Enjoy Life
Enjoy Life, You Petty Bourgeoisie
何谓小资
（选自《英语世界》2012年第2期）
China‘s new crop of hedonists indulge themselves, whether or not they can afford it. 不管能否负担得起，中国的新一茬享乐主义族群都在纵情享乐。
文/谢泼德·劳克林译/王珏李晓丹审订/王军
By Shepherd Laughlin
*Ma Nuo1, a contestant on a Jiangsu dating show, became infamous last year for declaring that she‘d ―rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle.‖ Outraged netizens took her comments as fresh evidence that China‘s new rich had sacrificed inner fulfillment for the fleeting pleasures of material wealth. But, in fact, many upwardly mobile Chinese fall somewhere in the middle, chasing personal fulfillment and consumer gratification with equal abandon.
去年，江苏的一档相亲节目的选手马诺宣称，她―宁可在宝马里哭，也不在自行车上笑‖，因此臭名昭著。愤怒的网民将她的话作为新证据，证明中国的新富为了追求稍纵即逝的物质财富而放弃精神追求。但事实上，许多向上登攀的中国人介乎中间，对于自我实现和消费满足同样纵情追逐。
[2] The so-called Xiaozi are a distinctly Chinese urban tribe that occupies a space somewhere between the yuppies2 and hipsters3 familiar to Westerners. A short list of Xiaozi accoutrements includes coffee, *Haruki Murakami‘s ―Norwegian Wood,‖4 French cuisine, the Houhai neighborhood in Beijing, European films, Apple computers, the city of Shanghai and Adidas—though a real Xiaozi would never admit to their addictions so bluntly.
〔2〕所谓的小资显然是中国都市一族，介于西方人熟悉的雅皮士和嬉皮士之间。咖啡、村上春树的《挪威的森林》、法国美食、北京后海一带、欧洲电影、苹果电脑、城市上海和阿迪达斯——均属小资必备，尽管真正的小资从来不会如此直率地承认他们对这些有瘾。
[3] Sipping latté in a Chaoyang Starbucks, Beijing native Wei Yuan explained the Xiaozi ideal to me as it applied to her 33-year-old frie nd: ―Her life is so Xiaozi. She‘s single, her house is full of art and she travels abroad to buy foreign things.‖ At the next table, a group of three men in their 30s gathered around an iPad for a meeting, but each tapped furiously on their own iPhone 4. Wei told me her friend worked in public relations—a very Xiaozi profession. ―Sometimes she says, ?no, I‘m not a Xiaozi,‘ but it‘s precisely her lifestyle, I think.‖
〔3〕在朝阳区的一家星巴克，北京人魏媛（音译）一边喝着拿铁咖啡，一边向我解释小资理想，还说这适用于她一位33岁的朋友：―她的生活就是这么的小资：单身，房子里摆满了艺术品，还到国外买洋货。‖在旁边的桌子，三个30多岁的男子围着一台iPad开会，但每个人都在急速地敲着自己的iPhone 4。魏媛告诉我说，她那位朋友干公关——一种非常小资的职业。―有时候她说，?不，我不是小资‘，但我想，她的生活方式就是很小资。‖
[4] What makes these Xiaozi different from China‘s rising middle class? According to Helen Wang, who interviewed members of both groups for her book The Chinese Dream, many Chinese ―associate the middle class with houses and cars, and Xiaozi with candlelight dinners and a glass of wine.‖ Xiaozi, it seems,like to spend money on high-sensation experiences like travel and fine meals. They may also indulge their penchants for sleek consumer gadgets5 and well-crafted fashion accessories. One person told me that the typical Xiaozi salary is anywhere from 5,000–20,000 RMB a month, but that living the Xiaozi life is more about attitude than earning power.
