新视野第二版第3册读写英文及翻译

unit 1

scation A

Love Without Limitations 无限的爱

My brother, Jimmy, did not get enough oxygen during a difficult delivery, leaving him with brain damage, and two years later I was born. Since then, my life revolved around my brother's. Accompanying my growing up was always "go out and play and take your brother with you". I couldn't go anywhere without him, so I urged the neighborhood kids to come to my house for some out-of-control kid-centered fun.

My mother taught Jimmy practical things like how to brush his teeth or put on a belt. My father, a saint, simply held the house together with his patience and understanding. I was in charge outside where I administered justice by tracking down the parents of the kids who picked on my brother, and telling on them.

My father and Jimmy were inseparable. They ate breakfast together and on weekdays drove off to the navy shipping center every morning where they both worked—Jimmy unloaded color-coded boxes. At night after dinner, they would talk and play games late into the evening. They even whistled the same tunes.

So when my father died of a heart attack in 1991, Jimmy was a wreck, beneath his careful disguise. He was simply in disbelief. Usually very agreeable, he now quit speaking altogether and no amount of words could penetrate the vacant expression he wore on his face. I hired someone to live with him and drive him to work, but no matter how much I tried to make things stay the same, even Jimmy grasped that the world he'd known was gone. One day I asked, "You miss Dad, don't you?" His lips quivered and then he asked, "What do you think, Margaret? He was my best friend." Our tears began to flow.

My mother died of lung cancer six months later and I alone was left to look after Jimmy.

He didn't adjust to going to work without my father right away, so he came and lived with me in New York City for a while. He went wherever I went and seemed to adjust pretty well. Still, Jimmy longed to live in my parents' house and work at his old job and I pledged to help him return. Eventually, I was able to work it out. He has lived there for 11 years now with many different caretakers and blossomed on his own. He has become essential to the neighborhood. When you have any mail to be picked up or your dog needs walking, he is your man.

My mother was right, of course: It was possible to have a home with room for both his limitations and my ambitions. In fact, caring for someone who loves as deeply and appreciates my efforts as much as Jimmy does has enriched my life more than anything else ever could have.

This hit home a few days after the September 11th disaster on Jimmy's 57th birthday. I had a

party for him in my home in New York, but none of our family could join us because travel was difficult and they were still reckoning with the sheer terror the disaster had brought. I called on my faithful friends to help make it a merry and festive occasion, ignoring the fact that most of them were emotionally drained and exhausted. Instead of the customary "No gifts, please", I shouted, "Gifts! Please!"

My friends—people Jimmy had come to know over the years—brought the ideal presents: country music CDs, a sweatshirt, one leather belt with "J-I-M-M-Y" on it, a knitted wool hat and a cowboy costume. The evening led up to the gifts and then the chocolate cake from his favorite bakery, and of course the ceremony wasn't complete without the singing.

A thousand times Jimmy asked, "Is it time for the cake yet?" After dinner and the gifts Jimmy could no longer be restrained. He anxiously waited for the candles to be lit and then blew them out with one long breath as we all sang "Happy Birthday". Jimmy wasn't satisfied with our effort, though. He jumped up on the chair and stood erect pointing both index fingers into the air to conduct us and yelled, "One... more... time!" We sang with all of the energy left in our souls and when we were finished he put both his thumbs up and shouted, "That was super!"

We had wanted to let him know that no matter how difficult things got in the world, there would always be people who cared about him. We ended up reminding ourselves instead. For Jimmy, the love with which we sang was a welcome bonus, but mostly he had just wanted to see everyone else happy again.

Just as my father's death had changed Jimmy's world overnight, September 11th changed our lives; the world we'd known was gone. But, as we sang for Jimmy and held each other tight afterward praying for peace around the world, we were reminded that the constant love and support of our friends and family would get us through whatever life might present. The simplicity with which Jimmy had reconciled everything for us should not have been surprising. There had never been any limitations to what Jimmy's love could accomplish.

