跨文化交际教案英文版chapter 8 verbal interculture communication

Chapter VIII Verbal Intercultural Communication (I)

ⅠTeaching Objectives

1.To understand how language and culture closely linked

2.To perceive the vital role of verbal codes in intercultural communication as well as the important relationships among language, thought, culture, and behavior

ⅡLeading in

ⅢTeaching Procedures

Step1

Have students listen to the lead-in case Meanings of Words

Ask students warming-up questions:

●What are connotational meanings?

●What’s the connotation of the word “moon” in Chinese?

●What’s the connotation of the word “moon” in English?

●What is the relationship between language and culture?

Step2

8.1 Language and culture

●Verbal intercultural communication

Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.

●Relationship between language and culture

Mastering all those rules of language，such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, is still not enough for effective communication, for language and culture cannot be separated.They are intertwined, shaping each other.

8.1.1 Culture and Word Meaning

1. Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, we live in a house in English, we also live in a casa in Spanish and

2. Corresponding Chinese words cannot always explain the English words.

a. Words with different associated meanings

Language reflects the environment we live in, history, custom, values and so on, which are diverse in different cultures. So words that refer to the same object may have different associated（联想

的）meanings. The culturally-loaded words and expressions are good examples showing the cultural influence on the meanings of words.

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b. Words without counterpart in another language

Language reflects culture, and cultural diversity leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, concept equivalence and experience equivalence. Therefore, there are a lot of words that we fail to find the counterparts in another language.For example, the English word “hippies”, “motel”, we cannot find exact counterpart in Chinese.

Cultural distinctions lead to different connotations, so some expressions are really confusing when translated. For example: “单位” —“unit”; “equalitarian” —“平均主义/平等主义”, “materialism”

Proverbs are fruits of wisdom. Proverbs reflect religion, morality, values, and life experience. Chinese culture has been greatly influenced by Confucian philosophy emphasizing the social relationships. In contrast, there are more proverbs describing the preference of independence, freedom and self-fulfillment in western culture.

8.1.2 Culture and the Way of Saying Things

People, from different cultural backgrounds, speak different languages in different ways.

1. Forms of address

The forms of address in every language reflect social status of the speaker, of the addressee, or of the relation between them. Traditional Chinese culture is based on the family-based social structure. Under such cultural background, kinship terms have extended and generalized usage. Social status and hierarchy weigh greatly in Chinese culture. In that case, people use such way “surname+profession or title” as formal address, while the westerners seldom use these addresses.

2. Greetings and farewells

Chinese culture is relation-oriented. Maintaining or promoting relation calls for something interpersonal, so it is quite acceptable in China to greet each other by asking private questions, while English people have a very strong sense of privacy.

“Good-bye” or “Bye-Bye” is accep table both in English and Chinese, and it is a very formal way. English people also say “See you”, “See you later”, “Good night”, and “Have a nice day”. Those expressions convey less personal concerns than Chinese routines such as “Walk slowly”, “Stay long er”.

3. Compliments and responses to compliments

Compliments and praises are of great social functions. Concerning compliments and compliment responses, the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures. In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their response to compliments is positive. Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also shy to accept compliments.

4.Taboos and euphemism

Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.

Case Analysis: Commonly-Believed Traditional British Superstitions and Taboos

8.2 Culture and Communication Style

Culture influences the style of communication at great level. When we are in an unfamiliar country, it is wise to watch and learn the way native people communicate first.

8.2.1 Culture and Conversation Pattern

1. When to talk

2. What to say

3. Turn-taking conventions

8.2.2 Direct vs. Indirect Communication Style

1. Direct communication style

With direct communication style, speaker expresses his intention（need and desire）openly and directly. Direct styles are often used in low-context, individualistic cultures. Verbal precision and self-expression are valued.

2. Indirect communication style

In an indirect communication style, which is often seen in high-context and collectivistic cultures, speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction.

Case Analysis: Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Communication style

●What are the interpretations of Michiko on Jim’s words?

●Why do they have the conflicts during communication?

8.2.3 Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Communication Style

The elaborate, exacting, or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and /or volume of talk.