〔4〕是什么使得这些小资不同于中国的新兴中产阶级呢？据王海伦所说，为了写《中国梦》，她采访了这两种群体中的一些人，她说，许多中国人都―把中产阶级与房子和汽车联系在一起，把小资与烛光晚餐和葡萄酒联系在一起‖。看来，小资喜欢将钱花在富于感官刺激的体验上，像旅行和美食。他们或许还沉迷于时髦的电子消费装置和设计精美的时尚配饰。有人告诉我说，典型的小资月薪在5000-20000元人民币之间，但是，过小资的生活是一种生活态度，而不是挣多少钱的本事。
[5] In a society where memories of scarcity are none too distant, Xiaozi live for the present. Many Chinese people see home ownership as the mark of an eligible bachelor, but Xiaozi regard such notions with disdain. As real estate prices skyrocket, they prefer to rent and spend any extra cash on escapes to Yunnan or foreign-language novels and DVDs. Such choices may be individually fulfilling, but the ―*live it up6‖ mentality of the Xiaozi provokes concern from older relatives, who worried about the next generation‘s financial future. ―Young people think they‘re living in the moment,‖ said Zhuang Shi, a lifestyle editor in Beijing, ―but in older people‘s point of view, they are wasting their time an d life, because if they‘re living in the moment, it means they have no plan for the future.‖
〔5〕在当今社会，人们对物质匮乏的记忆犹新，但小资们却只为当下而活。许多中国人都把有房子看成是黄金单身汉的标准，但小资蔑视这种观念。由于房地产价格扶摇直上，他们宁愿租房子，将富余的钱花在到云南旅游或外语小说和DVD上。这样的选择可能满足了个人的需求，但小资―今朝有酒今朝醉‖的心态却让老辈人对下一代未来的经济基础有所担心。―年轻人认为自己是为眼前活着，‖北京的生活时尚编辑庄施（音译）说，―但老辈人的观点是，他们在浪费自己的时间和生命，因为，活在当下意味着对未来没有规划。‖
[6] Most people I spoke with thought that Xiaozi had a negative connotation, but some embrace the term. ―Especially in Beijing, maybe 60 percent of people like being called this,‖ says Li Ran, a Beijing native who studies economics at Seoul National University. ―To be called Xiaozi means they have money, but you know, over time so many people used that word in a bad way.‖ He turned to his friend, ―Actually, she is Xiaozi!‖ The young woman next to him flinched. She was wearing a bright red, puffy coat and blushed as Li spoke approvingly of her white Honda. Asked what Xiaozi meant to her, she said in English, ―Enjoy life!‖
〔6〕跟我聊过的大多数人认为小资有贬义，但还是有些人愿意接受这个说法。―尤其是在北京，也许60%的人喜欢被称为小资。‖在首尔国立大学学习经济学的北京人李然说，―被人叫小资意味着他们有钱，但是你知道，过去许多人将这个词用作贬义。‖他转向他的朋友，―她其实就是小资！‖他旁边的年轻女子有点不好意思。她穿着一件鲜红而蓬松的外衣，李称赞她的白色本田时，她脸红了。当问及小资对于她意味着什么时，她用英语说：―享受生活！‖
[7] The term Xiaozi came into its current meaning in the 1990s as China‘s growing economy permitted new heights of consumer indulgence. Its origins, however, go back to the days of staunch Communism: Xiaozi originally meant ―petty bourgeoisie,‖ a term occupying a specific space in the Marxist theory of class.
〔7〕20世纪90年代，中国的经济增长使放纵消费浪潮达到新的高峰，小资一词有了现在的意义。然而，它的起源可以追溯到坚定的共产主义岁月：小资原意为―小资产阶级‖，在马克思主义阶级理论中，该词有特定的含义。
[8] The petty bourgeoisie were city dwellers who may have been government functionaries, owners of small businesses, or intellectuals. Stuck somewhere in between the true capitalist oppressors and the workers, farmers and soldiers who formed the core of the revolution, their status shifted during the early decades of Chinese communism. ―The petty bo urgeois writers and artists constitute an important force…‖ said Mao Zedong in 1942 at the Yan‘an Forum on Literature and Art. ―There are many shortcomings in both their thinking and their works, but, comparatively speaking, they are inclined towards the r evolution and are close to the working people.‖
〔8〕小资产阶级是城市居民，他们可以是政府工作人员、小业主或知识分子。他们介于真正的资本主义压迫者和形成了革命核心力量的工农兵两者之间，在中国共产主义的最初几十年，他们的地位发生了变动。―小资产阶级文艺家在中国是一个重要的力量……‖1942年毛泽东在延安文艺座谈会上说，―他们的思想和作品都有很多缺点，但是他们比较地倾向于革命，比较地接近于劳动人民。‖
[9] Xiaozi today probably have different inclinations. ―I think you should leave what Mao said behind,‖ said Shi, who usually goes by Aviva Shey, her English name. ―I think what
you want to know about Xiaozi is very different from what he meant.‖ True, Mao‘s ideas about class were based on the way people earned their living, not on taste or lifestyle. But isn‘t there some kind of important connection here? ―Well, I choose not to see it,‖ she told me.
〔9〕当今的小资可能有不同的倾向。―我认为你应该把毛主席的话放在一边。‖ 庄施说，她通常用英文名字，叫阿维娃·谢伊。―我想你想知道的小资和他的意思有天壤之别。‖的确，毛泽东关于阶级的思想是基于人们谋生的方式而不是他们的品味或生活方式。但是，其中没有某些重要关联吗？―嗯，我宁愿不去看破。‖她告诉我。
[10] Watching well-heeled shoppers queue for *designer cupcakes7 in the shadow of a massive new *Comme des Gar?ons8 store in Beijing, it‘s hard to imagine that a scant 40 years ago, a basic commodity like shampoo might have been denounced as a decadent bourgeois splurge. And yet, during the radical and paranoid days of the Cultural Revolution, any hint that someone gained spiritual or emotional fulfillment from material possessions was suspect.
