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伍尔夫 海浪 研究新视域

编号:

本科毕业设计(论文)

题目:(中文)海浪涨落与生命起伏:

伍尔夫《海浪》研究新视阈(英文) A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

学院外语学院

专业英语

姓名高春娟

完成日期2014年2月

A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

By

高春娟

Gao Chunjuan

A Thesis

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Faculty of Foreign Languages

Ningbo University

April 2014

I

A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to all those who helped me during the period of writing this thesis. My deepest gratitude goes first to my adviser Prof. Duan, for his unending guidance, support, and friendship throughout this project and throughout my entire undergraduate career at Ningbo University. His incisive and perceptive comments really benefit me and are extremely beneficial in forming my theoretical perspectives.

What is more, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. Their constant love, faith and encouragement have seen me through my scholarly endeavors and ensure that I would finish this project despite everything.

Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

II

诚信承诺

我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《海浪涨落与生命起伏:伍尔夫《海浪》研究新视阈》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。

承诺人(签名):XXX 2014年 4 月 XX 日

III

A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

Abstract

【ABSTRACT】Sea is the source of life which nurtures human and becomes a constant and interconnected part of literature. Virginia Woolf is a British modernist writer, who is honored as the vanguard of the twentieth century modernism and feminism. Also she is one of the avant-garde pioneers of English literature and a great master of the stream of consciousness novel theory. The Waves is a poetic novel; it uses the recirculation and ups and downs of the waves to show the track of human survival and development. It shows the ups and downs of life according to the fluctuation of waves and the sun. We can maximum close to life, time, consciousness and the true feeling t hrough the six characters’inner monologue in their respective life stage instantaneous. This paper will discuss the mutual relationships among characters, background, theme, structure and writing techniques to study the leitmotif of The Waves. And also this paper will discuss the theme from the following aspects: how waves influence on every character, the relationship between the waves and life, and how the waves refine the theme. I will analyze the writer’s deep life consciousness and thinking of life from the point of view of the ups and downs of waves and the water prototype.

【KEYWORDS】waves;ups and downs of life;theme

IV

海浪涨落与生命起伏:伍尔夫《海浪》研究新

视阈

摘要

海洋是大自然中生命的源泉,它哺育了人类,也成为人类文学艺术中一个悠远而无法割舍的部分。丰富的海洋文学承载着海洋民族在不同历史进程中的精神与理想,映射海洋民族对未来生活的想象与向往。弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫是一位英国现代主义作家,是英国文坛的前卫开拓者之一,被誉为二十世纪现代主义与女性主义的先锋,是意识流小说理论的集大成者。《海浪》是一部诗性小说,借大海浪潮生生不息、循环往复来喻示人类生存与发展的轨迹,它以太阳和海浪的涨落与变迁对应生命的兴衰沉浮。通过其中六个人物在各自相应人生阶段的瞬间内心独白,让我们最大限度地接近生命、时间、意识以及感觉的本真。本文要研究人物、背景、情节、主题、结构与技巧等相互之间的关系,来研究《海浪》的主题思想。本文将从海浪对每个人物的影响,海浪涨落与生命起伏的关系和海浪对主题的提炼来探讨该小说的主题思想。通过对《海浪》的水原型的角度以及对海浪涨落与生命起伏的研究来剖析作者深邃的生命意识和对人生的思考。

关键词:海浪涨落;生命起伏;主题

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A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

Contents

1 Introduction (1)

1.1 About Woolf (1)

1.2 Brief introduction of The Waves (2)

1.2.1 Stream of consciousness (2)

1.2.2 Modernism (2)

2 Literature review (3)

2.1 Oversea studies on Woolf’s The Waves (3)

2.2 Domestic studies on Woolf’s The Waves (4)

3 How waves influence six characters (5)

3.1 Bernard (5)

3.2 Jinny (5)

3.3 Louis (6)

3.4 Rhoda (6)

3.5 Neville (7)

3.6 Susan (7)

4 The relation between the waves and life (7)

4.1 The relation between the waves and six characters (7)

4.2 The relation between the waves and humans (9)

5 How the waves elevate theme (10)

5.1 Life and death (10)

5.2 The harmony between human and nature (11)

6 Conclusion (11)

References (13)

VI

1Introduction

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) is one of the most striking figures in the English Literature with her mastery in using the stream of consciousness technique in her works. She is one of the most influential and innovative novelists of 20th century. Her entire publishing career can be described as an ever-regenerating creative process. She publishes lots of famous novels including Jacob’s Room, To the Lighthouse,Mrs. Dalloway and essays consist of The Death of the Moth and A Room of One’s Own and Other Essays. And the novel The Waves has long been viewed as a paradigm piece of modern literature, which can best demonstrate innovative spirit of Woolf’s. It possesses no plot. There are six main characters in this novel, but they feel no warmth of real human beings. Actually each of these characters represents one unique perspective of life, and the all six of them point up the main body of this work, which mainly consists of their observations or meditations on the meaning of human existence, self-identity, the truths of personal as well as collective human life.

1.1About Woolf

Virginia Woolf, formerly called Adeline Virginia Stephen, was born in London at Hyde Park Gate. Her father was Leslie Stephen, a literary critic and scholar. And her mother was the daughter of Julia Jackson Duckworth. Her parents had had a marriage before getting married. Woolf was educated at home by her father and grew up at Hyde Park Gate. Woolf’s life was shadowed by lots of emotional shocks--- her mother’s death when she was 13 years old; her half-brother often treated her badly. After these, she had the first mental breakdown. And when her father died in 1904, she had the second mental breakdown and attempted to kill herself. In 1906, she finally had a prolonged mental breakdown when her brother Toby died.

