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增词法(一)

增词法（一）：根据意义上或修辞上的需要

1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work

on the daily summary over some coffee.

晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演后，他还会边喝咖啡边写每日小结。2.With what enthusiasm members of Communist Party of China are conducting political

studies.

中国共产党员正以多么高的热情进行政治学习啊！

3.In the films of those days, all too often it was the same scenario: the hero meets the heroine;

they fall in love and live happily ever after.

那时的电影总是一样的剧情：男主人公与女主人公相遇，继而相爱，从此过上幸福的生活。

4.Don’t take it seriously. I am just making fun of you.

不要认真嘛！我不过是开开玩笑而已。

增加名词：

1.不及物动词后

First you borrow, then you beg.

头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。

2.形容词前

This new brand of PC is cheap and fine.

这个新牌子的电脑物美价廉。

3.抽象名词后

a. The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese government.

发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题之一。

b. Persuasion should be carried out among residents here.

应该对这里的居民开展说服工作。

persuasion 说服工作preparation 准备工作tension 紧张局势arrogance 自满情绪Indifference冷漠态度madness 疯狂行为backwardness 落后状态Precaution 预防措施Jealousy嫉妒心理Remedy补救方法

4.具体名词后

He felt the patriot rise within his breast.

他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

增加动词

a. After the football match, he still has an important meeting.

在观看足球比赛之后，他要参加一个重要会议。

b. He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

增加形容词

a. “Army will make a man of him”, said his father.

他的父亲说：“军队会把他造就成为一个堂堂的男子汉。”

b. He doubtlessly expected hugs, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.

毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。

增加副词

a. Time drops in decay, like a candle burnt out.

时间一点一滴的逝去，犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。

b. She poured out her story of misfortune.

她滔滔不绝地倾诉了她的不幸遭遇。

增加表示名词复数的词

1.增加数词

The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.

群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。

2. 增加叠词

I saw bubbles rising from under the water.

我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。

增加表示总结或概括的词语

a. The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo.

这个大厅有四大优点：明亮，宽敞，样式新颖，没有回音。

b. They talked about wage, price and inflation.

他们谈及工资，物价和通货膨胀等问题。

增加表示时态的词

1.强调

Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.

人类过去、现在和将来始终都在努力改善生活条件。

2.对比

I knew it quite well as I know it now.

我在当时就知道得同现在一样清楚。

增加语气助词

a. A s for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.

我呢，从一开始就不赞成。

b. “Some six or eight thousand men,”returned Montcalm, with much apparent indifference…“那也只不过六千到八千人罢了，”蒙卡姆显然满不在乎地说，……《最后的摩根战士》

增加量词

1.静量词

a. This too was a complete lie.

这纯粹是一派胡言。

b. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.

一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

2.动量词

I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.

我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

增加承上启下的词

a. For mistakes had been made, bad ones.

因为已经犯下了许多错误，而且还是很糟的错误。

b. Two, we heard later, were sent to college, at the government expense, while one, it was rumored, had attempted to blackmail the Agency, unsuccessfully.

我们后来听说，两人已由政府资助送进大学学习，并据传说，一个曾试图对中央情报局进行讹诈，结果并未得逞。

Do Exercises：一.翻译下列句子，增补动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词 1. They talked for almost eight hours,through dinner and well into the night. 他们谈了大概八个小时，从吃晚饭开始一直谈到深夜。 2. With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadn’t the timeto worry about such trifles. 离会议开始只有几个小时了，我没有什么美国时间去操心这些琐事。 3. Now and then his bootsshone. 他的靴子时时闪闪发光。 4. He squeezed his sister too andgave her a gentle push.他捏了捏他的妹妹然后轻轻地推了推她。二.翻译下列句子，增补原句中的省略部分。 1. Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower. 他喜欢夸大其词，好的说得更好，坏的说得更坏。 2. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.被别人打败比被自己打败更明智。 3. He became one of the prominent men of the House, speaking clearly, sensibly, and modestly and never too long.他成为众议院的一名杰出的议员之后，讲话清晰明了，措辞敏感，态度谨慎而且从不说太久。三.翻译下列句子，在抽象名词前、后增加名词，增补语气词。