翻译：无限的爱

我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产，因为缺氧导致大脑受损。两年后，我出生了。从此以后，我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。伴随我成长的，是“到外面去玩，把你哥哥也带上”。不带上他，我是哪里也去不了的。因此，我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来，尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏。

我母亲教吉米学习日常自理，比如刷牙或系皮带什么的。我父亲宅心仁厚，他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴着心。我则负责外面的事，找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母，告他们的状，为我哥哥讨回公道。

父亲和吉米形影不离。他们一道吃早饭，平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心，他们都在那里工作，吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子。晚饭后，他们一道交谈，玩游戏，直到深夜。他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。

所以，父亲1991年因心脏病去世时，吉米几乎崩溃了，尽管他尽量不表现出来。他就

是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。通常，他是一个令人愉快的人，现在却一言不发，无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事。我雇了一个人和他住在一起，开车送他去上班。然而，不管我怎么努力地维持原状，吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。有一天，我问他：“你是不是想念爸爸？”他的嘴唇颤抖了几下，然后问我：“你怎么看，玛格丽特？他是我最好的朋友。”接着，我俩都流下了眼泪。

六个月后，母亲因肺癌去世，剩下我一人来照顾吉米。

吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着，因此搬来纽约和我一起住了一段时间。我走到哪里他就跟到哪里，他好像适应得很好。但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里，继续干他原来的工作。我答应把他送回去。此事最后做成了。如今，他在那里生活了11年，在许多人的照料下，同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。如果你有邮件要收，或有狗要遛，他就是你所要的人。

当然，母亲的话没错：可以有一个家，既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。事实上，关照像吉米这样一个深爱又感激我的人，更加丰富了我的生活，其他任何东西都不能与之相比。

这一点，在9·11灾难后几天更显真切。那天是吉米57岁生日。我在纽约自己的家里为他举办生日宴会，但是我们家的人都没能来参加，因为交通困难，而且灾难带来的恐惧使他们依然心有余悸。我邀请了我的好友，请他们来帮忙把宴会弄得热闹些，增加点欢快气氛，没去理会他们多数人在情感上都有些疲惫这一事实。于是我一反常态，没说“请不要带礼物”，而是向他们喊“请带礼物来”。

我的朋友──吉米认识他们多年了──带来了中意的礼物：乡村音乐CD、一件长袖运动衫、一条有“吉米”字样的皮带、一顶编织的羊毛帽，还有一套牛仔服。那天晚上，我们先是送礼物，然后是切从他喜欢的面包店里买来的巧克力蛋糕，当然还唱了“生日歌”，否则宴会就不算完整了。

吉米一次次地问：“该切蛋糕了吧？”等用完餐和送完礼物后，吉米再也控制不住了。他焦急地等着点上蜡烛，然后在我们“生日快乐”的歌声中，一口长气吹灭了蜡烛。然而吉米对我们的努力还是感到不满足。他纵身跳到椅子上，直挺着身子，双手食指朝天，一边喊一边指挥我们唱歌：“再──来──一次！”我们全力以赴地唱。待我们唱完时，他翘起两个拇指喊道：“好极了！”

本来我们想让他知道，无论世上有多难的事情，总是有人来关心他。现在反倒是提醒了我们自己。对于吉米来说，我们唱歌时的爱心，是他心中额外的礼物，但是他原先更想看到的，是别人再次感到快乐。

有如父亲的去世一夜之间改变了吉米的世界，9·11也改变了我们的生活；我们熟悉的世界不复存在了。但是，当我们为吉米唱歌，相互紧拥，祈祷全球和平时，我们也意识到，朋友、家人间永恒的爱和支持可以让我们克服生活中的任何困难。吉米以朴素的方式为我们协调了眼前的一切，他做到这一点并不令人吃惊。吉米的爱可以征服一切，这是任何东西都限制不了的。

scation B

The Framework for Love 爱的构架

It was an autumn night in my native Nova Scotia. A light rain was falling, making tapping sounds on the tin roof and the smell of mould filled the old lodge we were vacationing in for the weekend. A shiver in the air inspired a fire on the Franklin stove. We were all sipping hot chocolate and then my father went over to the upright piano, pushed up the sleeves of his shirt and began picking out a tune with one finger. He was not much of a pianist, but he knew the love of song and family. My mother put down her sewing and joined him on the bench and then my brother drifted to the piano as well. Finally, a poor singer and so usually a violinist instead, I added my voice for a line or two. My father, ever considerate, said, "See, you can sing, darling. That was good."