〔10〕在高耸的Comme des Gar?ons北京店的阴影下，看着穿着讲究的消费者排队买精致纸杯蛋糕，很难想象，在40年前，像洗头膏这样的基本商品都可能被谴责为资产阶级的腐朽奢侈。更有甚者，在文革激进和偏执的日子里，如果有谁稍稍暗示出通过物质享受而追求精神或情感上的满足，都要受到怀疑。
[11] Today‘s discussion in China about Xiaozi and their supposed flaws reminds me of nothing more than the debates about ―hipsters‖ that circulated in New York City when I lived there. My former neighborhood was called the unofficial capital of hipster America. It‘s a place where even the hardware store lends its window to installations9 by conceptual video artists. Residents are widely mocked for the high price tag of their ―countercultural‖ lifestyle.
〔11〕今天在中国关于小资及其所谓缺陷的讨论，和我住在纽约时针对四处游荡的―嬉皮士‖的辩论没什么两样。那时我住的街区被称为嬉皮士美国的非正式首都。在那个地方，连五金店都向概念视频艺术家出借窗口来展示其装置作品。这些居民―反文化‖的高消费生活方式受到很多人的嘲笑。
[12] Is Xiaozi translatable? ―Hipster‖ doesn‘t quite work; Xiaozi aren‘t particularly countercultural (except that they often pursue an interest in things that are considered ―un-Chinese‖). ―Yuppie,‖ though dated, seems to be the most accurate English equivalent, but there‘s an important difference: the typical yuppie can afford the expensive things he buys, while Xiaozi are criticized for spending beyond their means. In the end, it seems the concept of Xiaozi is specific to China and we‘ll have to leave it at that.
〔12〕小资可以翻译吗？―嬉皮士‖不大准；小资并不特别反文化（但他们的兴趣往往是追求那些被认为―非中国‖的东西）。―雅皮士‖尽管陈旧，却似乎是最恰当的英文对等词，但是有一个重要的区别：典型的雅皮士买得起他想买的昂贵东西，而小资却被批评为入不敷出。归根到底，小资的概念似乎是中国特有的，对此我们不用太强求。
[13] I asked Shi if she thought she was Xiaozi. ―I‘m not so blind as to chase material things—balance is key,‖ she said. Then, quickly, I, like last season‘s hottest restaurant, lost her interest. She was off to other things, ―Do you hav e enough material yet? I have to go wash my hair now.‖
〔13〕我问庄施，她是否认为自己是小资。―我还没有盲目到追逐物质享受的程度——平衡是关键。‖她说。然后，我就像上季度最火的餐馆一样，让她失去了兴趣。她起身要干别的事情了，―你挖够素材了吧？我得去洗头了。‖
Notes注释：
1.马诺：一名来自北京的平面模特，因其在江苏卫视《非诚勿扰》中大胆、犀利的言论而迅速在网络上蹿红，被网友们称作―拜金女‖。
2.yuppie雅皮士：指西方国家年轻能干有上进心的一类人，他们一般受过高等教育，具有较高的知识水平和技能。雅皮士风貌（yuppie look）兴起于20世纪80年代。雅皮士的着装、消费行为及生活方式等带有较明显的群体特征，但他们并无明确的组织性。
3.hipster一般翻译为―赶时髦的人，追求新奇的人‖。这是一个俚语，最早出现于20世纪40年代，并在20世纪90年代和21世纪初再度流行。经常用来形容对非主流时尚和文化感兴趣的年轻人和刚落户城市的中产阶级成人，这种人尤其喜欢另类音乐、独立摇滚、独立电影以及一些特殊的杂志和网站。
4.《挪威的森林》，村上春树著。讲述了木月与直子、直子与渡边、渡边与绿子间缠缠绵绵的感情纠葛。
5.gadget（尤指电子、机械的）小装置，小玩意儿。
6.live it up〔俚〕过奢侈的生活；（一反常态地）纵情快乐。
7.designer cupcake精致纸杯蛋糕，又译口袋蛋糕、（波纹）纸托蛋糕。
8.日本―另类设计师‖川久保玲1969年创立的潮流服装品牌。―COMME des GARCONS‖，法文意思是―像男孩一样‖。1981年巴黎的女装发布会上引起世界流行舞台的重视，隔年更以有名之乞丐装概念引领当代流行潮流。美国时尚界给予川久保玲―流行先锋‖的称号，赞美她不仅在服装设计上开创新意，而且在经营品牌旗舰店上眼光独具。
9.installation（艺术馆或博物馆的）奇特展品，装置作品展，亦作installation art。
美文：人生起起落落 中英文
【英语佳句】 ups and downs of life 人生起起落落 When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing. 当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。
Life has its ups and downs. You will never fully appreciate the ups unless you have some downs. 人生充满了起起落落，没有在低处历练过的人，也无法享受高处的快感。
Life is full of ups and downs. The tirck is to enjoy the ups and have courage during the downs. 人生充满了起起落落，关键在于：在顶端时要好好享受，在低谷时不失勇气。 Life is like a see-saw ride, full of ups and downs …… But when you are down, a good friend will jump on the other seat tp bring you back up again.