1. Elaborate communication style

2. Exacting communication style

3. Succinct communication style

8.2.4 Personal and Contextual Communication Style

People tend to use personal communication style in individualistic culture, while contextual style is employed more often in collectivist culture.

1. Personal communication style

The personal communication style amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.

2. Contextual communication style

A contextual style stresses one’s role identity and status. The Japanese use a contextual style, and their language includes an elaborate system of honorifics. Honorifics are linguistic forms that communicate respect according to one’s rank and the rank of the people they speak to.

Case Analysis: Japanese Workers Get Word from on High :Drop Formality

●What kind of communication style traditional Japanese workers use?

●What causes the Japanese workers mentioned in the case to drop formality during

8.2.5 Instrumental and Affective Communication Style

It is certain that communication is a way to realize communicators’ goal or mission.And communication is instrumental.

1. Instrumental communication style

An instrumental communication style as sender-based and goal-outcome based.

2. Affective communication style

An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.

Case Analysis: Instrumental and Affective Communication Style

●Why did Mr. Benton want to get down to business directly?

●Why did Mr.Yeh-Ching seem not to value time and work?

●Can you analyze the communication styles of the two persons in this case?

Step3

Interpreting Culture Through Popular Sayings

1．活动目的：通过常用语了解文化：学习英语习语，解析习语中反映的价值观念。增加语言知识，了解习语中暗含的文化价值观念；比较中、英差别，比较中英价值观的异同。2．活动过程描述

步骤一：

学习下列习语，解释习语反映的价值观念。

步骤二：

检查学生找到的答案，讨论答案中反映的价值观念。

步骤三：

教师鼓励学生找出更多的习语，写道黑板上并讲解含义，与同学讨论习语中蕴涵的文化价值观念。

步骤四：

教师引导学生思考：为什么习语反映的价值观会相互矛盾？例如：“Silence is golden.”与“The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”

步骤五：

教师引导学生找出中国文化中表达上述练习中相似意义的习惯用语，并与英语中相应的表达方式进行比较。

步骤六：

教师引导学生就下列问题进行讨论：

（1）你经常用到的习语有哪些？通过了解这些习语，你对其所在文化及这一文化中的人有何印象？

（2）你从这一课堂活动中学到了什么？

Step4

Homework and After-class activities

●Write a paper describing the differences of communication style between Chinese people and

American people.

●Surf on the Internet to collect more culturally-loaded words.

Step 5

Test Your Socio-communicative Orientation/Style Instrument

The following questionnaire lists twenty personality traits. Indicate the degree to which you believe each of these characteristics applies to you, as you normally communicate with others, by marking whether you (5) strongly agree that it applies, (4) agree that it applies, (3) are undecided, (2) disagree that it applies, or (1) strongly disagree that it applies. There are no right or wrong answers. Work quickly; record your first impression.

____1.Helpful

____2.Defends own beliefs

____3.Independent

____4.Responsive to others

____5.Forceful

____6.Has strong personality

____7.Sympathetic

____https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ec17711142.html,passionate

____9.Assertive

____10.Sensitive to the needs of others

____11.Dominant

____12.Sincere

____13.Gentle

____14.Willing to take a stand

____15.Warm

____16.Tender

____17.Friendly

____18.Acts as a leader

____19.Aggressive

____https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ec17711142.html,petitive

Scoring: Items 2,3,5,6,9,11,14,18,19 and 20 measure assertiveness. Add the scores on these items to get your assertiveness score. Scores above 40 indicate that you see yourself as assertive. Items 1,4,7,8,10,12,13,15,16, and 17 measure responsiveness. Add the scores on these items to get your responsiveness score. Scores above 40 suggest that you see yourself as responsive. Being assertive and responsive is not necessarily “good” or “bad”. Your socio-communicative style is a barometer of how you interact with others, not whether you are a good or bad person.