I have often remembered how warm, happy and loved I felt growing up. It took me years, though, to learn that the love in our family didn't just happen. In fact, love never just happens—not even to people who seem as naturally loving as my mother and father. But, I would hedge to bet, there is a framework you must live within to let this gift that has no rivals mature.

First, love needs time. Perhaps people can recognize in a moment the possibility for love, and make grand declarations such as "I love you" within weeks of having met, but this love is comparable to the beginning of a long road up a mountain with many ups and downs. Mature love is like a living organism. It parallels the life of an oak tree, growing slowly from a seed in the mud to a slender trunk with barely any leaves and finally into its sheltering glory. We cannot manipulate or speed up the amount of years it needs to grow, but must instead, with wit and patience, appreciate one another's differences and share one another's joys and pains over time. So it is sad when divorces are caused by small provocations, when parents and children give up on one another, when friendships fall apart at the first injury, when we give up on love.

Too often we say "farewell" to someone we have loved without due thought and end up paying an emotional toll that is quite costly. I once knew a father and son who, saddled with their respective troubles in life, had drawn so far apart over the years that they found little to say to each other. And, without each other, their lives had become hollow. The son, just out of college, had planned to spend the summer traveling in an old yellow lorry on the two-lane highways that connected the country together before freeways. One day, when he was nearly ready to leave, he spotted his father approaching on a busy street and was struck by a singular loneliness in that long familiar face. He invited him to stop for a beer. Then on impulse, he said, "Dad, come along. Let's spend a summer together."

At great risk to the family business, the father, a furniture salesman, went along with his son. Together they camped, climbed mountains, sat by the sea and explored city streets and sleepy villages. "I learned more about being a father in the last two months than in all my son's 21 years," the father told me shortly after their trip. Everyone's life should have room for loves worth risking sizable pieces of time we think we can't spare.

We should not mislead ourselves into thinking that the ones we love must be like us. The key is to recognize and appreciate our differences. Those differences provide the mystery and wonder of human relationships.

Love needs another, harder-to-find quality as well, the ability to let go.

In the early years of my marriage, I had faulty notions that my husband should want to be with me all the time. On our first visit to his family's house, I discovered that the men did things together and the women did the same. My father-in-law stole my place next to my husband in the front seat of the car, and the two of them often went out together, leaving me with the women.

I complained and made my husband miserable, caught as he was between the people he loved. My mother-in-law said wisely, "Being with his father is one part of his life; being with you is another. Be happy about both of them."

I learned that love is like an elastic band that must stretch apart before it pulls you back close to one another. It is a coming tide whose waters retreat a little after a single wave, but the next one is closer to your heart than the one before.

Finally, love needs words to make it real. Without words, quarrels can't be resolved and we lose the power to share the meaning of our lives. The important thing is to acknowledge and express our feelings. In this way, we can truly send the spirits of those we love as well as our own soaring upwards.

Love is not a single act, but a lifetime adventure in which we are always learning, discovering, growing. It is neither destroyed by a single failure nor won by a single kiss. It can only be achieved through patience and understanding.

翻译：爱的构架

时值秋夜，在我的故乡新斯科舍，小雨淅沥，轻叩锡铁屋顶。我们周末度假寄住的古老小屋，弥漫着一股霉味。空气寒冷得让人发抖，于是我们点上了富兰克林取暖炉。我们悠然地喝着热朱古力，接着父亲走向立式钢琴，卷起衬衣袖，伸出一指敲一曲。他算不上一个钢琴家，可他知道歌中的情、家中的爱。母亲放下手中的针线活，和他同坐在一条凳子上，然后我哥哥也缓步走向钢琴。最后，不太能唱歌却能拉拉小提琴的我也凑热闹唱了一两句。一向体贴人的父亲说：“你看，你也可以唱的，宝贝。唱得很好。”

我常常记得成长的过程中感受到的温暖、幸福和关爱。虽然我花了好些年才知道，家人的爱不是凭空产生的。事实上，爱从来就不是凭空产生的，甚至对那些看上去像我父母那样天生充满爱的人来说也一样。但是，我愿打赌，你必须生活于一个构架之中，方能让爱这一无与伦比的礼物瓜熟蒂落。