Woolf had begun to write book reviews for the Times Literary Supplement Since 1905. In 1907, Woolf moved to Fitzroy Square and began to write her first novel—The Voyage Out which was formerly called Melymbrosia and it was published in 1915. On August, 1912 she married Leonard Woolf, who was a writer, social commentator and political thinker. Her famous novel Jacob's Room (1922) was based on the real life and the death of her brother Toby. Novels including To the Lighthouse(1927) and The Waves (1931) made Woolf be one of the striking figures of modernism.

Woolf was a suffragette to struggle for women’s right to vote, accept education and have their own separate rights of a house. Her concern with feminism could be clearly seen in A Room of One's Own

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A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

(1929) in which she made her celebrated statements: “A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction.” (Woolf, 1929:57)

Furthermore, Woolf was a woman writer who had the highest literature achievements in stream of consciousness literature. In 1919, she published the first novel of stream of consciousness The Mark on the Wall. Woolf worked hard all her life and had many works. She had published some 500 essays since1905. In 1941, she committed suicide by drowning with nervous depression.

1.2Brief introduction of The Waves

The Waves was written by Virginia Woolf when she was in a period of great prosperity of creativity, which was perhaps Woolf's most difficult novel. The book includes nine chapters and each chapter begins with the descriptions of natural scenes. There is no dialogue, no plot and no injection of Woolf’s comments or descriptions in this novel. The lives of the six main characters are suggested entirely through their interior monologues. Woolf describes the mental development and common sense of six characters--- Bernard, Susan, Rhoda, Neville, Jinny and Louis from their childhood to their old age. The life course of the six characters symbolizes one day of waves.

1.2.1Stream of consciousness

“It is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions”. (Sinem Bezircilioglu, 2009:1)

In The Waves, Virginia Woolf applies interior monologue to portray the six characters and reveal their consciousness. Woolf describes their consciousness with free association which may reveal her thought and arouse readers to associate freely. As the definition shows that consciousness should be attribute and flow without restriction. For example, at the beginning of the novel, Bernard regards life as a ring; Susan regards life as a slab of pale yellow. And the following globe, crimson tassel reveal adequately Woolf’s rich imagination. When we read The Waves, we will find it’s difficult for us to read because it’s no plot and their inner monologue is not interrelated.

1.2.2Modernism

“Modernism is used to show the literary art possessing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the First World War. It means cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss. It refused to accept the traditional concept of value and all traditional ideological influences”. (http://wenku.baidu.)

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Modernist features also reflect in this novel. Woolf portrays six characters through their inner monologue rather than others’ narration, which enables readers feel more subjective and authentic. Besides, Woolf applies the waves, the sun and the natural trees to analogy the life of every protagonist.

2Literature review

The 21st century is an oceanic century. With the popularity of research into the oceanic culture, research into the oceanic literature has increasingly caught the attention of people. The oceanic literary is the literary work of independent style, which is infiltrated with oceanic spirit. People have gradually carried out research into the oceanic literature as a literary phenomenon since the end of the 20th century. And it has far-reaching historic meaning and important academic value for research into literary history. Ocean is the eternal theme of literature and art, and the oceanic literature is a mirror of the development of the oceanic culture. So many scholars both at home and abroad have studied The Waves.

2.1Oversea studies on Woolf’s The Waves

Scholars from overseas countries began their study on Woolf’s The Waves as soon as it appeared in the 20th century. From its first publishing, its unique form, especially its brand new way of characterization, its absence of plot, and its poetic style, has aroused much confusion and debates among some of its readers and cities. Such confusion not only came from amateur readers, but also uttered by a few prominent writer or critics such as E.M.Foster and Arnold Bennet. However, it is also appreciated by lots of readers both at home and abroad.

Theresa K.Albini (2007) illustrates how The Waves might metaphorically connote the internal experiences of dissociating. The narrative of the novel illuminates the mapping of Woolf's internal system as it changes across a life span. Woolf deftly submerged not only the facts of her personal life in The Waves but, more important, revealed through both her literary method and language the dissociative nature of her own mind. By extrapolating from Woolf's autobiographies, journals, and letters, the parallels between fact and fiction become apparent.

Sinem Bezircilioglu(2009), in his The Rhythm in the Corridors of Virginia Woolf’s Mind,mainly discusses Woolf’s writing techniques in the way she writing novels as well as her writing style. Sinem says that The Waves is considered to show her mastery in the use of stream of consciousness technique in an effective way. Although the work is in the form of a prose, it is much closer to poetry. Her vocabulary

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A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

choice and the sentence structure make the reader to feel that he is reading a poem in the form of prose. This is related to Woolf’s passion to find a new narration style. She combines poetry and prose so successfully that her work is both tempting and hard to read.

2.2Domestic studies on Woolf’s The Waves

Domestic study on Woolf’s The Waves, when compared with overseas one, seem to be more detailed and have more research directions, among which some are very innovative.