英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。标签：翻译；增词法；减词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。增补法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。减词法也可以称之为省略法。省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为其在译文中是不言而喻的。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。一、增词法（一）词汇加词，也就是说，由于词汇方面的原因而引起的加词现象 1.加动词由于英语的词汇当中，名词居多；而汉语则不管有多少动词都可以并排使用。因此，许多英语的名词翻译成汉语时都要加上一些动词，否则，意思则很不完整，例如： The cities utilize these funds for education，police and fire departments，public works and municipal buildings.市政府将这些资金用于兴办教育事业，加强治安消防，投资公共建筑和市政工程。 2.加名词在汉语中，及物和不及物动词的区别不是很明显；而英语对及物动词和不及物动词的区别很明显，特别是一些不及物动词必须带上后面的宾语句子意思才完整。因此，我们在翻译时往往需要增词。例如： According to scientists，it takes nature 500years to create an inch of topaoil. 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表面土壤。 3.加形容词 With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism. 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

通过英译汉中的增词法减词法复习汉译英增词法减词法 I. What is Omission Omission: Amplification to leave out some unnecessary words. One of the differences in syntax between English and Chinese is the disparity in wording. What is regarded as a natural or indispensable element in one language may be regarded as superfluous or even “a stumbling block”in the other. For the sake of succinctness, functional words in English such as the article, the preposition are usually omitted in translation. The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones. 电子表比机械表准确得多。 He took off his coat and shoes. Then he put on his slippers，went to the sofa and began to watch TV. After a moment, he asked his wife to bring him a cup of tea. 他脱了大衣和鞋子，然后穿上拖鞋，走到沙发前，开始看电视。过了一会儿，他叫妻子给他端杯茶来。 3) A difference arose between the neighbors over the height of the fence. 邻居之间为了篱笆的高度惹起了一场争论。邻居为篱笆的高低有过争论。（思果，《译道探微》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2002） II. Omission of pronoun 1. 在英语中，代词充当主语的情况相当多。为了使译文前后的句子意思紧凑，避免重复用词，汉语习惯采用无主句，其主语就是前面的代词。 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去痛苦不堪的样子（一副可怜相） He was well-favoured, bright, a good dancer, a fair shot and a fine tennis player. He was an asset at any party. He was lavish with flowers and expensive boxes of chocolate, and though he entertained little, when he did it was with an originality that pleased. 他很聪明，舞跳得不错，枪打得也可以，网球也打得挺好，深得（女孩子）喜爱。他是宴会中的宝贝儿，任意购买鲜花和高价巧克力送人。尽管他不大请客，请起来也别有一番创意，让人开心不已。 2.英语中的泛指人称代词作主语时，常常可以省略，翻译成无主句。 As you come into the room, you’ll notice a piano. 一进房间门，就会看见一台钢琴。 One can never be too careful in one’s work. 工作越仔细越好。 Fight when you can win; move away when you cannot win. 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. 一周有七天，一天有24小时。 1) The significance of a man is not in what he attains but rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已获取的，而在于渴望获得什么样的东西。

翻译技巧（二）：加词法和减词法加（增）词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方法不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象；还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整，但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词译法。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要，在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致，使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 S y n t a c t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n（从句法结构上考虑的增词） This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量词（classifier）英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用，不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 It was a nova! 这是一颗新星！ The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。 (2) 增加表达复数的词(convey the concept of plurality)