首先，爱需要时间。也许人们可以一眼看到爱的可能，见面几周后就郑重宣布“我爱你”等等，但是这样的爱，相当于刚开始爬山，而这漫长的爬山之路充满着起起落落。瓜熟蒂落之爱就像一个有生命的机体。它跟一棵橡树的生命一样，从土里的一粒种子开始，慢慢地长

成几乎无叶的细枝，最后枝繁叶茂、足以遮阴，成就其辉煌。我们不可调控或者加速其成长所需的年月，相反，我们必须用才智和耐心，始终欣赏相互间的差异，分享彼此的快乐和痛苦。因此，如果因小怒而离婚，父母孩子相互不信任，在第一次受伤害后中断友谊，或不再相信爱，那是令人痛心的事情。

我们常常未经深思熟虑就向某人说“再见”，结果付出了非常昂贵的感情代价。我曾经认识一对父子，他们被各自的生活困难困扰，多年来距离越拉越远，结果相互间几乎没话可说，而相互间没了依靠，他们的生活变得空虚。儿子大学毕业后的那个夏天，打算开着黄色老卡车到连通全国的双车道公路上周游一番（那时还没有免费高速公路）。有一天，在准备出发时，他看见父亲沿着繁忙的街道走来。父亲熟悉的脸上带着的孤苦令他震动。他邀父亲停下来喝杯啤酒。冲动之下，他说：“来吧，爸爸。让我们一块儿度过一个夏天吧。”

他父亲是个家具推销商。虽然冒着家里生意受损失的大风险，父亲还是跟儿子走了。他们一道宿营，一道爬山，一道坐在海边，一道探索城市的街道和幽静的乡村。在他们旅行后不久，他父亲告诉我：“在过去的两个月里，我学到的为父之道比我在我儿子成长的21年的岁月里学到的都多。”每个人的生活，都应该为爱的人留出空间，为我们爱的人抽出我们认为抽不出的时间是值得的。

我们不应该误导自己，认为我们所爱的人必须像自己一样。关键是认可和欣赏我们间的差异。这些差异使得人们之间的关系有了一丝神秘和新奇。

爱也需要另一种更为难得的能力──放手的能力。

在我结婚的头几年，我错误地认为我丈夫应该想时刻和我在一起。我们第一次去拜访他家时，我发现他们家的人做事时男的和男的在一起，女的与女的在一起。我公公占了我的位子，坐到前车座我丈夫的旁边。他俩常常一道出去，将我留下和女人们在一起。

我向我丈夫抱怨，让他夹在他所爱的人当中，痛苦不堪。我婆婆说得好：“和父亲在一起是他生活的一部分；和你在一起是另一部分。你对二者都该感到高兴啊。”

我明白，爱就像根松紧带，在它将你们紧紧拉在一起之前，必须先松开。爱又像涌来的潮水，一浪过后先退却一点，下一浪才会比前一浪离你的心更近。

最后，爱需要言语来实现。没有言语，争吵不能得到解决，这样我们就失去了分享自己生活意义的能力。重要的是承认并表达自己的情感。这样，我们才能真正使我们自己和我们所爱的人兴高采烈。

爱不是一次性的行为，而是一生的探索。我们总是在这种探索中学习、发现和成长。一次失败不能毁灭爱，一次亲吻也不能赢得爱。唯有耐心和理解才能得到爱。

Unit 2

Scation A

Iron and the Effects of Exercise

Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.

"We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss," says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue.

Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

"Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back," she notes. "But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels."

Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means,

Lyle says, that "too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in". Women of childbearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.

"The average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowance of iron," notes another expert. "For a woman who already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency," notes the expert.

Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood.

There are three stages of iron deficiency. The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. In the third and final

stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath—and exercise performance is severely compromised.

"People think that if they're not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but that's not true," says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. "You're not in stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, you're in trouble."

However, most people with low iron reserves don't know they have a deficiency, because traditional methods of calculating the amount of iron in blood (by checking levels of the blood protein that transports oxygen) are not sufficient, Beard states. Instead, it's important to check levels of a different compound, which indicate the amount of storage of iron in the blood. While active, childbearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores, he notes, "Men are not safe, especially if they don't eat meat and have a high level of physical activity." (An estimated 15 percent of male long distance runners have low iron stores.) Beard and other

experts say it's advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves.