Gao Fen (2008) claims that The Waves can be classified as writing with life. In his essay Memory: the foundation of life----the life writing of Woolf’s the Waves, he clearly analyzes the life writing can be written from two aspects: the composition and the practice of life writing. Woolf’s idea of life writing is based on the understanding of the human mind. This understanding comes from her reading and understanding of the Russian writer Dostoyevsky’s works. The Waves is a poetic novel; each chapter begins with the moment of sunrise and sunset. The six figures talk about their life from childhood to middle age. Finally Bernard recalls and summarizes their life. He tells some fantasy story as an artist to explore the mode of life writing and his understanding about the image of the writing life announced a whole form of creation of The Waves. Besides, the invisible narrator in the novel plays a role in reading, experiencing, explaining the whole process of life.

Wu Yuejin(2003), in his interpretation of the poetic novel The Waves, he explores the work from two perspective: one is the writer, the other is narrative means of the characters in this novel. From the writer’s point of view, she drives the narrative activities in recessive view. This perspective is mainly embodied in the lyrical probe and the narration of each character. The lyrical probe is the presentation of the nature, which indicates the vicissitudes and the rise and decline of universe. The latter one is the presentation of life, the writer change the focus point instantly to form a strong sense. From each character’s point of view, everyone has his own characteristic, such as Louis’s diffidence, Rhoda’s sensitivity.

Sun Fangli(2009), pays much attention to the water archetype in The Waves. Water plays an important role in our life. Similarly, water is a significant archetype image in human cultural life. She finds that water image highlights life meaning. The eternal seawater is just like the eternal life. The fluctuation of the waves just likes the human generation. The waves flap and agitate, representing life rhythm to fight.

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3How waves influence six characters

In some western literature, generally speaking, sea symbolizes difficulties, challenges, risks and the melting pot of the society and the waves symbolize debauchery and coolness. However, in The Waves, the sea is a symbol of a kind of potential destruction power and the waves have been linked to all kinds of social vicious forces that mock humans’ personalities, do harm to human nature and manipulate life. In the late 19th and early20th centuries the status of industrial monopoly of British was lost and industrial development began to lag behind. The Conservative Party which was on behalf of the interests of bankers and landed aristocracy advocated strengthening centralism, suppressing workers’ movement and promoting the policy of aggression. And the actions the Conservative do had led to the worsening of British workers’life. The characters in this novel have different degree fear in face of sea. They lost in the vast sea of life, disoriented and afraid that the stream of life will bring them great calamity at any time. The six characters in the novel just like six fishes in the society and everyone has his own unique personality and fate.

3.1Bernard

Bernard is the only figure present throughout the novel. He has deep love for flowery language and thinks that one’s words have the noticeable strength in each domain.

“The moment was all; the moment was enough. And then Neville, Jinny, Susan and I, as a wave breaks, burst asunder, surrendered- to the next leaf, to the precise bird.” (Woolf, 1931: 157) Bernard knows he is helpless in face of difficulties and he cannot disobey natural law. But more often Bernard is tangled by the realization of inevitable things in life, such as death. He finally realizes that the waves can break, burst asunder and surrender, but the next wave will emerge in the sea. And life is just like waves, there are birth, aging, illness and death. He cannot stop death and disobey the natural law. What he can do is living actively and optimistically. Through his narration, we know that he is puzzled by one question—who am I? And through summarizing and recollecting his past, he finally knows who he is and what the true meaning of life. We can learn from Bernard that life is not full of happiness and adversity, the only thing we can do is to adjust our attitude to life and try to our best to make it better.

3.2Jinny

Jinny is much more addicted to enjoying material and body than any of the others. She can enjoy several of happiness and attract numerous eyes of boys.

“Now the tide sinks. Now the trees come to earth; the brisk waves that slap my ribs rock more

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A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

gently, and my heart rides at anchor, like a sailing-boat whose sails slide slowly down on to the white deck.” (Woolf, 1931: 25)

Waves to Jinny are a symbol of transience. She thinks there is nothing staid and settled in the universe, so she feels that enjoying pleasure in the moment is the most important thing. Though the rise and fall of waves is never-ending, a fluctuation is short and fleet. She has a passion for communication, deeply loves for the busy city of convenient roared. Jinny has strong sensibilities and enjoys herself as much as possible. Life to her is just like a feast with endless carnival.

3.3Louis

Louis is a person who is influenced by the tradition and has looked upon himself. He is smart and has an agile mind but doesn’t want to reveal his talent because of his family and his accent. He is an outstanding student in school but gives up his study due to his family.

“The birds flies; the flower dances; but I hear always the sullen thud of the waves; and the chained beast stamps on the sand.” (Woolf, 1931:31)

From this selection we can know that Louis is a little bit of pessimistic. The natural landscape is splendid, but there is something bad and unhappy in Louis eyes. Optimistically, the sound of waves can be a wonderful song. But to Louis, it is just the sullen thud. It is obvious that the society gives him an unfair treatment. Louis is self-contemptuous because he lives in a society full of racial discrimination and colonial aggression. Nowadays, the unfair treatment phenomena still exist, we should strive for which we deserves it rather than be timid or self-abased.

3.4Rhoda

Rhoda is also self-contemptuous as Louis. However, Louis’s sense of inferiority makes him lost while Rhoda doesn’t. She is born with introverted personality and she is afraid of communication with others and existence itself, so she always stresses that she has no face.