Amplification & Omission增词法和减词法翻译的标准首先是忠实于原文。那么，忠实是否就意味着我们在翻译过程中不能增加词也不能减少词呢？实际上并非如此。美国著名翻译学家奈达曾经说过“Translation is translating meaning”，在翻译过程中主要是准确表达出原文的意思，而不必拘泥于原文用词的形式。英汉两种语言不论在词汇上还是在句法上都存在着显著的差异，一味拘泥于原文的形式，有时会令人费解、语句罗嗦或偏离原文的意思。适当地增加一些词或者省略一些词，恰恰是为了达到忠实于原文或者通顺流畅表达的目的。下面分别举例介绍一下英汉翻译过程中常见的增词和减词的用法。 1．增词法增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。一般说来，增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上，但实际上其意思都隐含在原文中。经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况： (1)增加表示时态和复数的词英语具有某些综合形语言的特征，可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。而汉语则是典型的分析形语言，词形本身没有变化，要表示时态和复数需要通

过增加相应的时间副词或表示复数的词。所以一定要注意在汉语译文中添加这些词，如：例1：His father was a fisherman. He was as poor as we are. 译文：他父亲过去是个渔夫。那时候他和我们现在一样穷。例2：The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文：协议将于明年生效。例3：Lion is the king of animals. 译文：狮子是百兽之王。例4：As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 译文：众所周知，空气是许多种气体的混合物。 (2)增加语义表达中需要的词增加语义表达中需要的词，是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅而根据汉语的表达习惯增加的一些词。经常增加的语义表达中需要的词有动词、名词、形容词、副词和量词。 1) 增加动词汉语句子中动词占优势，使用的频率很高。因此英汉翻译中经常需要根据上下文的意思添加一些动词，使译文表达更加清楚、通顺，如：例5：He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

4．我们响应了祖国的号召。 We responded to the call of our motherland. 5．她用手蒙住脸，好象是为了保护眼睛。 She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect hereyes. 6．孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。 The children take their lunch to school every day. 7．我们的心永远向着祖国。 Our hearts are always towards our motherland. 连词：汉语重意合，英语重形合，把汉语翻译成英语时，要适当增加连词。 1．虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2．留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 3．村里的男女老少都喜欢那个小超市买东西。 Men and women,old and young in the village,all like shopping in this small supermarket. 4．我妈妈来了，我得回去了。 My mother has arrived, so I have to leave now. 5．送君千里，终有一别。介词：

第九讲增词法一、教学目的：了解和掌握增词法（Amplification）在翻译中的运用。二、教学要点：增词法的不同表现三、教学过程： A．根据意义上或修辞上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence 1.1增加动词根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前增加动词。如果把下面例1中的after the banquets， the concerts and table tennis exhibition译为“在宴会、音乐会、乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎不够明确。如果在词之前增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的动词，译为“在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。 1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。 3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better， a very influential intellectual—the very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。

One of Translation Techniques Commonly Used ---- Amplification It’s well known to us that as far as CET-4 & 6 are concerned, translation is an important and necessary part, but many students usually do a very poor job in this part. The shared problem that always puzzles them is that even though they have a very large vocabulary and know the Chinese meaning of each English word, but they cannot translate an English sentence or paragraph accurately. The main reason is that they lack English-Chinese translation skills and techniques. Today I’d like to introduce one of the commonly-used translation techniques, that is amplification. Then, what is amplification. Before we define it, let’s look at the following example. e.g. There are three chief effects of electric currents: the magnetic, heating and chemical. 电流有三种主要效应，即磁效应，热效应和化学效应。 I. Definition of amplification By analyzing the example we mentioned above, we can draw a conclusion that amplification means supplying necessary words in translation to achieve the goal of smoothness, clearness and vividness of the version. II. Classification of amplification: According to the types of the amplified part of speech, we can divide amplification into 3 types. They are as the follows: 1.Semantic amplification 2.Cultural amplification 3.Rhetorical amplification III. The detailed study of amplifications 1.Semantic amplification (1) Adding verbs e.g. 1. In the face of difficulties, we don’t retreat, we have never and we will never. 在困难面前，我们不后退，我们不曾后退，我们永远也不会后退。 e.g. 2. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting the final communiqué. 晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 (2) Adding adjectives e.g. The plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke.（敌人的）飞机在螺旋下降，拖着浓烟和烈焰掉下来。 (3) Adding adverbs e.g. 1. Now and then the bayonets in the hands of German soldiers shone under the cold moonlight. 在寒冷的月光下德国士兵手中的刺刀时常闪闪发光。 e.g. 2. In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而一起开拖拉机了。 (4) Adding nouns A. Adding common nouns before adjectives and behind intransitive verbs e.g. 1. A new kind of jet plane –small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型的喷气式飞机正越来越引起人们的注意--这种飞机体积不大，价格便宜，无人