If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. In general, it's better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. Supplements may produce a feeling of wanting to throw up, and may be poisonous in some cases. The best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body, are meat, chicken, and fish. Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables.

"Select breads and cereals with the words 'iron-added' on the label," writes sports diet expert

Nancy Clark. "This added iron supplements the small amount that naturally occurs in grains. Eat these foods with plentiful Vitamin C (for example, drink orange juice with cereal or put a tomato on a sandwich) to enhance the amount of iron absorbed." Clark also recommends cooking in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. "The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times," she writes. And people who are likely to have low iron

should avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, she says, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body.

"Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices," sums up Purdue's Lyle. "If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem."

翻译：

铁与运动的关系

运动医学专家经过多年的观察，发现耐力运动员，特别是女性，经常会缺铁。普渡大学研究人员进行的一项新的研究表明：即使是适度的锻炼，也可能会降低女性血液中的铁含量。

“我们发现，那些通常不运动的女性一旦开始适度的锻炼，就会出现铁含量下降的迹象，”普渡大学罗斯安妮·M. 莱尔副教授说。她对62名妇女进行了研究，并将研究结果发表在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上。这些妇女原先不怎么运动，后来开始了为期6个月、每周3次的锻炼。

莱尔指出：“那些增食肉类食品或服用铁质补剂的女性能够恢复到健康状态。但突然参加锻炼却仍沿用旧食谱的人则显示出铁含量降低。”

缺铁在女性中是很常见的，每四个十几岁的少女中有一人缺铁，每五个18至45岁的女性中有一人缺铁。而在积极锻炼的妇女中这一比例更高，女耐力运动员中，缺铁者比例则高达80%。莱尔说，这意味着“太多女性忽视了自己摄入的铁含量”。育龄女性危险最大，因为月经是铁流失的重要原因之一。此外，许多保健意识太强的女性也很危险，因为她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊肉，而这些肉中含有的铁最易被吸收。而且，由于女性常常为了控制体重而节食，从而未能摄取足够的含铁丰富的食物，结果可能导致缺铁。

另一名专家指出，“普通女性每天摄入的铁只是应摄入量的三分之二。”他指出，“对于那些已经缺铁的女性，任何因锻炼而产生的更多铁质流失都足以导致体内缺铁状况的恶化。”

运动可能通过多种机制导致铁流失。有些铁随汗液流失。另外，由于某些未知的原因，高强度的耐力运动有时会引起消化系统内出血。运动员从事跑步之类高强度剧烈运动，也可能会因为足部血管失血的现象而使铁质流失。

缺铁分为三个阶段：第一也即最常见的阶段，是铁质储量不足。这一阶段一般没有症状。到了缺铁的第二阶段，就会出现疲倦和力不从心，此时体内已没有足够的铁来形成血蛋白分子，将氧输至运动肌肉。在第三即最后阶段，人常常感到虚弱、疲乏无力、喘不过气，运动成绩大打折扣。

“人们认为，只要不到第三阶段就不会有什么问题。这种想法是不对的。”帮助设计普渡大学研究的约翰·L. 比尔德说。“只有当你的铁储量为零时，你才会进入第三阶段。而你若坐等到这个时候，你的麻烦就大了。”

然而，比尔德指出，大多数铁质储量低的人并未意识到自己缺铁，因为传统的检测血液中铁含量的方法──检验血液中输送氧气的血蛋白的含量──是不够的。其实，有必要检查血液中另一种混合成分的含量，它可以显示血液中的铁含量。他还指出，虽然积极锻炼的育龄妇女最有可能铁含量低，“但男性也并非不缺铁，尤其是在他们不吃肉类而又从事高强度的体力活动的情况下。”（估计有15%的男性长跑运动员铁含量低。）比尔德和其他专家都说，对这些人而言，最好每年验一次血，以测定血液中的铁含量。