_____________________________________________________________________

Source: From McCroskey, J, C., & Richmand, V.P., Fundamentals of Human Communication: An lnterpersonal Perspective. Copyright ○C1996. Reprinted by permission of Waveland Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

ⅣSupplimentary Materials

1. Key Terms:

1. verbal code（语言代码）：it is a set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages.在组织信息的过程中的一系列择词规则。

2. symbol（符号）words, actions, objects that stand for or represent a unit of meaning. 可以表达一定含义的词汇、行为和物体。

3. phonology（音位学）The basic sound units of a language are called phonemes, and the rules for combining phonemes constitute the phonology of a language. 一门语言中语音的基本单位叫做因素，组织因素的规则构成了该门语言的音位学。

4. semantics（语义学）The study of the meaning of words is called semantic.

5. denotative meaning（外延义）：It refers to the public, objective, and legal meanings of a word, which are those found in the dictionary or law books.

6. connotative meaning（内涵义）: It refers to personal emotionally charged, private, and specific to a particular person.

7. dialects（方言）Dialects are versions of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions.

8. accents（口音）Distinguishable marks of pronunciation are called accents.

9. jargon （行话）refers to a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience.

10. argot （暗语）refers to a specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society. 11.Taboo（禁忌）refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.

12.Euphemism（委婉语）means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh（严厉的）, blunt（生硬的）, or offensive.

2. Additional Information:

1. Navajos（纳瓦霍族）A Native American people inhabiting extensive reservation lands in Arizona, New Mexico, and southeast Utah. The most populous of contemporary Native American

groups in the United States, the Navajo are noted as stockbreeders and skilled weavers, potters, and silversmiths.（纳瓦霍族居住亚利桑那，新墨西哥和犹他州东南部的美洲印第安人。是美国同时期的美洲印第安人部落中人口最稠密的。纳瓦霍族人以豢养家禽，技术熟练的纺织者，制陶者和银匠而著名。）

2. Hopi（霍皮人）：They are A Pueblo people occupying a number of mesa-top pueblos on reservation land in northeast Arizona. The Hopi are noted for their sophisticated dry-farming techniques, a rich ceremonial life, and fine craftsmanship in basketry, pottery, silverwork, and weaving.霍皮：占有亚利桑那州东北部居留地的若干平顶梯形城堡式构造的普韦布洛人。霍皮人因他们精湛的旱作技术，多姿多彩的仪式生活，以及在物品编织，制陶，银器和纺织等方面的精美工艺而闻名。

8.3 Cross-cultural tips

8.3.1 Chinese Culture

Confucianism

The Ethical Principles of Confucianism

Confucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.

Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; The Great Learning (《大学》), The Mean (《中庸》), Analects (《论语》), and Mencius (《孟子》); Book of Change（《易经》）, Book of History (《尚书》), Book of Odes (《诗经》), Book of Rites (《礼记》) and Spring and Autumn Annals(《春秋》) For six centuries (1313—1905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.

The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, and friend-friend. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness:“Within the four seas all men are brothers.” ( 四海之内皆兄弟) " Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. " (己所不欲，勿施于人) Confucius' central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. "A man of ren loves others" (任者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about "ren". Confucius said, "Love all men.” (樊迟问任，子曰“爱人”)

The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;

1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)

2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)

3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)

4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)

5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)

In my opinion Confucianism's greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; "Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness（信义）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "

The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning：

The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection.... The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)

How Confucius Moulded the Soul of Our Station and Shaped the National Character? Confucius is regarded as the " Great and Revered .Teacher" ( teacher for all generations (万世

师表) He has laid down the foundation of Chinese education. From the dawn of civilization to the Revolution of 1911, he has so deeply influenced the life and thought of the Chinese people that he is regarded as the moulder of the Chinese mind and character. His thoughts and teachings are regarded as the symbol of traditional Chinese culture.

What is our national spirit and national character? It can be summed up in eight words; loyalty and piety (忠孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness (信义), peace and harmony (和平), as pointed out by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Now let's see how Confucius laid down these principles which have shaped our national character for two thousand years.

1.Loyalty and Piety（忠孝）

Confucius said, "Shen! My teaching contains one principle that runs through it all." "Yes," replied Zeng Zi. When Confucius had left the room, the disciples asked; "What did he mean?" Zeng Zi replied: "Our master's teaching is simply this: loyalty and reciprocity."

Zi Gong asked: "Is there any one word that can serve as a principle for the conduct of life?" Confucius said, "Perhaps the word 'reciprocity': Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you."

Comments;

Loyalty—loyal to the country, loyal to the people, loyal to one's own conscience, loyal to your friend, husband or wife, isn't it a high standard of morals?

Reciprocity—to think in the position of others (设身处地为他人着想)，to come to the rescue when others are in difficulty (救人危难) /treat other people as you would do to yourself (推己及人), be considerate of others. Isn't it a good tradition that we should follow?

2. Affection and Love (仁爱)

Fan Chi asked what "ren (仁.)" is. Confucius said, "Love others."

Confucius said, "The humane man, desiring to establish himself, seeks to establish others; desiring himself to succeed, helps others to succeed. To judge others by what one knows of oneself is the method of achieving ' ren'. "

Men of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of their virtue. On the contrary they will

sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue.

Comments：

These maxims have become the motto (座右铭) of many Chinese revolutionaries who, at the critical moment of life and death, would rather die than surrender themselves to the enemy, just to preserve their principles and to keep their integrity of morals.

Confucius' influence can be found in a popular song:Love k Selfless Devotion, sung by Wei Wei,

a well-known singer, at a New Year's Eve Party.

3. Faithfulness and Righteousness (信义)

Confucius said, "Riches and honor acquired by unrighteous means are to me as drifting clouds." Zi Gong asked what a gentleman is, Confucius said, "A gentleman first practices what he preaches and then preaches what he practices.

In the face of benefits, one would think of righteousness; in the face of danger, one is prepared to give up his life; in long-term poverty, one does not forget his principle—such a man may be regarded as a perfect man.

Comments：

These words of Confucius have been esteemed by the Chinese people as a high standard of morals and spiritual strength. Later Mencius developed these words into “One, who would not corrupt before riches and honors, nor swerve in poverty nor bend under pressure and power, can be considered as a great man which has become the motto of many revolutionaries.

4. Peace and Harmony (和平)

Confucius said, "A gentleman is always calm and at ease while an inferior man is always worried and full of distress."

Isn't he a man of virtue, who doesn't feel annoyed when others do not understand him?

A Man of virtue has nothing to contend with others for.

A knowledgeable man looks as if he were void of knowledge; a talented man is broadminded, not annoyed even if he is offended.

A man of virtue is always at ease without pride. An inferior man is proud without ease. Comments：

It is a very high standard of virtue to keep balance in mind, to be calm and at ease when you are in difficulty or trouble, misunderstood or even offended by others. If everybody cultivates himself in this way, the country and the whole world will become peaceful and harmonious.

The Dross of Confucius and Confucianism

1. Confucius advocated to govern the state with virtues but the historical reality has proved that it was impossible. Laws, rules and regulations are still needed. That's why he failed to find a ruler who would accept his advice at the time of the Warring States. In my opinion, the best way to rule

a country is to govern by laws and cultivate the people and officials with virtues.

2. Confucius goes against the stream of history. The world is developing and the society is progressing. In the time of the Warring States, Confucius still insisted in restoring the ritual of the Zhou Dynasty and regarded it as his life-long mission. That's why he failed in realizing his political aims.

3. He looked down upon the laboring people and women. In their travels Confucius and his disciples once got lost and asked the way from two peasants named Chang Chu (长沮) and Chiech Ni (桀溺) who satirized them by saying, "The world is swept as by a torrential flood and who can change it? As for you, instead of following one who flees from this, you would do better to follow

one who flees the world?" (滔滔者，天下皆是也，而谁以易之？且而与其从辟人之士也，岂若从避世之士哉？——《论语·微子篇》)What the peasants said is right. Since Confucius failed to alter things in society, he is no better than a person who flees the world. But Confucius said, "One cannot herd together with birds and wild beasts." (鸟兽不可与同群) Confucius also said, "Only women and inferior men are hard to deal with."（唯女子与小人难养也——《论语·阳货篇》）In the feudal society of China women suffered a lot under the dead weight of the three great mountains—the ruler, the spirits and the husband. Many tragedies were brought forth under the theory of Confucius. (选自16页)