人生就像骑跷跷板，时高时低。当你处于低处时，你的好朋友会跳上另一头，把你重新带回高处。 Life is full of ups and downs. If you want to truly enyoy life, you should take the rough with the smooth. 人生充满了起起落落，若要真正享受人生就应该能接受人生的沉浮。
人生礼颂
A Psalm of Life 人生礼颂 [有声] Herry Wadsworth Longfellow/享利.沃兹渥斯.朗费罗 Tell me not in mournful numbers, 请别用哀伤的诗句对我讲； Life is but an empty dream! 人生呵，无非是虚梦一场！ For the soul is dead that slumbers 因为沉睡的灵魂如死一般， And things are not what they seem. 事物的表里并不一样。 Life is real! Life is earnest! 人生是实在的！人生是热烈的！ And the grave is not its goal; 人生的目标决不是坟墓； Dust thou art , to dust returnest, 你是尘土，应归于尘土。 Was not spoken of the soul. 此话指的并不是我们的精神。 Not enjoyment , and not sorrow, 我们的归宿并不是快乐， Is our destined and our way; 也不是悲伤， But to act, 实干 That much to-morrow. 才是我们的道路， Find us farther than to-day. 每天不断前进，蒸蒸蒸日上。 Art is long , and time is fleeting. 光阴易逝，而艺海无涯， And our hearts , though stout and brave. 我们的心哪——虽然勇敢坚强，Still , like muffled drums , are beating 却像被布蒙住的铜鼓， Funeral marches to the grave。 常把殡葬的哀乐擂响。 In the world’s broad field of battle, 在这人生的宿营地， In the bivouac of Life, 在这辽阔的世界战场， Be not like dumb,driven cattle! 别做无言的牲畜任人驱赶， Be a hero in the strife! 做一名英雄汉立马横枪！ Trust no future.howe’er pleasant! 别相信未来，哪怕未来多么欢乐！ Let the dead Past bury its dead! 让死去的往昔将死亡一切埋葬！
attitude to life 人生态度
attitude to life 人生态度 We have a saying "destiny" character creation, therefore, attitude, character and personality is attitude is destiny, so if the right attitude fate, fate nature also went toward the direction of "correct" development, it is logical, but in the life "attitude" how to "set"? But what is more complex, more likely, it is not so simple, or just take a single options can finish. Because of "life", the life span 70 to estimate assume a paragraph, such as 10 years before and after 10 years of life needs and ideological attitude is not the same growth to 20 years old, he again into 30 acceptable and the environment is not the same, and so on, has grown to 70 years old, affirmation is living in another world, so that each to a stage, it must be different degree of growth, and learn the different environment, needs and responsibility or said. Also means different stages, will have different life "attitude", will make the necessary adjustments "attitude", to face your own health life. Basically should cultivate themselves, keep the following principles can: 我们有句话说“性格创造命运”，因此，态度就=性格，性格又=命运，所以态度就=命运，如果态度正确了，命运自然也就朝往“正确”的方向发展了，这是必然的逻辑但在人生的“态度”上要如何“设定”？可就比较复杂些，更可能，就并不是那么简单了，或只采取单一选项就能完成。因为“人生”全长的寿命，假设预估70岁为一个全程段落，譬如10岁前以及10岁后，的生活需求与思想态度就不一样了成长到20岁再进入30岁，他所接受的环境肯定又不一样了，以此类推，一直成长到70岁，肯定又是生存在另一个世界中，所以说每到一个阶段，都有它一定不同程度的成长，与学习的不同环境而有所变化，或说需求与责任。也就是说不同的阶段，就要具备不同的人生“态度”，就要做出必要的调整“态度”，来健康面对自己的人生。 基本上应该培养自己，时时保持以下几个原则即可： 1. With an open mind 2 the attitude to learn 3 good interpersonal interaction relationship 4 maintain healthy body 5. Have a happy family 6 work or business can be stable development 7. To see the future prospects 1.开阔的心胸与视野 2.积极学习的态度来充实内在 3.建立良好人际互动的关系 4.保持健康的体魄
The story of life人生的故事
The story of life. Sometimes people come into your life and you know right away that they were meant to be there, to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson, or to help you figure out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people maybe (possibly your roommate, neighbor, coworker, long lost friend, lover, or even a complete stranger), but when you lock eyes with them, you know at that very moment they will affect your life in some profound way. And sometimes things happen to you that may seem horrible, painful. and unfair at first, but in reflection you find that without overcoming those obstacles you would have never realized your potential, strength, willpower, or heart. Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by chance or by means of good luck. Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness and sheer stupidity all occur to test the limits of your soul. Without these small tests whatever they may be, life would be like a smoothly paved, straight, flat road to nowhere. It would be safe and comfortable, but dull and utterly pointless. The people you meet who affect your life, and the success and downfalls you experience, help to create who you are and who you become. Even the bad experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are probably the most poignantand important ones. If someone hurts you, betrays you, or breaks your heart, forgive them, for they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being cautious when you open your heart. If someone loves you, love them back unconditionally, not only because they love you, but because in a way, they are teaching you to love and how to open your heart and eyes to things. Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from those moments everything that you possibly can for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people that you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Let yourself fall in love, break free, and set your sights high. Hold your head up because you have every right to. Tell yourself you are a great individual and believe in yourself, for if you don't believe in yourself, it will be hard for others to believe in you. You can make of your life anything you wish. Create your own life and then go out and live it with absolutely no regrets. Most importantly, if you LOVE someone, tell him or her, for you never know what tomorrow may have in store. And learn a lesson in life each day that you live. That's the story of life.
高通量测序及分析
高通量测序与功能分析 微生物群落测序是指对微生物群体进行高通量测序，通过分析测序序列的构成分析特定环境中微生物群体的构成情况或基因的组成以及功能。借助不同环境下微生物群落的构成差异分析我们可以分析微生物与环境因素或宿主之间的关系，寻找标志性菌群或特定功能的基因。对微生物群落进行测序包括两类，一类是通过16s rDNA，18s rDNA，ITS区域进行扩增测序分析微生物的群体构成和多样性；还有一类是宏基因组测序，是不经过分离培养微生物，而对所有微生物DNA进行测序，从而分析微生物群落构成，基因构成，挖掘有应用价值的基因资源。 以16s rDNA扩增进行测序分析主要用于微生物群落多样性和构成的分析，目前的生物信息学分析也可以基于16s rDNA的测序对微生物群落的基因构成和代谢途径进行预测分析，大大拓展了我们对于环境微生物的微生态认知。 目前我们根据16s的测序数据可以将微生物群落分类到种（species）（一般只能对部分菌进行种的鉴定），甚至对亚种级别进行分析， 几个概念： 16S rDNA（或16S rRNA）：16S rRNA基因是编码原核生物核糖体小亚基的基因，长度约为1542bp，其分子大小适中，突变率小，是细菌系统分类学研究中最常用和最有用的标志。16S rRNA基因序列包括9个可变区和10个保守区，保守区序列反映了物种间的亲缘关系，而可变区序列则能体现物种间的差异。16S rRNA基因测序以细菌16S rRNA基因测序为主,核心是研究样品中的物种分类、物种丰度以及系统进化。 OTU：operational taxonomic units (OTUs)在微生物的免培养分析中经常用到，通过提取样品的总基因组DNA，利用16S rRNA或ITS的通用引物进行PCR 扩增，通过测序以后就可以分析样品中的微生物多样性，那怎么区分这些不同的序列呢，这个时候就需要引入operational taxonomic units，一般情况下，如
英语阅读：Life Is to Be Whole 人生在于完整
美联英语提供：英语阅读：Life Is to Be Whole 人生在于完整 两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e816179879.html,/test/kuaisu.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 Life Is to Be Whole 人生在于完整 Once a circle missed a wedge. The circle wanted to be whole, so it went around looking for its missing piece. But because it was incomplete and therefore could roll only very slowly, it admired the flowers along the way. It chatted with worms. It enjoyed the sunshine. It found lots of different pieces, but none of them fit. So it left them all by the side of the road and kept on searching. Then one day the circle found a piece that fit perfectly. It was so happy. Now it could be whole, with nothing missing. It incorporated the missing piece into itself and began to roll. Now that it was a perfect circle, it could roll very fast, too fast to notice the flowers or to talk to the worms. When it realized how different the world seemed when it rolled so quickly, it stopped, left its found piece by the side of the road and rolled slowly away. 从前，有一只圆圈缺少了一块楔子。圆圈想要保持完整，于是四处寻找失去的那块楔子。可是，由于它不完整，所以只能很馒地滚动。一路上，它对花儿露出羡慕之色。它与蠕虫谈天说地。它还享受到了阳光之美。圆圈找到了很多不同的配件，可是没有一件能够完美地与其相配。所以，它将它们全部弃置路边，继续寻找。终于有一天，它找到了一个完美的