Unit 3 增词法和减词法（Amplification and Omission）课时： 2 H 教学目的要求：在汉译英中能熟练使用增词法和减词法的翻译技巧。教学重点：增词法和减词法（代词和连词）教学难点：汉语排比句的翻译，使用减词法。教学内容： Amplification: 一、为了保证语法结构的完整：代词：汉语中有许多没有主语的句子，英语则一般需要主语; 另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词，需要增补。 1．大作收到，十分高兴。 I have very glad to have received your writing. 2．没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 3．把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。 After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. 4．我们响应了祖国的号召。 We responded to the call of our motherland. 5．她用手蒙住脸，好象是为了保护眼睛。 She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect her eyes. 6．孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。 The children take their lunch to school every day. 7．我们的心永远向着祖国。 Our hearts are always towards our motherland. 连词：汉语重意合，英语重形合，把汉语翻译成英语时，要适当增加连词。1．虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2．留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 3．村里的男女老少都喜欢那个小超市买东西。 Men and women, old and young in the village, all like shopping in this small supermarket. 4．我妈妈来了，我得回去了。 My mother has arrived, so I have to leave now. 5．送君千里，终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.

Unit 3 增词法和减词法 Amplification and Omission ?一、为了保证语法结构的完整： ?代词：汉语中有许多没有主语的句子，英语则一般需要主语。另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词，需要增补。 ?1．大作收到，十分高兴。I am very glad to have received your writing. ?2．没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. ?3．把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。 ?After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. 4．我们响应了祖国的号召。We responded to the call of our motherland. ?5．她用手蒙住脸，好象是为了保护眼睛。 ?She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect her eyes. ?6.孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。The children take their lunch to school every day. ?7．我们的心永远向着祖国。Our hearts are always towards our motherland. 连词：汉语重意合，英语重形合，把汉语翻译成英语时，要适当增加连词。 1. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2．留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 3．村里的男女老少都喜欢那个小超市买东西。 Men and women, old and young in the village, all liked shopping in that small supermarket. 4．我妈妈来了，我得回去了。My mother has arrived, so I have to leave now. 5．送君千里，终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last. 介词：英语中的介词比汉语中活跃得多。 ?1．我们应该逐步消灭城乡差别。 ?We should try to eliminate the differences between town and country. 2．你白天还是晚上飞广州？Do you fly to Guangzhou in the daytime or at night? ?3．那我们山脚见吧。Let’s meet at the foot of the hill. 冠词： 1．她不把他当阿公，而当作亲爹。She considered him not a father-in-law but a father. 2．我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of problem before it can be properly solved. 二、为了保证译文意思更加明确。文中暗含的意思： 1．大家都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。 Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard. 2．要提倡顾全大局。 We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. 添加注释性的词语： 1．班门弄斧Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Luban, the master carp enter. Show off one’s skills with the axe before an expert carpenter. 2．三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. 3. 这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。

增词法增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。（一）增加动词 1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 2.There are no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquest of flowers. 3.My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time. （二）增加形容词 1. With what enthusiasm the chinese people are building socialism! 2. “This is grasping at straws,I know,” sai d the helpless man. （三）增加副词 1.The crowds melted away. 2.As he sank down with his face in his hands. （四）增加名词 1.在不及物动词后面增加名词 (1). Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. (2). First you borrow, then you beg. 2.在形容词前增加名词 (1).This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. (2).He is a complicated man——moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 3.在抽象名词后增加名词 (1)After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. (2) Your dejection will do no good to your health. 4.在具体名词后增加名词当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时，可根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。 (1). He felt the patriot rise within his breast. (2). He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.