8.3.2 The comparison of Western and Eastern etiquettes

国外交往习俗

在西方，亲人、朋友间见面常用拥抱、亲吻、贴面颊。夫妻间拥抱、亲吻，父母、子女间亲脸、亲额头，兄弟姐妹及平辈之间亲面颊。一般社交场合，关系密切的妇女之间亲脸，男子之间是抱肩拥抱，男女之间亲脸颊，男土对尊贵的女士亲一下手背以示尊敬。拥抱、亲吻在西方国家使用相当普遍，无论是官方还是民间，是喜庆还是丧葬的场合都可使用。

1)欧美地区

西方人见面时打招呼通常用“早上好”、“下午好”、“您好”等礼节用语。

西方人是不肯随便交换名片的，除了初次会面、为了通知住所或其他必要的时间外，有的夫妻还共用一张名片。如果长期离开一个地方，西方人还可以寄名片告知亲友。

西方人对于自己的时间是非常珍惜的，每天的时间都有安排，若来一个不速之客打破他们的计划，是他们最不高兴的事。因此，在欧美，到朋友家拜访时一定要提前一两夫写信或打电话预约，否则是极端失礼的，会让主人十分不快。

欧美人在招待客人时十分实在。有客人来访，如果你想喝，就给你饮料，若你不要，他们决不再谦让。另外，请人吃饭，主人也以饭菜全吃完而高兴。在美国人家中做客，未经主人同意，不可摆弄室内的任何东西，尤其是钢琴。如到女主人家拜访，若女主人没请你脱大衣，你最好就穿着。在吃饭时间拜访是不礼貌的。

英国人爱独处，不经邀请或约定去拜访英国人的家庭被视为对其私生活的干扰。英国人习惯握手礼，他们虽有拥抱礼和接吻礼，但一般不常用，特别是不在公共场所用。女子一般施屈膝礼。男子若戴着礼帽遇见朋友，则微微掀起以示礼貌。

法国人热情，萍水相逢就能亲热交谈。但邻里间很少来往，更少请人到家做客。法国人时间观念强，工作计划性也强，与他们约会、拜访必须事先约定时间。法国人见面时习惯行握手礼，一定社会阶层的人施吻手礼，少女常施屈膝礼，男女之间、女子之间及男士之间还有亲吻面颊的习惯。社交场合，法国人不愿他人过问个人私事。反感向妇女赠送香水和初次见面就送礼。

德国人以遵守公共秩序为荣，注重工作效率。到主人家做客，习惯带一件小礼品，如一束鲜花或一瓶葡萄酒，鲜花要交送女主人，但不能随便赠送玫瑰花。社交场合，德国人习惯行握手礼，亲朋好友相见施拥抱礼。

俄罗斯人见面时习惯行握手礼和拥抱礼，也有施亲吻礼的习惯，如朋友之间吻面颊，长辈对晚辈吻额，男子对已婚女子吻手等。

丹麦人讲究礼仪，很多方面保留着宫廷色彩。未婚女子与客人相见时，要轻提长裙的一边，行屈膝礼。一般人习惯行握手礼，禁止四人交叉握手。男士对女士除握手外，还施吻手礼。

加拿大人既有英国人的含蓄，又有法国人的开朗，还有美国人的无拘无束，不喜外来人拿美国与他们相比。他们热情好客、讲究礼仪。在社交场合习惯行握手礼，亲朋好友或情人之间行拥抱礼或亲吻礼。加拿大妇女有美容化妆的习惯，不欢迎服务员送擦脸香巾。

美国人性格开朗，善于攀谈，喜欢社交活动。与人交往时讲究礼仪，但没有过多的客套。朋友见面，有时只说声“Hello”即算打了招呼。社交场合习惯行握手礼，熟人则施亲吻礼。经常使用“Sorry”、“Thank you”、“OK”等礼貌用语。美国人与人交谈时常保持半米左右的距离，不愿被人问及年龄、所购物品的价钱与恭维其“胖”(瘦、富、穷)。对美国女土不能赠送香水、衣物与化妆品。美国人普遍遵循“女士优先”的社交原则。