下一代测序技术
下一代测序技术 摘要：DNA测序技术对生物学的发展有着最根本的意义。Sanger法测序经过了30年的应用和发展，而在过去三年中，以454, solexa, SOLiD为代表的高通量测序平台已经大幅度降低了测序成本，提高了测序速度，成为基因组测序市场的主流。在此基础上，各种下一代测序技术正在快速研发，将使基因组测序和重测序的通量和成本更加平民化，为基因组学、遗传学、生物医学和健康科学等领域的发展创造更加广阔的前景。本文将对所有新的测序技术的原理、优势和应用进行总结和展望。 1977年Maxim、Gilbert发明的化学降解法测序技术和Sanger发明的双脱氧末端终止法测序技术不仅为他们赢得了诺贝尔奖，也使得从DNA序列层面研究分子遗传学成为可能。特别是后者，从最开始的凝胶电泳到越来越高通量的毛细管电泳，从开始的手工操作到越来越多自动测序仪的出现，各种改进的Sanger 测序技术统治了DNA测序领域三十年，至今仍在长片段测序，大片段文库测序方面有广泛的应用。人类基因组计划（HGP）的完成就是靠Sanger测序法。 在耗费了庞大成本的人类基因组计划宣布完成之后，越来越多的物种基因组测序工作对测序成本和通量提出了更高的要求，新一代测序技术（也被称为第二代测序技术）开始登上历史舞台。2005年454 life science公司率先推出了焦磷酸测序技术，使测序成本较Sanger法降低了100倍，速度快了（提高）100倍，人类基因组测序逐步进入了100，000美元时代。如今，454 FLX测序仪（Roche Applied Science）、基于“边合成边测序”的Solexa测序仪(Illumina Inc.)和使用“边连接边测序”的SOLiD测序仪(Applied Biosystems)已经成为基因组测序市场的主流机型。除此之外，2008年一年内又有HeliScope单分子测序仪（Helicos）和Polonator(Dover/Harvard)两种测序机型商品化。 在NHGRI（美国人类基因组研究中心）的支持和推动下，未来几年内测序成本将在目前基础上再下降100倍，最终使个人基因组测序成本降至1000美元，人类将革命性的进入个人基因组时代。高通量和低成本的测序技术将进入到普通实验室，基因组测序的简单化将使分子生物学飞跃发展，个人基因组测序产业化也将对健康医学等领域产生革命性的影响。本文将首先对目前已经商品化的新一代测序技术（454、Solexa、SOLiD、HeliScope）做一介绍和比较，再对正在研发中的各种下一代测序方法（第三代测序技术）的原理和应用做一详细的介绍和展望。 1. Roche 454测序技术 2005年454生命科学公司在《自然》杂志发表论文，介绍了一种区别于传统Sanger法的全新高通量测序方法，将测序成本降低了100倍以上，开创了第二代测序技术的先河，454测序仪也成为最先商品化的第二代测序仪。正是在此基础上，其它如Solexa、SOLiD等第二代测序仪才相继问世。454测序技术的原理在于首先使用乳液PCR（emulsion PCR）技术（图一a）扩增已经连接上接头的基因组文库片段，扩增子结合在28 μm的磁珠表面，将乳液破坏后用变性剂处理磁珠，再将含有扩增子的磁珠富集到芯片表面，用测序引物进行测序。在测序过程中，454使用了一种“焦磷酸测序技术”（Pyrosequencing），即在合成DNA 互补链的过程中，每加入一种单核苷酸（dNTP），如与模板链配对结合，就会释放出一个焦磷酸，与底物腺苷-5’-磷酸硫酸（APS）在A TP硫酸化酶作用下合成A TP，与荧光素（Luciferin）一起在荧光素酶(Luciferase)的作用下，会发出一个光信号，由芯片背后连接的电荷耦合装置（CCD，Charge Coupled Device）捕捉。454测序技术合成DNA链使用的是普通单核苷酸，没有任何标记，合成中也没有切割基团等生化反应，因此读长可以达到300-400bp。但没有阻断（block）和去阻断（de-block）过程也意味着对连续重复单核苷酸的阅读只能根据信号强度来判断，容易对其中插入和缺失碱基阅读错误。454测序技术相比较其他第二代测序技术如Solexa和SOLiD, 在读长上有着巨大的优势，但是目前成本要略高。总体而言，高读长使得454技术比较利于De Novo拼接和测序。
My outlook on life(我的人生观)
My outlook on life As the old saying goes that “character determines destiny ”, a different attitude to life may make an adverse end. If you feel life is lacking in the power which you need and the motivation you require, it’s time to transform your point of view. I always deem that pleasant things are not impracticable. Nevertheless does you suffer from how hard an setback is, you are ought to face life with a full smile. Once you lose heart to life, how will god be in favor of you？ A too powerful pessimism is a prison from which a man must escape from if he is to enjoy the life to full. You have to adapt yourself to society. So transform your concern into trust, and learn to surpass the uncertainties and doubt. Do not fritter away energy and time on endless complaining. In stead, use them to do some significant things. Whether you are sixteen or sixty, you should keep a curious heart that will never be prostrate, a native desire to learn about everything, and the joy to pursue a booming career. C ome on! Work like you don’t need money. Live like you have never been heart. When you treat your life positively and make it your daily discipline, you will find happiness goes along.