“Let me pull myself out of these waters. But they heap themselves on me; they sweep me between their great shoulders; I am turned; I am tumbled; I am stretched, among these long lights, these long waves, these endless paths, with people pursuing, pursuing” (Woolf, 1931: 14)

From what is listed above, we can clearly see that Rhoda is not afraid of death. Though she is swept by waves, she is not afraid at all. Life to Rhoda is just like tiger, which is filled with challenges, danger and trap. She wants to completely erase her own characteristics and disappear from the world. Faced with the real world, she is confused and puzzled. She has sober tragedy consciousness.

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3.5Neville

“I will sit still one moment before I emerge into that chaos, that tumult. I will not anticipate what is to come. The huge uproar is in my ears. It sounds and resounds under this glass roof like the surge of a sea.” (Woolf, 1931: 39)

After reading the novel, we can find that Neville is a rational character who advocates rational spirit and pursues rigorous intellectual. He is in the chaos of the crowd; still he cannot be disturbed by others. He likes literature, but he is not fascinated in it crazily like Bernard. He thinks one should be flexible enough like waves because he clearly knows that he cannot change others, he should actively changes himself to adapt to the changeable life and gains great achievement in his career.

3.6Susan

Unlike Jinny, Susan is tired of flashy and bustle city and she is favor of countryside, yearns for nature.

“My children will carry me on; their teething, their crying, their going to school and coming back will be like the waves of the sea under me. No day will be without its movements.” (Woolf, 1931:73) The waves are the symbol of eternity, which Susan clearly knows. Life is just like the process of the fluctuation process of the waves. Compared with nature, human is only a tiny part of it. Susan leads a peaceful life in the countryside unlike other characters in this novel. Her life is rich and abundant. With time going by, her bitter feelings and kinds of gaudy thoughts subside. And in Woolf’s eyes, Susan is the representative of those who loves nature.

4The relation between the waves and life

As we know, this novel is divided into nine chapters and each chapter begins with the sea scene, including the sun, the waves and some trees and flowers. The nine introductions describe scenes from sunrise to sunset, from rising tide to falling tide, from blooming of the trees and flowers to declination, which have their own special implication of the six characters’ fate.

4.1The relation between the waves and six characters

The waves go throughout the novel. Woolf borrowed the symbolic meaning of ocean waves to express her feelings to life: life will run without pause. The waves surge and break break and surge ceaselessly, are a symbol of life. In this novel, every character’s fate is closely related to the waves.

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A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

In the first chapter, “the sun had not yet risen. The sea was indistinguishable from the sky…an arc of

fire burnt on the rim of the horizon, and all round it the sea blazed gold. The blind stirred slightly, but all within was dim and unsubstantial. The birds sang their blank melody outside.” (Woolf, 1931:3) From this chapter, we can know that the literary style is cheerful and thoroughly delighted, which emblems the six children in school leading a carefree and happy child life. At the same time, their different personality and nature will decide their different future fate. Carl Gustav Jung says “character determines destiny.”The calm sea may just be a lull in the storm.

The next chapter begins with “The sun rose bigger. Blue waves, green waves swept a quick fan over the beach, circling the spike of the sea-holly and leaving shallow pools of light here and there on the sand.

A faint black rim was left behind them.”(Woolf, 1931:15) “The sun rose bigger” means that the six children grow up gradually in physiology and their mentality start to mature. They leave home to attend school for the first time, which shows they are much more independent than before. The description of the falling waves implies the children face an uncertain future. Bernard, Neville and Louis meet their common friend Percival, while Rhoda, Jinny and Susan are experiencing the growing pain and the agitation of puberty.

The third part of this novel describes as follows: “The sun rose. Their quivering mackerel sparkling was darkened.” (Woolf, 1931:40) The word “darkened” seems to forebode that their youth which should be nice and wonderful will have lots of unpleasant things. Bernard and Neville enter university as they hope, but Louis drop out of school for employment. Susan leads a leisurely life on her father’s farm. Jinny and Rhoda live in London. Jinny still be active in various social activities which Rhoda does not like or even afraid.

In chapter4, “ The sun risen, no longer couched on a green mattress darting a fitful glance through watery jewels, bared its face and looked straight over the waves. And as the light increased, flocks of shadow were driven before it and conglomerated and hung in many-pleated folds in the background.” (T Woolf, 1931:60-61) Here “flocks of shadow”suggests something ominous will happen. Six leading characters give Percival a farewell dinner and talk about their worries and depression. Meanwhile, they express their devotion and worries to Percival and his going to India. It seems that Percival will have something unhappy.

The next part goes that “The sun had risen to its full height. The waves broke and spread their waters swiftly over the shore. One after another they massed themselves and fell.” (Woolf, 1931:82-83)

Their worries to Percival become an unacceptable fact: Percival was dead. But just as the waves show us

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life is a constant process and an individual person is a part of the whole world. Percival was dead but Bernard has his own baby, which is the essence of life: where there is life, there is death.

Start with the describing of sun and waves, “The sun no longer stood in the middle of the sky. The wave massed themselves, curved their backs and crashed.” (Woolf, 1931:92) This sentence shows that the six people have parted to pursue their own way after Percival’s death. The waves here tell us life is a journey, and we cannot always be in favorable circumstance. When we are in face of difficulty, we should be brave and persist.

Then, “The sun had now sunk lower in the sky. The waves no longer visited the farther pools or reached the dotted black line which lay irregularly marked upon the beach.” (Woolf, 1931:102) At this time, the waves can on behalf of the six characters, they have lost their passion and pursuits and content with destiny.