2)亚太地区

亚太地区主要受东方文化影响，但也因过去西方殖民的原因，渗透了西方文化的精神，因此，各国的不同历史和实现，形成了彼此不同的交往习俗。

日本人十分注重礼节。见面时一般都互致问候，脱帽鞠躬，表示诚恳、可亲。初次见面，互相鞠躬，交换名片，一般不握手，没有名片就自我介绍姓名、工作单位和职务。如果是老朋友或比较熟的人就主动握手或深鞠躬，甚至拥抱。妇女则以深深一鞠躬表示敬意。见面时，常用“请多关照”、“拜托您了”、“托您的福”等礼貌语。与人交谈时总是面带微笑。

日本人最常使用的行礼方式是“屈体礼”，可分为“站礼”和“坐礼”。行“站礼”时，双手自然下垂，手指自然并拢，随着腰部的弯曲，身体自然向前倾。“坐礼”则包括“指尖礼”、“屈手礼”和“双手礼”，一般在日本式房间的“榻榻米”上进行。在与对方会面时，应作自我介绍，递交名片，并说明介绍人的姓名及拜访目的。进屋前要将鞋换下，并将鞋头朝外。拜访中应一切听从主人的安排。天热时未经主人许可，不可随便脱衣服。结束拜访告别主人后，一定不要忘记给主人打个电话报告已安全抵达，并在遇主人时再次表示对主人待客的衷心感谢。

日本人不轻易请人做客，待客时敬茶不敬烟。

蒙古人性格豪放、粗犷、开朗、好客、诚恳，容不得半点儿诡诈。到蒙古人家中做客，主人会十分真诚地把客人请进蒙古包，用右手与客人交换鼻烟壶，以示诚挚欢迎。如客人无鼻烟壶，也应用右手接过，嗅后盖好还给主人。蒙古人一般不行脱帽礼，只用右手示意。如需脱帽致礼时，注意不能将帽子放在大门相对的位置上。在社交场合中，蒙古人也施握手礼，但最正统的礼节方式是敬献蓝色哈达与鲜奶。

泰国男女“授受不亲”，—般是绝不允许男女间握手的。泰国人见面礼仪常用合十礼。小辈应主动向长辈致合十礼，双手要举到前额。长辈也要合十还礼，手可不必高过前胸。因为双手举得越高，表示尊敬的程度越深。平辈间相遇，双手合十于胸前，稍稍低头，互致问候。从坐着的人身旁经过，要略微躬身，以示礼貌。泰国人只有在特定的场合才下跪，平民、显贵包括总理在拜见国王及其近亲时下跪，而包括国王在内的所有泰国人，在叩拜高僧时也须下跪。子出家为僧，父母亦跪拜在地。泰国行握手礼主要限制在政府官员与知识分子阶层。进入寺庙，一律脱鞋。

在菲律宾，男士相逢，常以拍肩示礼。年轻人见长辈，要吻长辈的手背。年轻姑娘见到辈，则要吻长辈双颊。若晚辈路遇长辈，要把头巾摘下放在肩上，并深鞠躬问候。伊斯兰教徒施双手握手礼，户外相见若没戴帽子，则须用左手捂头。迎接宾客时，往往敬献茉莉花串成的花环，以示友情真挚。社交场合一般行握手礼。有的民族在见面握完手后，要向后转身几步，向对方示意身后没有藏凶器。

马来西亚人见面的传统礼节是用右手扪胸示礼。妇女见到男子，施礼前要先用手巾盖住剥掌，再同男子的手相触，然后把手伸到胸前作抱状，同时身体稍向前弯下鞠躬。年轻人见到年人时，一般要紧握对方的双手，然后将双手放到胸前作抱状，身体朝前弯下，如鞠躬。社交场合一般行握手礼。到马来西亚人家里做客，要脱鞋进屋。当主人留吃饭时，客人不可随意拒绝，否则就失礼。在首都吉隆坡禁止在公共场合接吻。