如果铁含量低，就要去看医生，以确定是否该通过调整饮食或服用铁质补剂来校正不足。一般说来，解决问题的最好方法是在食谱中增加含铁丰富的食物，因为铁质补剂可能存在严重缺陷。服用铁质补剂可能使人想呕吐，有时甚至还会引起中毒。最好的铁来源，以及唯一最易为身体所吸收的铁来源，是肉、鸡和鱼。其他较好的铁质来源包括枣、豆类和一些多叶绿色蔬菜。

“选择那些标有…加铁?字样的面包和麦片，”运动营养专家南希·克拉克写道，“这些增加的铁质补充了谷物中自然含铁量的不足。将这些食物与含有大量维生素C的食物一起食用──比如吃麦片时喝橘子汁，或在三明治内夹上番茄──可以促进铁质吸收。”克拉克还建议用铁锅烹食，因为烹调过程中食物能从铁锅中吸收铁质。她写道，“在铁锅内烹煮了3个小时的番茄汁，其铁含量大大提高，增加到原来的30倍左右。”她说，铁含量可能低的人，吃饭时应避免喝咖啡或饮茶，因为这些饮料中所含的物质会妨碍身体对铁质的吸收。

“运动女性应特别注意选择饮食。”普渡大学的莱尔总结说：“如果你在铁含量流失之前就注意到了警告信号，你就可以在它真正成为问题之前弥补铁质的不足。”

Scation B

Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits?

Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain. A succession of scientific studies of animals implies that physical activity has a positive effect on mental functioning.

"It's clear that the brain benefits from exercise," says brain scientist William Greenough of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity: Vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel, and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists, may make the brain better able to process information.

In one experiment, laboratory rats were separated into three groups. One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course, and a third group was inactive.

"The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibited a greater number of brain connections than the animals in the exercised or inactive groups," Greenough said. "In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals."

Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language

can, he says. And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well, the benefits multiply. Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise, suggested another of Greenough's experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred

among rats that had been exercised when very young. And while animals aren't people, he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.

Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can

improve the speed with which the brain processes information. Measurements made by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrated that inactive adults, aged 63 to 82, could hit buttons faster in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise

course. A corresponding control group that didn't exercise showed no improvement.

This boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with

getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition. Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet.

"In older people, an exercise program appears important for brain maintenance," says

Daniel M. Landers, professor of exercise science at Arizona State University, who recently published an article reviewing the scientific literature on activity's effect on the brain.

Numerous studies show that children who engage in regular physical activity do better in school than their inactive classmates. But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from the increased self-confidence, the better mood, and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise. Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections.

Pierce J. Howard, another expert, says new research indicates that physical exercise increases

the amount of certain brain chemicals that stimulate growth of nerve cells. Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equipped to tackle mental challenges.

Inactivity may also have negative effects on mind and body alike. "Scientists recognize that

mind is body, and body is mind," comments Howard. The most beneficial forms of exercise, he says, engage both.

翻译：

运动有奇效吗？

正如运动能强心、健肺、固骨、强肌一样，运动也能健脑。对动物的一系列科学研究表明，体育活动对智力的发挥有积极作用。

伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳─尚佩恩分校的大脑科学家威廉·格里诺说，“很明显，运动使大脑受益。”他对老鼠的研究已经表明运动具有两大功效：高强度体育运动给大脑提供更多的燃料，而技巧性运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。

在一项实验中，实验鼠被分成三组：第一组在自动轮中跑动，第二组通过一种复杂的越障训练来提高技能，第三组则不做任何运动。

“与跑动的和不运动的老鼠相比，经过越障训练的老鼠的脑神经联结数更多。”格里诺说，“相比之下，在自动轮中跑动的老鼠，较之其他两组的老鼠，其大脑的血管密度更大。”

他说，学习一种新的舞步和学习一种语言一样，都能促进大脑发展。如果这种舞蹈还是一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍。格里诺的另一组实验显示，年轻的大脑尤其能够通过运动来增强能力。这组实验表明，从小就锻炼的老鼠，其大脑的变化最为显著。他说尽管动物不是人，但依

此推断锻炼对老鼠带来的作用同样适用于人类也合乎逻辑。

对人类的研究主要集中在老年人身上。其结果表明，经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度。伊利诺伊大学阿瑟·克雷默测量的结果表明，63至82岁不运动的人，在完成为期10周的水上运动课程之后，听音击键的反应加快了。对照组没有经过锻炼，其反应速度没有提高。