增译法 amplification 试译以下句子： 1．I’m looking forward to the holidays. 我期待着假期的到来。 2．She bought a Shanghai last week. 上周她买了一辆上海牌汽车。 3．After the football match, he’s got an important meeting. 在观看足球赛之后，他有一个重要会议要参加。 4．We can learn what we did not know. 我们能够学到原来不懂的东西。 5．I could knit when I was seven. 我七岁时就会织毛衣。 6．Some metals are easy to machine; others are not. 一些金属容易加工，而另一些金属却不容易。 7．我不爱喝饮料。 I don’t like soft drinks. 8．人和动物不同。

Man is different from other animals. 定义：增译法就是在翻译时根据意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加原文中虽无其词但有其义的一些词，使得译文忠实表达原文的信息与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯。增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语，但为了忠实传达原文信息，译文必须增加。增词的情况有很多种，但总的规则是使译文忠于原文。 (一)增补量词在汉语中，量词除了具有与数词词组的组合功能外，还具有表一功能和概括功能。 a pen an airplane a pig a horse 1. Benny had a one-chair barbershop in the neighborhood. 比尼在那一带开了一家只有一张椅子的理发店。汉语中用来与动词组合的动量词，如遍、回、顿等，多数是英语中没有的，在翻译时可以根据具体情况加在动词的后面。 2. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the

第八讲-增词法

第十讲增词法（一）英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词，以更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。一、根据意义上或修辞上的需要 (一) 增加动词根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前后增加动词。例如： (1) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.

如果将其中的斜体部分译为“在宴会、音乐会、乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎不够明确。但如果在名词之前增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的动词，即“在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也比较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。所以此句译为“晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。” 2) There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。

3) He was about to become, for lack of anyone or anything better, a very influential intellectual --- the wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea. 因为找不到更好的人，也没有更好的办法，于是他就要成为一个很有影响力的知识分子了，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的错误主张。试译一： 1.They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into the night. 2.He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries. 3.“Nobody could count on his restraint(克制) or rationality(理性),” he said.

增词法（一）：根据意义上或修辞上的需要 1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the daily summary over some coffee. 晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演后，他还会边喝咖啡边写每日小结。2.With what enthusiasm members of Communist Party of China are conducting political studies. 中国共产党员正以多么高的热情进行政治学习啊！ 3.In the films of those days, all too often it was the same scenario: the hero meets the heroine; they fall in love and live happily ever after. 那时的电影总是一样的剧情：男主人公与女主人公相遇，继而相爱，从此过上幸福的生活。 4.Don’t take it seriously. I am just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我不过是开开玩笑而已。增加名词： 1.不及物动词后 First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。 2.形容词前 This new brand of PC is cheap and fine. 这个新牌子的电脑物美价廉。 3.抽象名词后 a. The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese government. 发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题之一。 b. Persuasion should be carried out among residents here. 应该对这里的居民开展说服工作。 persuasion 说服工作preparation 准备工作tension 紧张局势arrogance 自满情绪Indifference冷漠态度madness 疯狂行为backwardness 落后状态Precaution 预防措施Jealousy嫉妒心理Remedy补救方法 4.具体名词后 He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。增加动词 a. After the football match, he still has an important meeting. 在观看足球比赛之后，他要参加一个重要会议。 b. He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。增加形容词 a. “Army will make a man of him”, said his father. 他的父亲说：“军队会把他造就成为一个堂堂的男子汉。” b. He doubtlessly expected hugs, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.

乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎不够明确。但如果在名词之前增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的动词，即“在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也比较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。所以此句译为“晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。” 2) There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese”with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。 3) He was about to become, for lack of anyone or anything better, a very influential intellectual --- the wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong