Units 1-2

Unit 1 Famous People

Key to the Exercises

Exercise 1 (Page 2)

1. c

2. b

3. c

4. c

5. b

6. a

Exercise 2 Page 3

1955: Gates was born.

1968: He began his career in personal computer software, programming computers.

1973: He entered Harvard University.

1975: He began a company with Paul Allen.

1994: He was married to Melinda Gates.

1995: He published his book The Road Ahead.

1999: He wrote the second book Business @ the Speed of Thought with Collins Hemingway.

Exercise 3 Page 4

1. fundamental

2. strategic

3. personal

4. valuable

5. critical

6. technical

7. enjoyable

8. central

9. digital 10. global

Exercise 4

1. leading provider / supplier

2. key management

3. fiscal year

4. critical areas

5. non-profit organizations

6. 软件行业

7. 战略性的决策

8. 公立小学

9. 个人电脑10. 远景规划

Exercise 5 Page 5

1.As a marketing manager, he is in a strategic position for influencing the marketing plans.

2.he doesn’t think we should devote any more time to this issue.

3.Nobody wanted to commit himself to a definite answer before the decision.

4.Since Gates’ dream is a computer for every family and on every office desk, Microsoft’s goal is to make the

personal computer easy to master and convenient to use.

5.Gates acknowledged that he had hardly had a day off before he was thirty.

6.The great achievements by Gates and the Microsoft under his leadership are a legend in the information

industry.

Exercise 6 Page 6

1. b

2. a

3. c

4. d

5. b

6. d

Exercise 1 Page 8

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. T

5. F

Exercise 1 Page 8

1. is now called to order

2. There are 88 participants from all around the country.

3. will make a few remarks

4. make his presentation

5. The first speaker inscribed on the list to take the floor Exercise 5 Page 11

1. pieces of luggage

2. overweight

3. guess

4. handbag

5. idea

6. announcement

7. Anyway

8. pleasant journey

Exercise 6

1. where I can get a bite to eat

2. an airport restaurant in the left wing of the building, and a snack shop in the right wing

3. It appears that you’re going abroad

4. the country where I always want to visit

5. why not have a cup of coffee in the coffee shop

Exercise 1 Page 13

1. had told

2. had completed

3. had already been

4. had been to

5. had planned

6. had not read

1. He had just gone out.

2. The movie had already begun.

3. They had just finished their dinner.

4. She had already made plans to do something else.

5. I had not seen her for five years. Self-Assessment

Exercise 2 Page 15

1. b

2. d

3. c

4. a

5. a

Exercise 3

1. He had become a multimillionaire, and did not need to earn more money.

2. He did financial work.

3. To increase confidence.

4. He was always ready to help others in his work and proud of that.

5. Open for discussion. Exercise 4 Page 15

1. c

2. a

3. d

4. c

5. b

6. a

7. d

8. b

9. a 10. c

11. b 12. b 13. a 14. d 15. d 16. c 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. d

Exercise 5 Page 17

1. a

2. c

3. c

4. c

5. d

6. a

7. d

8. d

9. b 10. a

Unit 2 Knowledge Economy

Key to the Exercises

Exercise 1 (Page 22)