Life is a journey人生如旅
Life is a journey人生如旅 From the hell to the heaven, There's no straight way to walk. Sometimes up, sometimes down. Hope creates a heaven for us, Despair makes a hell for us. 地狱天堂路遥遥， 理想捷径无处寻。 起起落落前行路， 一线希望造天堂， 千般绝望坠地狱。 Some choices are waiting for me, Which one on earth is better? No God in the world can help me, Choosing is the 1)byname of freedom, Different choice makes different future. 前行歧路须选择， 究竟哪条会更好？ 绝无上帝可依凭， 自由别名乃选择， 不同抉择造异境。 It's stupid to put eyes on others. I have to make up my own mind, Going my way to the destination. 盲随他人不明智， 吾须定夺前行路， 不达目标誓不休。 Facing success or failure, It's no need to care too much. Only if I've tried my best, It’s enough for my simple life. 纵然面对成与败， 谨记无须太在意。 只要吾已竭全力， 淡然此生无所系。 Life is a journey人生如旅 From the hell to the heaven, There's no straight way to walk. Sometimes up, sometimes down. Hope creates a heaven for us, Despair makes a hell for us. 地狱天堂路遥遥， 理想捷径无处寻。 起起落落前行路， 一线希望造天堂， 千般绝望坠地狱。 Some choices are waiting for me, Which one on earth is better? No God in the world can help me, Choosing is the 1)byname of freedom, Different choice makes different future. 前行歧路须选择， 究竟哪条会更好？ 绝无上帝可依凭， 自由别名乃选择， 不同抉择造异境。 It's stupid to put eyes on others. I have to make up my own mind, Going my way to the destination. 盲随他人不明智， 吾须定夺前行路， 不达目标誓不休。 Facing success or failure, It's no need to care too much. Only if I've tried my best, It’s enough for my simple life. 纵然面对成与败， 谨记无须太在意。 只要吾已竭全力， 淡然此生无所系。
Life is for Living
Life is for Living活出精彩 对每个人来说，人生都只有一次，无法重演。生命就是我们所拥有的最弥足珍贵的礼物！所以，我们人加倍爱惜生命中的每一天，让每一天都活得有意义、都过得精彩！ Life is a gife we’re given each and every day.生命是我们每日都收到的一份礼物。 Dream about tomorrow, but live for today. 要梦想明天，但要活好今天。 To live a little, you’re got to love a whole lot. 即使是短暂的人生，你也要付出无限的爱。 Love turns the ordinary into the extraordinary. 爱让平凡变得精彩。 Life’s a journey always worth taking.生命永远是一段值得享受的旅程。 Take time to smell the roeses…and tulips…驻足去闻一下花香：玫瑰、郁金香、 and daffodils…and lilacs…and sunflowers…水仙、丁香花、向日葵…… Count blessings like children count stars. 细数幸福，就像孩子数星星一样。 The secret of a happy life isn’t buride幸福人生的秘密并非藏在财宝箱里， in a treasure chest… It lies with in your heart. 而是埋在你的心底。 It’s the little moments that make life big.是那些小小的瞬间让生命变得伟大。 Don’t wa it. Make memories today. 不要等待。今天就留下美好的记忆吧。 Celebrate your life！庆祝你的生命吧！
【英语阅读】Shelf Life(货架人生)
Shelf Life 货架人生 （shelf life也有“保质期”之意——译者注） By Anthony Daniels If you ask anyone for his idea of a dead-end job, the chances are that he will reply “stacking supermarket shelves.” 如果你问任何人他对无出路的工作的想法，他很可能会回答：“整理超市的货架。” This occupation, indeed, has become a trope for the futility of existence at the lower end of the social spectrum. Not long ago, for example, a columnist in the Guardian wrote that 1) it was scarcely any wonder that teenage girls had babies when the only alternative open to them was stacking supermarket shelves. As far as she was concerned, having a baby could 2) prevent a worse fate. 这个职业，事实上，已经成为社会的底端生存无用的比喻。例如，不久前《卫报》的专栏作家写道，几乎毫无疑问，一个十几岁的女孩有了孩子，她唯一的选择就是去整理超市货架。在她看来，有孩子能避免更糟糕的命运。 But if supermarkets are necessary, then so are supermarket shelves—they have to be stacked by someone. 但如果超市是必要的，那么超市的货架也是——必须有人来整理它们。 There is nothing dishonorable or dishonest about stacking shelves. On the contrary, it is a socially useful thing to do. Moreover, 3) the variation of abilities to be found in any human population suggests that this is the kind of work that suits some people quite admirably. 整理货架没有什么不光彩或不诚实的。相反，它是做一个对社会有用的东西。此外，在任何人群都能发现这种能力的变化形式，这表明这是一个极好地适合某些人的工作。 