In the penultimate chapter, “The sun was sinking. But the waves, as they neared the shore, were robbed of light, and fell in one long concussion, like a wall falling, a wall of grey stone, unpierced by any chink of light” (Woolf, 1931:117) After spending most of their lives, they gather in HAMPTON COURT to reflect their whole life.

In the final chapter, “Now the sun had sunk. Sky and sea were indistinguishable. The waves breaking spread their white fans far out over the shore, sent white shadows into the recesses of sonorous caves and then rolled back sighing over the shingle” (Woolf, 1931:134) At the end of this novel, Bernard summarize their life. Everyone in the earth, like waves, disappears into the sea, but never loses.

4.2The relation between the waves and human beings

The waves have lots of symbolic meanings. Life is full of ups and downs, like the waves, including ups and downs of career, emotion and study. When we are in seasons of failure, we should never give up. Adversely, when we are in the joy of success, we should never be swelled with pride. When ascending, we should foresee the coming of descending. Adversely, when descending, we know ascending follows. Try our best to do everything we can, one day when we look back on our life we have passed away, we will find that all ups and downs are our stepping stones to success. Take Bernard for example, he is helpless in face of difficulties, but he also should obey the natural law and acts actively.

Sea is the entity that would never end, which also is a symbol of eternity. The waves reflect the cycle of life, and contain the seeds of death. The ups and downs of the waves are like human’s generation of breeding. Individual life is not an isolated entity, but a part of the universe. Though the individual life is

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A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

short, but the whole universe is eternal. For example, one person can only live several decades or almost for one hundred years, but our ancestors can be traced back to at least for six hundred thousand years ago and will continue indefinitely. Just as Bernard says that the waves can break, burst asunder and surrender, but the next wave will emerge in the sea. And life is just like waves, there are birth, aging, illness and death.

Moreover, the running water is gone forever, which reminds us of the transience and irreversibility of life. Life is too short to waste. No one can master life and death, and no one can make the second life. Therefore, living in the present is the most important thing.

5How the waves refine theme

When reading The Waves, we can find the original image in Woolf’s life of the created six characters. Woolf’s mother died when she was 13 years old and her father died when she was 22. So Woolf’s works are full of life and death. But she was not defeated by the actual state; she was tough and began to write diary in 1897. Therefore, in her works, we also can find some strong-minded images.

5.1Life and death

When it comes to man’s existence, we can not fail to mention to death, which is the end of life. The description of the death is common in works both home and abroad. In many people’s eyes, death has always been the greatest threat to life. In Woolf’s works, death is also the lingering shadow especially in The Waves. All the characters especially Percival and Rhoda feel terrified because of the approach of death.

“And in me too the wave rises. It swells; it arches its back. I am aware once more of a new desire, something rising beneath me like the proud horse whose rider first spurs and then pulls him back. What enemy do we now perceive advancing against us, you whom I ride now, as we stand pawing this stretch of pavement? It is death. Death is the enemy. It is death against whom I ride with my spear couched and my hair flying back like a young man’s, like Percival’s, when he galloped in India. I strike spurs into my horse. Against you I will fling myself, unvanquished and unyielding, O Death!” (Woolf, 1931:167) At the end of the novel, Woolf points that death is the great enemy of our lives. However, death is an indivisible part of life. We don’t have to struggle with death just do our best in our daily life.

Life is like the waves which are filled with ups and downs, we should never give up never abandon, which is the profound meaning that Woolf implies in this novel. Though death befalls all men alike in spite

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how unwilling we are.

5.2The harmony between Human and nature

In the early 20th century, capitalism developed fast in Brittan, which caused the great damage to nature and the distant relation among human. On this occasion, she advocated harmony in her work. In her opinion, she shows that only humans getting along well with nature can we lead a happy and harmonious life. In this novel, Woolf has specific description of nature ranges from plants and animals to natural scenes including bees booming down. Actually, in The Waves all the nine interludes are preoccupied by nature. The vivid natural scenes and the change of boys and girls are combined closely to show the relationship between human beings and nature.

From the perspective of the sun, the waves and the birds singing, what this novel narrates is a whole day; from the thriving and withering of plants in the garden and the field scenery, it is a whole year. However, to the six characters, it is a whole life. Just like trees or flowers, human being is a part of nature and human being has no possibility to master the nature. In other words, human beings and nature are united one, and human being should follow the rules of nature instead of conquering it. We live by nature---we human beings are not the dominator of nature, but a tiny part of the universe. We should treat the nature friendly and reach a state of harmony.

6Conclusion

Virginia Woolf, an outstanding modernist woman writer who leaves lots of popular works. With great creativity, she breaks the traditional writing technique and attempts stream of consciousness technique, which later becomes her representative writing technique. The Waves is one of the most difficult of her works, which is such a poetic novel that represents her boldest attempt in writing technique and advancing opinions. Woolf lived in a happy family but later became much unhappier than before. She sensitively takes notice of the conflicts between life and death and the true meaning during our life.

In The Waves, Woolf presents a life’s experience through monologues of six characters. The waves are a link between the six characters, between the nature and human beings. And life is just like waves, full of ups and downs, which is the essence of life. Life could not problem-free, what counts is how to face difficulties and then learn to solve them. Life is the process of meeting troubles and solving them constantly, from which we can be more independent and braver.