接受运动训练之后，人的反应速度可能会加快，这是因为与衰老有关的机能衰退实际上源于体质下降。一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等相关因素外，常常归咎于衰老的大脑功能下降实际上可能是不注意保持体育运动带来的一种后果。

亚利桑那州立大学的运动学教授丹尼尔·M. 兰德斯最近发表了一篇文章，对有关运动对大脑影响的科学文献进行了综述。他说：“对老年人来说，锻炼计划对维持大脑功能显得非常重要。”

许多研究表明，经常进行体育锻炼的孩子，在学业上比不活动的同学优秀。但直到最近，人们还是认为因参加体育运动而获得的学业优势来自于增强的自信、更好的心态，以及运动后所带来的集中注意力的能力。而现在，一些科学家修正了他们的看法，表示这可能与身体状况有关。

另一名专家皮尔斯·J. 霍华德说，新的研究表明，体育锻炼提高了大脑中某些激发神经细胞生长的化学物质的含量。因此，那些进行锻炼的人的大脑可能更有能力应付各种智力挑战。

不活动对大脑和身体都可能有负面影响。“科学家们认识到，心即是身，身即是心，”霍华德评价道。他说，最有益的运动能身心兼顾。

第三版新视野大学英语第二册课文翻译

第三版新视野大学英语第二册课文翻译 Unit 1 An impressive English lesson 1 If I am the only parent who still corrects his child's English, then perhaps my son isright. To him, I am a tedious oddity: a father he is obliged to listen to and aman absorbed in the rules of grammar, which my son seems allergic to. 2 I think I got serious about this only recently when I ran into one of my former students,fresh from an excursion to Europe. "How was it?" I asked, full of earnest anticipation. 3 She nodded three or four times, searched the heavens for the right words, andthen exclaimed, "It was, like, whoa!" 4 And that was it. The civilization of Greece and the glory ofRoman architecture were captured in a condensed non-statement. My student's "whoa!"was exceeded only by my head-shaking distress. 5 There are many different stories about the downturn in the proper use of English. Surelystudents should be able to distinguish between their/there/they're orthe distinctive difference between complimentary and complementary. They unfairly bearthe bulk of the

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册课文词汇讲解

New words tedious a. boring and continuing for too long 冗长乏味的 Telling the story has become tedious, as I have done it so many times. 讲述这个故事已变得单调乏味，因为我已经讲了这么多次了。 oblige vt. (usu. passive) make sb. feel that it is necessary to do sth. 迫使；使负有义务 He felt obliged to help his mother, even if it meant leaving college. 他觉得有责任帮助母亲，即使这意味着他要离开大学。 absorbed a. so interested or involved in sth. that you do not notice anything else 极感兴趣的；全神贯注的；专注的 Time passes quickly when you are absorbed in reading a good book. 在聚精会神地读一本好书的时候，时间过得非常快。 allergic a. 1 (be ~ to sth.) (infml.) if you are allergic to sth., you do not like it and try to avoid it 不喜欢某事；对某事反感 Most men are allergic to housework. 大多数男人都不喜欢做家务。 2 having an allergy 过敏的 I do not enjoy picnics because I am allergic to grass. 我不喜欢野餐，因为我对草过敏。excursion n. [C] a short journey you take for pleasure 短途出行；远足 It was such a wonderful day that they decided to take a day excursion to the mountain. 这么好的天气，他们决定去山上一日游。 Included in the Beijing tour is an excursion to the Great Wall. 北京之行包括了游览长城。

新视野大学英语第三版第四册课文及翻译

爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩 照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。“逻辑学。” “好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。 “逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做…绝对判断?的逻辑谬误。” “好啊，”她表示同意。

“…绝对判断?是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动。 她点头表示赞同。 我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运动就变得有害而不是有益。所以你应该说，运动对大多数人来说是有益的。” “接下来是…草率结论?。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。” “是吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？” “这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持 这一结论的例证太少了。” 她似乎学得很开心，而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日子。 第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡树下，我说：“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个 逻辑谬误叫…文不对题?。” 她高兴地点了点头。 “听好了，”我说，“有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。” “哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了，”她哽咽着轻声说到。