1. b

2. a

3. d

4. b

5. c

Exercise 2 Page 23

1. new information technology

2. services from medicine to movie making

3. less competitive

4. built plants in America

5. built plants in the American South

Exercise 3 Page 24

1. coverage

2. recession

3. descent

4. Competition

5. declared

6. reflected

7. consumer

8. resort

9. revolution 10. require Exercise 4 Page 25

1. k

2. e

3. d

4. h

5. j

6. I

7. b

8. c

9. f 10. l 11. g 12. a Exercise 5 Page 26

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. F

5. T

6. T

7. T

8. T

9. T

Exercise 1 Page 28

1. d

2. d

3. d

4. d

5. d

Exercise 2 Page 28

1. I am deeply impressed by your active participation.

2. present here

3. to take one more day

4. exchange opinions

5. I have to declare the conference closed now

6. Thank you very much for Exercise 5 Page 31

1. Yes. I need a single room for two nights.

2. I’m sorry, I don’t.

3. It’ll be OK. I don’t mind the location of it.

4. Thank you very much.

5. Good night. Exercise 6 Page 32

1. cash some traveler’s checks

2. down in the lobby

3. for you to change money

4. we have room service

5. need some laundry services

6. the laundry collection Exercise 1 Page 33

1. will have lived

2. will have been

3. will have arrived

4. will have completed

5. will have visited

6. will have lost

7. will have finished

1. At this time of next year, I shall have been a teacher for ten years.

2. The passenger boat will have arrived in Shanghai by the midnight of tomorrow.

3. He will have definitely handed in his paper according to the agreement.

4. I’m going to fetch the manuscript the day after tomorrow. I think you will have completed it at that time.

5. He will have delivered the goods by the end of this year according to the agreement.

Self-Assessment

Exercise 2 Page 35

1. c

2. c

3. d

4. a

5. b

Exercise 4 Page 35

1. c

2. a

3. d

4. b

5. c

6. c

7. a

8. d

9. a 10. d

11. c 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. a 16. d 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. c

Exercise 5 Page 37

1. prefer

2. hostess

3. sitting

4. served

5. free

6. enjoy

7. picture

8. evening

9. included 10. change

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

Translation Unit One 1.这个婴儿还不会爬,更不要说会走了。 The baby can't even crawl yet, let alone walk! 2. 威尔声称谋杀案件发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。 Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. 3. 一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关;有了阅读技巧,你就可以更好的应对课外阅读了。 To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. 4. 根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。 According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. 5. 有些人想当然的认为日语中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。 Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. 6. 我们都已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。 We have passed all relevant information on to the police. 7. 关于那件事你问我在多的问题也没有用,因为我是不会回答你的。

高三英语U n i t s测试题 及答案 SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#

高三检测题(Units 1-3) 1.You can’t _______ him in knowledge of wild plants. A. watch B. catch C. match D. keep 2. The manager decided to give the job to _______ he believed had a strong sense of duty. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. those 3. I really appreciate ______ to relax with you on this nice island. A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time 4. Mike, as far as I know, ______ like to play music. A. seems B appears C. feels D. does 5. He hasn’t come yet. What do you consider ______ to him. A. happens B. has happened C. happening D. to happen 6. ________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared 7. How many monkeys are there in the zoo The number of the monkeys there ______ ten, ______ the newly-born ones. A. come to, including B. has reached, including C. is totaled, including D. has added up, including 8. Since the medicine is of little use, ______ seems to be no point in taking it again. A. it B. there C. that D. this 9. --- Will you go to Mary’s birthday party ---No, _____ invited, I can’t go to it. I’ll be too busy, then. A. if B. unless C. even though D. when 10. Please tell me how the accident ______. I am still in the dark. A. came by B. came upon C. came to D. came about 11. A great deal of science and technique has been ______ since China carried ______ reform and open. A. brought down, on B. brought in, out C. brought out, out D. brought up, on B 12. ---You forgot your purse when you went out. ---- Good heavens, _______. A. so did I B. so I did C. I did so D. I so did 13. We are swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before 14. Why! I have nothing to confess, _______ you want me to say!