11

A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves

The waves go through from the very beginning to the end, leading a very important role in this novel. So this paper makes a detailed analysis of Woolf’s The Waves which not only focus on how the waves help to shape the characters’images, but also show how the rise and fall of waves influences the theme. Furthermore, I have explored the relation between the waves and life.

In The Waves, London is the center of modern civilization. And different characters hold different attitude to the civilization. Susan, Bernard and Neville hate it and like countryside; while Jinny enjoys it very much, she goes to all kinds of parties actively in order to pursue pleasure. Louis’s attitude is ambivalent; he both loves and hates it, which reflects the duality of big cities.

Through their monologues, we can clearly find a puzzled Bernard and faceless Rhoda. Bernard is often confused by who he is. Rhoda is the most typical character with the loss of self and she always describes herself as she has no face as others have. Even when she sees her face behind Susan’s shoulder, she still cannot feel her existence. She is always dreaming in order to escape from the real world. To create such vivid characters, in fact, Woolf is telling her own story by the way writing in novel.

In recent years, with the sea literature being popular, the research of The Waves also becomes popular, such as the writing style, interpretation of gender and identity and the theme. Among them, the relation between human being and nature is an inconvenient topic. In Woolf’s opinion, nature and human beings are closely related. We should be friends instead of governor to nature because nature is the best healer and benefactor for human beings.

12

波浪理论及其计算原理

第七章波浪理论及其计算原理 在自然界中,常可以观察到水面上各式各样的波动,这就是常讲的波浪运动。波浪是海洋中最常见的现象之一,是岸滩演变、海港和海岸工程最重要的动力因素和作用力。引起海洋波动的原因很多,诸如风、大气压力变化、天体的引力、海洋中不同水层的密度差和海底的地震等。大多数波浪是海面受风吹动引起的,习惯上把这种波浪称为“风浪”或“海浪”。风浪的大小取决于风速、风时和风区的太小。迄今海面上观测到的最大风浪高达34m。海浪造成海洋结构的疲劳破坏,也影响船舶的航行和停泊的安全。波浪的动力作用也常引起近岸浅水地带的水底泥沙运动,致使岸滩崩塌,建筑物前水底发生淘刷,港口和航道发生淤积,水深减小,影响船舶的通航和停泊。为了海洋结构物、驾驶船舶和船舶停靠码头的安全,必须对波浪理论有所了解。 当风平息后或风浪移动到风区以外时,受惯性力和重力的作用,水面继续保持波动,这时的波动属于自由波,这种波浪称为“涌浪”或“余波”。涌浪在深水传播过程中,由于水体内部的摩擦作用和波面与空气的摩擦等会损失掉一部分能量,主要能量则是在进人浅水区后受底部摩阻作用以及破碎时紊动作用所消耗掉。 为了研究波浪的特性,对所生成的波浪或传播中的波浪加以分类是十分必要的。 一般讲,平衡水面因受外力干扰而变成不平衡状态,但表面张力、重力等作用力则使不平衡状态又趋于平衡,但由于惯性的作用,这种平衡始终难以达到,于是,水体的自由表面出现周期性的有规律的起伏波动,而波动部位的水质点则作周期性的往复振荡运动,这就是波浪的特性。 波浪可按所受外界的干扰不同进行分类。 由风力引起的波浪叫风成波。 由太阳、月亮以及其它天体引力引起的波浪叫潮汐波。 由水底地震引起的波浪叫地震水波 由船舶航行引起的波浪叫船行波。 其中对海洋结构安全影响最大的是风成波。 风成波是在水表面上的波动,也称表面波。风是产生波动的外界因素,而波动的内在因素是重力。因此,从受力来看,风成波称为重力波。 视波浪的形式及运动的情况,波浪有各种类型。它们可高可低,可长可短。波可以是静止的一一驻波(即两个同样波的相向运动所产生的波),也可以是移动的——推进波(以一定的速度将波形不变地向一个方向传播的波),可以是单独的波,也可以是一个接一个的一系列波所组成的波群。§7-1 流体运动的基本方程