However, I do not want to stress this last point for fear that I should be thought to be impugning the intelligence of those who work in supermarkets. And this would be 4) precisely the opposite of my intentions. I have always found people who work in supermarkets—whether in Tesco, Sainsbury, Waitrose, Morrisons or any other—5) not only competent but eager to please. Whenever I approach them to ask where I may find coriander or brass polish, they drop what they are doing and 6) take me straight there. 然而，我不想强调这最后一点，以免被认为是打击那些在超市工作的人的智力。这正与我的意思相反。我总是发现在超市工作的人——无论是特易购、塞恩斯伯里、韦特罗斯、莫里森斯，或其它超市——不仅能干而且服务热情。每当我接近他们，问哪里可以找到香菜或擦铜油，他们放下手头的活儿直接带我去那里。 The checkout staff are always pleasant, too. Their job is 7) far from uninteresting, contrary to what unimaginative intellectuals might suppose. Surely people’s purchases, 8) infinitely various in their combination, must tell you a lot about them. I don’t think I would mind working on a supermarket checkout, at least for a few months. 收银员也总是令人愉快的。他们的工作绝非乏味，与无趣的的知识分子想象的完全相反。当
philosophy of life 人生哲理
Time is life Time is money; time is life, especially in this modern society of ours. It is important not only to businessmen but to people from all walks of life. Punctuality is a habit. We can, if we like, get into the habit of doing things at the right time. But it is not easy to do this. Many people have a tendency for being late for one reason or another. No one likes to wait but we often let people wait for us, don’t we? It is much easier to put things off, and say we will do them tomorrow or next week. Because it is easy to be unpunctual, many of us get into the bad habit of always being late for everything. And once we get into this bad habit, it is every hard to get out of it. An unpunctual person is an enemy to himself, and a nuisance to everyone else. In school, the boy who is always late and behind with his lessons gets into trouble and learns little. An unpunctual clerk soon will lose his job. And a friend who always keeps you waiting may lose your friendship. The idea of punctuality is very important. You lose out on opportunities, respect and time when you are late. To be punctual means to do what you should do on time, and a punctual person is in the habit of doing things at the proper time and is never late for his appointments-which is especially important in the current, fast developing society. To a worker, time is productivity. To students, time is knowledge. 时间就是生命 时间就是金钱，时间就是生命，尤其是在我们这样的现代社会。时间不仅对于商来说是很重要的，它对各行各业的人都同样重要。 守时是一种习惯。只要愿意，我们便可养成定时完成任务的习惯。但真正要做到守时却又不是件容易的事。许多人喜欢为迟到找这样或那样的借口。没有人愿意等待，可是我们又常让别人等待，不是吗？ 把事情往后拖延或者说明天或下周再做是件容易的事情。不守时比守时更容易做到，所以我们中的许多人养成了做什么都迟到的坏习惯，而一旦我们养成了这种坏习惯，就很难根除了。不守时的人既是自己的敌人，也使别人感到讨厌。在学校，常迟到或迟交作业的学生经常惹麻烦，成绩也差。不守时的雇员容易被炒，而不守时的朋友则可能会失去别人的友谊。 守时的观念很重要。要不然，你会失去很多机会，失去别人对你的尊重，也会失去因为迟到而耽误的时间。 守时意味着按时做你应该做的事。守时的人有按时做事的习惯，而且约会时绝不迟到。这一点在目前这个高速发展的社会显得尤为重要。对于人来说，时间就是生产力；而对于学生来说，时间就是知识。 Be a Good Student Perhaps it is everyone’s dream to be a good student at school, but quite a few Students feel at a loss on how to make it happen. It is easy if you can act on the following points. First of all, make full use of your time and work hard. Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today, as time that has passed will never come back. Today’s fast developing society requires adequate knowledge, which presses us to spare no efforts to study. Of course, your hard work will be rewarded one day. Secondly, use your own judgment and present your point of view. A credulous attitude will only make you take things for granted. With your own judgment you will be able to tell right from