一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）

1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）

北语汉语国际教育学部考研复试经验 北语汉语国际教育学部考研复试公共课的复习 对于公共课的复习，我想最重要的是要控制自己的贪欲，不要在海量的资料中迷失。时间有限你不会看完所有的资料，即便它们看上去都很美很真实。选择被时间验证过的经典书目可以有效避免浪费宝贵时间，最好的方式是向前辈咨询而不是听信各种宣传。 无论英语政治还是专业课，最基础的教材都是第一位的，任何技巧都是在基础知识之上的。技巧并非投机取巧，它可以让你用最短的时间掌握对考试最有价值的东西，而努力仍是必须的。课本和历年真题是基础，其他的资料只是帮助你更好的理解考点。 （一）北语汉语国际教育学部考研复试英语 在英语方面我不是牛人，但近两年的学习自己也深得体会。不论你之前的英语功底有多好，考研英语都不能怠慢。因为考研英语是几位灭绝师太凑在一起将一篇浅显的文章修改地千疮百孔之后拿来考我们，所以有时是不能用正常的思维顺序去思考的。读懂文章是一方面，做对题是另一方面。而对考研单词的熟悉程度、阅读速度和对真题逻辑的研读是应对一切的法宝。首先，单词是重中之重。 考研阅读本身就包含大量生词，需要联系上下文猜测，试想，如果你连最基本的单词都不认识，还怎么猜测。我习惯背小一点的单词书，总觉得大的单词书虽然每个词的意义概括的很全面，但是不方便记忆，常常是看了半天才翻过去一页，效果不好，也没有成就感。如果你不放心，可以买两种，小的用来记忆，大的当字典用来查阅。我当时买了星火的便携本。每天用一小时的时间记两三单元，前几遍先记基本意思和自己原本知道的偏义，因为考研英语虽然很少考基本意思，但考察的引申义从语境中也能根据基本义进行推断。这样反复过多次之后，我用书签盖住意思，然后看单词想它的意思，开始反应有点慢，反复过几次后逐渐快了。我觉得这个过程很重要，因为对单词的反应程度会决定阅读的速度。这之后仍有一些顽固的单词记不住，我把他们写在五颜六色的小卡片上，正面是单词，背面是意思，前前后后整理了近二十摞。 每天快下自习的前几分钟就拿出来看一小摞，感觉效果很不错。对于真题中的单词我也是用这种方法记，不知道单词书和小卡片被我翻了多少遍，到最后一两周，为了节省时间背政治，我只看自己小卡片上不熟的单词，直到考研的前一天我还在背单词，不是因为还没记住，只是想保持看到单词的灵敏度和熟悉度。这种记单词的方法真得很受用。

六年级语法总复习 一、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如yesterday, last weekend ,last Saturday ,等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句——What did you do last weekend?你上周做什么了？ ——I played football last weekend.我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 ⒈一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play—played ⒉词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance—danced ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop（停止）--stopped ⒋结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加-ed，例如：study--studied ★一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is—was are—were go—went swim—swam fly—flew do—did have—had say—said see—saw take—took come—came become—became get—got draw—drew hurt—hurt read—read tell—told will—would eat—ate take—took make—made drink—drank sleep(睡觉)—slept cut（切）--cut sit(坐)—sat begin(开始)—began think—thought find—found run(跑)---ran buy—bought win—won give(给)—gave sing—sang leave—left hear（听）--heart wear—wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在的事实和真理。常与often ,always ,usually ,sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ●主语（非第三人称）+动词原形+其他。例句：——What do you usually do on the weekend?——I usually do my homework on the weekend. ●主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ——What does Sarah usually do on the weekend?萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ——She usually does her homework on the weekend.她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play—plays ⒉以s ,x ,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch—watches ⒊以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly—flies ⒋个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do—does go—goes （三）现在进行时态 现在进行时态表示说话人现在正在进行的动作。基本句型：主语+be+动词的-ing+其他。 例如:——What are you doing ?你在干什么？ ——I am doing my homework..我正在做作业。 ★动词现在分词的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在词尾加ing ，例如;wash—washing ⒉以不发音e字母结尾的动词，去掉e ,再加ing.例如：make—making ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，要双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing.例如swim—swimming （四）一般将来时态 一般将来时态表示将来某一时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间如tomorrow ,next weeken ,this afternoon 等连用。我们通常用will,be going to+动词原形来表示一般将来时态。