艾略特波浪理论详细的规则和指引

艾略特波浪理论详细的规则和指引 艾略特波浪理论的形态(或叫浪形)必须完全符合艾略特波浪理论的规则,不过,却不完全符合艾略特波浪理论的指引。但是,一个形态越符合指引,那它正确的可能性越大。 名词解释 1、价格运行总量:与“正统的头和底”相对应,有时,一个形态的终点与它的内部的价格端点不一致。例如:2浪的B子浪高于A子浪的起点。 2、楔形:有的中文书翻译成“倾斜三角形”,但由于本文的规则和指引较多,为不引起与调整性质的“三角形”造成误会,本文使用“楔形”的说法。 3、价格与时间:请注意,本文有些地方说的长短有时指的是时间、有时指的是价格、有时指的是价格与时间,文中相应位置会注明。 4、双重和三重横向整理:一般称为“双重三浪”和“三重三浪”,但其原英文直译为“双重和三重横向整理” 1、推动浪 推动浪是5浪结构的形态,而且运行方向总是与大一浪的趋势相同,我们将它标示为1-2-3-4-5。它是最为常见的艾略特波浪形态。 1.1.推动浪的规则 ●浪1必须是推动浪或者是一个引导楔形 ●浪2可以是除了三角形外的任意一种调整浪。 ●浪2的任何部分不能回撤过浪1的起点 ●浪2必须至少回撤浪1的20% ●浪2运行的时间最长只能为浪1的9倍 ●浪3必须是推动浪 ●在价格上,浪3必须长于浪2的运行总量 ●在价格上的运行总量上,浪2必须长于浪1之2子浪和浪1之4子浪, 浪2也必须长于浪3之2子浪和浪3之4子浪。同时浪2也必须比上述4个子浪的运行总量的61.8%长。 ●浪3和浪1都不能同时有失败的第5子浪(失败浪指浪5在价格上短于 浪4) ●在价格上,浪3不能短于浪1的1/3 ●在价格上,浪3不能长于浪1的7倍 ●尽管在最小时间上对浪3没有什么限制,但一般而言浪3的时间不能长 于浪1的7倍 ●浪4可以是任何一种调整浪 ●浪1和浪4不能重叠,除非是在有缸杆的市场浪4可以进入浪2 的15%, 但时间最多不能超过2天。 ●在价格运行总量上,浪4必须长于3浪之2子浪和3浪之4子浪,浪4 也必须长于浪5之2子浪和浪5之4子浪和浪5之4子浪。同时浪4也必须比上述4个子浪的运行总量61.8%长。 ●在价格上和百分比的运行总量上,浪4必须比浪2长1/3。 ●但在价格上和百分比的运行总量上,浪4必须短于浪2的3倍。 ●浪3和浪5不能同时有失败的第5子浪,

波浪理论及工程应用的研究进展

波浪理论及工程应用的研究进展 近岸的波浪要素往往是多种波浪变形过程的综合结果,因而是十分复杂的。目前对波浪传播的研究方法主要有以下四种:理论分析方法、物理模型实验和现场观测、数学模型。 1、理论分析方法 应用流体力学的基础理论(运动方程、连续方程等)去解决海岸地区各种动力现象的内在联系及其对海岸泥沙的作用(海岸动力学课本,25页)。由于涉及因素的复杂性,许多问题没有从理论上圆满解决,需要今后进一步去探索研究。 由于波浪的频散性、非线性、随机性和三维性等特性,经典波动理论沿Stokes波型(具有完全频散特性的线性及非线性波)与Boussinesq型非线性长波(具有弱频散性的非线性波)这两种基本途径发展。 对于规则波的研究主要基于无粘性无旋重力表面波控制方程,对具体问题进行假定和简化,建立波浪运动的控制方程和定解条件(如微幅波理论、斯托克斯波理论以及浅水非线性波理论等),推导所研究问题的解析解,也为建立波浪数学模型提供依据。 对于不规则波(随机波)的研究方法主要有两种,分别是特征波法和谱方法。特征波法只能反映海浪的外在特征,不能说明其内部结构,海浪谱可以用来描述海浪的内部结构,说明海浪内部的构成及内在关系,谱方法在研究海浪方面的应用越来越广泛。 现阶段对波浪传播的理论研究大致集中在以下几个方面: (1)原有的波浪理论和波浪方程的描述方法多为欧拉法,着重于对整个波浪场形态的研究,现在越来越多的学者趋向于综合考虑拉格朗日法和欧拉法进行考虑,如波浪边界水质点的追踪以确定波浪传播的波形[1],使用拉格朗日法描述波浪形态[2],拉格朗日坐标下的波浪方程的解法研究等[3]。在这个方面台湾学者陈阳益的建树颇多。 (2)对已有波浪理论或者波浪传播控制方程进行数学方法上改进,如改善方程的边界条件,加入各种参数等[4] [5]。使原有的理论或方程的适用范围增大,模拟的结果更加精确等。 2、物理模型 物理模型和现场观测多利用统计学的方法来处理观测到的数据,以进行分析或者是拟合经验公式。实验室的研究与现场的调研在海岸动力学研究中有着特别重要的地位,许多现象本身就要通过实验室或现场的研究来解释,各物理因素间的关系需要通过这些研究来揭示,尤其是海岸泥沙运动方面,关于泥沙运动的关系式大多是经验或半经验的(海岸动力学课本25页:海岸泥沙运动涉及到流体和固体颗粒的两相运动,靠理论分析研究还不能彻底解决

艾略特波浪理论的基本原则

艾略特波浪理论的基本原则 自20世纪30年代其奠基者R.N.艾略特发现波浪理论以来,艾略特波浪理论已作为一个合理的市场分析和预测工具而广为接受。 就如同其有时被称呼的那样,波浪理论是对人群行为的细致描述。它显示出大众心理从悲观走向乐观并循环往复,自然有序地形成特殊的可度量的模式。 能把行动中的这个现象看得最清楚的地方是金融市场,它以价格运动的形式记录下投资者心理的变动。R.N.艾略特将股票市场数据作为他的主要研究工具,分离出会在市场价格数据中反复出现的11种运动模式或者叫做波浪。 艾略特将这些模式予以命名、定义并作出图示。然后,他描述了这些模式是如何连接在一起以形成同样模式的较 大版本,以及这些模式逐一相连以构成再大些尺寸的同一模式的方式,等等。 波浪理论就是一连串的价格模式以及对其在市场运动 的全部路径中可能出现之处的解释。 市场通常要经历增长期和随后而来的停滞或衰退阶段,这些时间段落将整合为规模不断增大的相似模式。 艾略特波浪理论显示了市场以五浪模式顺较大趋势而行,然后在继续较大趋势之前,以三浪或五浪调整浪的形式