阿富汗人的见面礼通常有三种形式：与陌生人见面时，行握手礼；与熟悉的人见面时，习惯以右手按胸，同时点头说“真主保佑”，再拥抱两次；与特别亲密的朋友见面时，要亲

吻或碰额两次。阿富汗人喜欢邀请人到家里做客。阿富汗的普什图人用最好的食物款待客人三日，然后才问及客人的要求和去向。

巴西人直爽豪放，对客人最尊敬的礼节是请客人同主人一起洗澡。与人交谈时习惯拍拍打打，以示亲热。习惯当着送礼者的面打开礼品包装。手帕不能作为礼品赠送。社交场合的见面礼节是微笑与握手。相见时，还往往施握拳礼(握紧拳头，拇指向上伸出)。与亲朋好友或情人见面，多施拥抱礼和亲吻礼。

3)阿拉伯及非洲地区

在非洲，一般不要直接用右手与人相握。非洲人初次相见时，一般先以左手握住自己的右手，然后再用右手与人相握。如果直接用右手与人相握是失礼的。有的地方的人只是将双手伸到将握未握之时便很快抽回，并要躬身吹几口气。有的地方在握手之前，先要用大拇指在手上轻轻弹几下；也有的地方是先伸手拍自己的肚子，然后鼓掌，再与对方握手。阿拉伯国家的交往习俗别具一格，需要特别尊重。

埃及人与宾客见面或送别时，一般施握手礼、拥抱礼或亲吻礼。妇女相见吻颊，先右后左；男士相见吻颊，先左后右。

摩洛哥人与宾客见面和告别时，习惯施握手礼、拥抱礼。女子与宾客见面则施屈膝礼。与宾客约会时习惯迟到，认为这是一种社交风度。把薄荷绿茶作为待客的佳品。

马里人十分好客。社交场合一般行握手礼，人们很讲究彼此间有礼貌地打招呼。熟人见面，以手扪胸，互致问候。如果双方是站着或坐着，问候将会没完没了。如果是迎面路遇，则双方要不停步地问候，而且双方彼此的问答声会越来越大，嗓门越说越高，直至双方都听不到对方的声音时才算问候结束。生人见面，也会很有礼貌地打招呼。沙漠地区的人与客人见面，除问候外，双方还必须咬手臂，留痕为念，分手时要跪别。

尼日利亚人见面时，习惯先用大拇指轻弹对方手掌后再施握手礼。有的见面时彼此用右手相互拍打。平民见酋长，则需先脱鞋，然后下跪致礼问候。

埃塞俄比亚人与熟人相见，要摘下帽子相互鞠躬问好。同辈人相见，施握手礼并互致问候。久别重逢或亲友相见，一般施亲吻礼，脸部轻触数次，互致问候。上层人士见面，互相亲吻肩部。孩子见长辈行吻脚礼。平民见官员或下级见上级，行鞠躬礼。喜欢以咖啡待客。

坦桑尼亚人与客人见面，习惯先伸手拍自己的肚子，然后鼓掌，再与对方握手。妇女则在握手后围着女宾转圈并叫喊。

科威特人遵时守约，讲信用。与客人见面，习惯问好后施握手礼。为表示尊敬，有时还要吻鼻子与额头。与亲朋好友相见，一般施拥抱与亲吻礼，但只限男性之间。待客时喜欢客人在餐桌上多吃，胃口好。忌初次见面送礼。

ⅤReferences

1．跨文化交流Larry A. Samovar & Richard E. Porter 北京大学出版社2004 Page 138—150

2. 跨文化交际学贾玉新上海外语教育出版社1997 Page 234—250

3. 跨文化交际导论宋莉哈尔滨工业大学出版社2004 Page 83—143

4. 全球环境中的跨文化沟通Linda Beamer & Iris Verner 清华大学出版社2003 Page 31—65

5. 跨文化交际英语教程许力生上海外语教育出版社2004 Page 121—135

6. Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith N.Martin & Thomas K. Nakayama.

McGraw-Hill Publishing House1997, Page 208—222

7. American Cultural Patterns Edward C. Stewart & Milton J.Ben nett Intercultrual Press.Inc. Page 45—52