PART I: I. 原文(Source Text) 水桥 在巴拿马，有一座世界闻名的“水桥”，那就是巴拿马运河。去年暑假，我跟着爸爸妈妈去巴拿马运河游览观光，至今还记忆犹新。 我们乘机抵达巴拿马城，然后搭上了一艘游轮，从巴尔博亚港进入运河。船行13公里后，便到了运河的第一组水闸1。巴拿马运河就是通过水闸的关与开，让船舰跨越陆地的一座“水桥” 2。 我们开始“上桥”了。船驶进闸池之后，厚2米，高、宽各20米，重数百吨的钢闸门便缓缓地关闭，闸池里开始注水。几分钟后，水涨船高3。游轮在两岸电力机车的牵引下缓缓前进。这样连升两级之后，船已经升高了16米。出闸后，再驶过一个小湖，又到了第二组水闸。经过这座水闸，船又升高了9.5米。这样，船已高出海平面26米，进入“桥顶” 4。我们的游船驶进了长达13公里的主航道，只见5两岸山6如刀削，绿树红花，景色十分秀丽7。 游船出了峡谷，驶入了宽阔的加通湖。湖水倒映着远山白云，美丽的小岛时隐时现8。在湖中悠悠航行38公里之后，船来到了加通水闸，从此进入了“下桥”段。这座水闸共有三级，犹如三个巨大的台阶。游船经过加通水闸后，已经降到了与大西洋水面相同的高度。当船驶入利蒙湾时，美丽的加勒比海便出现在眼前9。 我们从太平洋来到大西洋10，彼此隔离的大洋因为有了巴拿马运河而相通。运河全长公里，宽度由150米到304米不等。5万吨级的巨轮，日夜畅通无阻。它无愧于“世界桥梁”的称誉。我由衷地赞美人类改造自然的智慧和勇气!我敬佩你，巴拿马人民! 导游告诉我们，巴拿马人民是有志气的。他们一方面正在改造现在这条运河；另一方面，还准备新建一条更长的运河，预计工程需要10年才能完成，它将成为人类有史以来最大的工程11。我们期待着它早日完成。 II. 理解难点提示(Suggestions for Comprehension) 1. 这里的“水闸”指什么参考下文的“进闸池”、“出闸”。

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

初中英语语法速记口诀大全 很多同学认为语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。笔者根据有关书目和多年教学经验，搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a，an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato) 加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth —teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T

2008-01-06 14:24 许国璋先生在《中国大百科全书》（语言文字卷）对语言作了这样的解释：“语言是人类特有的一种符号系统。当作用于人与人的关系的时候，它就表达相互反映的中介；当作用于人与客观事件的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具；当作用于文化的时候，它是文化作息的载体。”在这个定义之后，许先生从自己所定义的语言特色、语言的功能、语言的发生、语言的模式等四个方面作了较为详细的论证。传统语言观受到了来自各个方面的挑战。其中一个最为重要的挑战就是语言和思维到底是一种什么样的关系。 语言与思维的关系问题是多种学科，如哲学、心理学、病理学、生物学、人类学和信息科学等都密切关注和长期争论的重大理论问题，当然更是心理语言学或语言心理学的一个重要课题。沈阳说要讨论语言和思维的关系，先要搞清楚两个问题：一是什么是“思维”；二是“语言与思维的关系”是一个什么样的问题。

那么什么是“思维”呢？沈阳在《语言学常识十五讲》中总结说：“狭义的‘思维’可以说就只是‘思考’，即只包括‘想的活动’，但是较广义的‘思维’可以说是包括‘思考’和‘思想’两个方面，即不但指不同程度或不同阶段‘想的活动’，也指不同程度或不同阶段‘想的结果’。”（1） 那么“语言与思维的关系”又是一个什么样的问题呢？这实际上就是要搞清楚人是怎么“想问题”的，或者说是人们在进行“想的活动”和了解“想的结果”的时候，到底主要靠的是什么。其实语言就是思维的工具，思维的各个方面，即“想的活动”和“想的结果”，实际上都离不开语言。人们正是靠了语言才能够知道大家都想了些什么，同时也才能把思维的结果固定起来和传递下去。（2） 不过仅仅说语言是思维的工具，思维离不开语言，这还比较笼统。因为从地位和作用上说，我们还不知道语言和思维是相互作用

初中英语语法大全 1、名词 （一）概述 名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字 Li Ming, Tom 地方名称 China, London 职业称呼 teacher, doctor 物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： He has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。 Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如： We’ve lived here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。 I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：

government（政府） group（小组，团体） public（公众） team（队；组） police（警方） 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待 有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如： Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 我们公司将派他去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如： The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。 3）物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有： beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。 一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：

Unit One Key to the Exercises Vocabulary I. 1. 1) insert 2) on occasion 3) investigate 4) In retrospect 5) initial 6) phenomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) in awaiting 10) exception 11) not…in the least 12) promote 13) working on 14) in due course 15) emerged

Vocabulary I. 2. 1) There is a striking contrast between the standard of living in the north of the country and the south. 2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3) The city’s importance as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4) His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5) The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. I. 3. 1) be picked up can’t accomplish exaggerating 2) somewhat the performance have neglected they apply to 3) two extremes On the other hand