourmet cuisine. For example,according to this popular use of the term, the cultured person listens to Bach rather than Eminem, can distinguish between the

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语言行为,而忽视了非语言行为。但是,同语言 行为的交际功能相比,非语言行为具有更真实地 传递信息、更准确地表达情感等功能。在跨文化 交际中,同语言行为一样,非语言表现形式在很 大程度上不可避免地会受文化的影响,同样的形 式在不同的文化中可能亦有不同的含义,这些差异在跨文化交际中往往会引起交际双方的误解, 严重影响彼此的交际。本文拟对跨文化交际中的 语言交际和非语言交际进行分析。 一、非语盲交际1?非语言交际的界定 非语言交际(NonvethalConununieauon)指的是在一定交际环境中语言因素以外的,对输出者或接受者含有信息价值的那些因素。这些因素既可人为地生成,也可由环境造就。,['广义的非语言交际包括除言语交际以外的所有交际行为。狭义的非语言交际包括那些个人发出的有可能在他人头脑中产生意义的非语言暗示的加工过程,它是一种体现非语言行为的过程,在特定的场合或语境中要么独自出现,要么与语言行为同 时发生。非语言交际是一门跨学科的学术研究, 它的涵盖范围广,涉及到多个知识领域,如:人 类学、心理学、跨文化交际学、社会语言学等。

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”。但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则,并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

《跨文化交际》名词解释

1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化:文化中的文化 5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7. Culture identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9. Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10. Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应:人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13. Acculturation refers to an individual's learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. 文化适应:人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。 14. 分隔和隔离separation and segregation refer to maintaining one's original culture and not participating in the new culture.

跨文化交际小感想

Study of cross cultural communication. 从跨文化交际这堂课上,不仅仅让我仔细地思考了该如何与外国人交流沟通,也在同时让我更加认真地对待与任何人的交流。 同时,这堂课也为我们重要的第二语言—英语的学习打下了更加坚实的基础。正如高中时候的语文老师所说:语言有丰富的文化内涵。而我们学习英语也是为了更好更有效的沟通交流。在英语学习中,文化是指所学语言国家的历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、价值观念等。接触和了解英语国家文化有益于我们对英语的理解和使用,有益于加深对本国文化的理解与认识,更有益于培养和提高我们的跨文化交际能力。因此,在日常的学习生活中,我们应该更加主动地、自觉地吸收并融入新的文化环境之中。 时间飞快,记得当初还是跨文化交际的第一节课,转眼这门课程就要结束了,我会在以后的时间里继续学习这门课程。 我对中西文化的差异很感兴趣,所以收集了些有关中西方文化差异的资料, 在中国的文化背景里,红色代表着幸运、财富和吉祥喜庆,而在西方人的观念里,红色是血的颜色,表示冲动、挑衅。所以,中国人在喜庆的节日里喜欢穿红色的衣服,而西方人一般选择蓝色,因为他们觉得蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 在饮食方面,中国人很注重形式,讲究“色、香、味”,所以中国烹调里,菜的样式千变万化,具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而西方人很讲实际,在菜的花色变化上从不下什么工夫,更讲究其营养搭配和保护,注重菜的内在质量。 我们在介绍来宾时,喜欢用褒扬的话语言辞,会加上很多主观评论。但西方人认为,介绍客人时不必评头论足,凡是主观性的评论都有强加的感觉,介绍主要突出被介绍人的身份、学历、职务等,而不应该附加外貌和抽象的评论。 Cross-cultural communication from this class, let me just to think carefully about how to communicate with foreigners, but also at the same time let me more seriously and any person exchange. At the same time, the course is also important for us second language - English learning to lay a more solid foundation.As the high school Chinese teacher said: language has rich cultural connotation.We study English is also in order to better and more effective communication. In English learning, culture refers to the language of the national historical geography, local customs and practices, traditions and customs, way of life, literature and art, behavior norms, values and so on. Contact and understand the English culture is beneficial to our understanding of English and use, helpful to deepen their understanding and awareness of culture, more beneficial to develop and improve our ability of intercultural communication. Therefore, in the daily life, we should be more active, conscious and absorbed into the new cultural environment. Time flies, remember or cross cultural communication of the first class, and this course is going to end, I will at a later time to study this course. I am very interested in the difference between Chinese and Western culture, so a collection of some of the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture, 215

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