新视野大学英语 第三版 读写教程

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程1 十五选十 University students come from different parts of the country with various purposes. However, a closer look at their reasons for studying at the university will enable us to 1) them roughly into three groups: those who have a(n) 2) for learning, those who wish to 3) a bright future, and those who learn with no definite purpose. Firstly, there are many students who learn simply because they 4) their goal of learning. Some read a wealth of British and American novels because they are keenly interested in literature. Others sit in front of the computer screen, working on a new program, 5) day and night, because they find some computer programs 6) . and they dream of becoming a “Bill Gates” one day. Secondly, there are students who work hard mainly for a better and more 7) future. It seems that the majority of students fall into this group. After admission to the university, they read books after books to 8) knowledge from all of the resources which are 9) to them, and finally, to succeed in the future job market. Thirdly, there are still some students who learn without a clear goal. They take courses, finish homework, enjoy life on campus, but don’t want to 10) anything new or challenging. They have no idea what they will be doing after college. And they may end up with nothing in their lives. Parents and teenagers have different or even opposite things to worry about. For example, while a mother might have a hard time understanding why her teenagers' room is always a(n) 1) of dirty stuff, the teenagers are more worried about their next exams and may think it is 2) for their mother to insist on keeping a clean room. It is therefore important for you to 3) the differences and learn to communicate with your teenagers properly. 4) , your teenagers may say nothing and shut you out of their personal lives. Their refusal to talk with you may even create 5) stress in your life. Learning effective ways to communicate can 6) the situation of a difficult relationship, 7) the stress of your life, and lead to a friendly relationship with your teenagers. First, you should learn to discuss serious problems in daily conversations. So, important topics, such as driving a vehicle and building a(n) 8) relationship, could be dealt with through daily conversations. Second, learn to be an active listener. Many parents are so 9) with their work that they could hardly take some time for their 10) children. Spend your time listening carefully to what your children like to talk about, and make sure your children feel they are being taken seriously. This will increase the chances of good communication.

新视野大学英语2 第二单元课文中文翻译

奥ào运yùn会h uì优yōu秀x iù的d e标biāo准zhǔn 奥林匹克运动会依然是一个为竞争而竞争的最纯粹的例子。运动员们在事业和身体上做出牺牲，他们冒着受伤、受挫和彻底失败的危险，仅仅为了国家和自身的荣誉而竞争。为了获得这样的荣誉，运动员必须发挥出在自己的项目上的最佳水平，在世界最大的竞技舞台上发挥模范作用。虽然必须承认，有的运动员利用兴奋剂来提升自己的表现，从而取得优势，但他们从未获得过奥运会所能给予的唯一真正的奖赏，那就是荣誉。而且他们也从未体验过通过刻苦训练与决心这些美德而获胜所带来的光荣感。 迄今为止，卡尔.刘易斯是奥运会田径项目最伟大的选手，也是奥运会精神的典范。这不仅是因为他屡屡获得金牌，——刘易斯在四个项目的比赛中获得九枚金牌，在100米短跑和跳远比赛中保持世界纪录——而且是因为他天性中所富有的竞争力和从1984年到1996年间在每一届奥运会上所表现出的竞争和获胜的能力。如果不是美国拒绝出席1980年奥运会，他也会参加那一年的奥运竞赛。凭借速度、稳定的发挥，诚实，尤其是获胜的渴望，刘易斯的表现非秒表所能计量，甚至时间也停滞不前。他要求自己发挥出最佳水平，而他取得好成绩靠的不是服用药物，而是无与伦比的自制力和训练时的完全投入。 令人惊讶的是，卡尔.刘易斯的父母在他年幼时鼓励他去上音乐课，而不是去参加田径训练。但是他不愿意去，而是把一条胶带粘在地上，以此标出跳远世界纪录的距离，然后以非凡的决心开始向着目标练习跳远。他的父母评价道：“有些孩子今天想着以后当消防员，明天又梦想成为电影明星。卡尔决心练习田径，后来始终没有改变。他说他想成为最好的，就这些。”他多年的训练和从容的自信为他以后卓越的田径生涯打好了基础。

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第二册课文翻译(全册)

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