回撤。 市场以五浪模式行进,然后在继续较大趋势之前回撤。 (图中IM表示impulse move推动浪,ZZ表示zigzig 锯齿) 随较大趋势而行的模式通常是五浪模式,以数字 1-2-3-4-5进行标示。逆较大趋势而行的模式一般来说是三浪模式,但也可以是三浪或是五浪模式,用字母标示。 推动浪由五个子浪组成并与相邻较大规模趋势同向运动。调整浪通常由三个子浪构成,并与大一级趋势逆向而行。正如示意图显示的那样,这些基本模式连接起来构成了规模(波浪理论术语为“浪级”)不断变大的五浪和三浪结构。 第一个小序列就是一个推动浪,在其终点标上了数字1。这个模式表明大一级运动也是向上的,它还表明随后有一个三浪调整序列的开始,标示为浪2。浪1、2、3、4、5完成了一个较大的推动浪,标示为浪(1)。跟浪1完全一样,浪(1)的推动结构告诉我们再大一级的运动是向上的并表明有一个与浪(1)同级别的向下三浪调整浪将开始。 调整浪浪(2)后紧跟着浪(3)、(4)、(5),它们共同完成标示为浪[1]的再大一级推动序列。再一次,标示为浪[2]

海浪谱

描述海浪内部能量相对于频率和方向的分布。为研究海浪的重要概念。通常假定海浪由许多随机的正弧波叠加而成。不同频率的组成波具有不同的振幅,从而具有不同的能量。设有圆频率ω的函数S(ω),在ω至(ω+ω)的间隔内,海浪各组成波的能量与S(ω)ω成比例,则S(ω)表示这些组成波的能量大小,它代表能量对频率的分布,故称为海浪的频谱或能谱。同样,设有一个包含组成波的圆频率ω和波向θ的函数S(ω,θ),且在ω至(ω+ω)和θ至(θ+ ω)的间隔内,各组成波的能量和S(ω,θ)ωθ成比例,则S(ω,θ)代表能量对ω和θ的分布,称为海浪的方向谱。将组成波的圆频率换为波数,可得到波数谱;将ω换为2π(频率为周期的倒),得到以表示的频谱S()数。以上各种谱统称为海浪谱。 海浪谱不仅表明海浪内部由哪些组成波构成,还能给出海浪的外部特征。比如,理论上可由谱计算各种特征波高和平均周期,利用这些特征量连同波高与周期的概率密度分布,可推算海浪外观上由哪些高低长短不同的波所构成。若已知海浪的谱,海浪的内外结构都可得到描述,因此谱是非常有用的概念。事实上,海浪的研究(包括许多应用问题),大多和谱有关。 频谱在海浪谱中,风浪频谱得到最广泛的研究,因为它的应用最广,也最易于得到。但尚无基于严格理论的风浪频谱。已提出的经验的或半经验的频谱很多,大多数用 [245-1]的乘积来表达。通常p为5~7,q为2~4,在正量A和B之内。除了数值常数外,还包含风要素(如风速、风时和风区)或浪要素(如特征波高和周期)作为参量,故谱的形状随风的状态或对应的浪的状态而变化。上述两项的乘积代表的谱,在ω=0处为0,在0附近的值很小,ω增加时,它骤然增大至一个峰值,然后随频率的增大而迅速减小,在ω→∞ 时趋于0。这表明谱的频率范围在理论上虽为0~∞,但其显著部分却集中在谱峰附近。海面上存在的许多波,其显著部分的周期范围很小,恰和理论结果相对应。随着风速的增大,谱曲线下面的面积(从而风浪的总能量或波高)增大,峰沿低频率方向推移,表明风浪显著部分的周期增大。 从波面的记录估计谱,是获得海浪频谱的主要途径。习惯上将谱的估计方法分为相关函数法和快速傅氏变换算法两种。在电子计算机上计算时,后者比前者更节约时间。20世纪70年代,开始引用最大熵等方法。依此可自不多的资料估计出分辨率较高的谱,它适用于非平稳的海浪状态。 在海浪研究中已提出的频谱很多常采用的皮尔孙-莫斯科维奇谱,是60年代中期提出的,是在对充分成长的风浪记录进行谱估计和曲线的拟合时得到的,已为多数观测所证实。其单侧谱的形式为: 此处=4.05×10,β=0.74,为重力加速度,U 为海面上19.5米高处的风速。 60年代末,按照“北海联合海浪计划”(JONSW AP),对海浪进行了系统的观测,提出了一种频谱,其中包括分别反映能量水平、峰的频率尺度和谱形在内的5个参量。这种谱表示风浪处于成长的状态,它具有非常尖而高的峰。对Jonswap谱分析的结果表明,风浪的能量主要通过谱的中间频率部分传递,然后借波与波之间的非线性相互作用,再分别向谱的高频和低频部分传递。反映这种能量交换的谱,具有稳定的形式。利用此特性,可将谱随风的变化转换为其中的参量随风的变化,从而提供另一种海浪计算或预报的方法。 有一种半经验的方法,它假定海浪的某些外观特征反映其内部结构,由观测到的波高和周期间的关系,可导出海浪谱。早在50年代初提出的纽曼谱和工程中常使用的布雷奇奈德尔

江恩理论与艾略特波浪理论之间的不同看法

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