语法1

【学习难点】How to use the Attributive Clauses with prep.+which/whom correctly.

介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句的应用

1.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who 或者that. 指物时用which，

不能用that；

判断正误：

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. ( )

(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. ( )

(3) The man with who you talked is my friend. ( )

(4) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. ( )

(5) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. ( )

2.如何选用介词？

情况1：This is the factory _______ _______ I used to work.

I won’t forget the day _______ _________ we work together.

This is the soldier ________ ________ my son was saved.

情况2：Who is the man _______ _________ you said hello just now?

The name of the boy _______ _______ you talked is Tom.

The subject ______ ________ Eric is interested is Physics

注意：

特定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不提前，如：look for, look after, take care of，listen to, look at, look

forward to, depend on, catch up with, hear of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

情况 3. some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词(基数词、分数、百分百等)+ of which/whom

(1) He loved his parents deeply, _______ _______ ______ are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, have gone bad.

【达标测评】

Use proper prepositions and relative pronouns to fill in the blanks.

1. Do you like the book ______ __________ she spent $10?

2. Do you like the book ________ __________ she paid $10?

3. Do you like the book _______ ___________ she learned a lot?

4. Do you like the book _______ __________ she often talks?

5. This is the book _____ I am looking for.

6. Air,______ ________ man can ’t live is really important.

7. He made a telescope______ ________he could study the skies.

8. The house______ _________ I grew up has been take down.

9. I will never forget the day ______ _________ I met Jackie chan.

10. There are forty students in our class in all, most _____ _______ are from big cities.

11.He had two sons, both _____ ________ went to college.

12.I have 10 books, five ______ ________are new.

13. I want to buy the coat ____________color is red.

14.I want to buy the coat _______ _______ the color is red.

★Julie was good at German French and Russian all of ____ she spoke fluently.(2011.湖南卷)

A who

B whom

C which

D that

【思考题】改错：

1. His father works in a factory where this type of cars is produced in.

2. This is the soldier by which my son was saved.

3. Who is the man that you said hello just now.

4. The pen which she wrote that book can now be seen in the museum. ★

5. I like to live in the house whose the door faces south.

Word List (单词表) message n. 要旨，要点 tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的，棘手的;(人)狡猾的beginning n. 开始;起初 semester n. (尤指美国大专院校的)学期m cover v. 处理 duty n. 任务 management n. 管理 number one adj. 最重要的;头号的 seriously adv. 真心地，当真地;认真地，严肃地 once conj. 一旦……(就……) weekly adj. 每周一次的 follow v. 遵照;沿用 following adj. 紧接着的 realistic adj. 现实可行的 essay n. 作文;短文 quiz n. 考查;测验 upset v. 打乱(计划等);打翻 ability n. 能力;才智

grade n. (考试或作业的)分数 achieve v. 获得 flexible adj. 灵活的 re-plan v. 重新计划 basis n. 基础;根据 project n. 课题;科研项目 mid-term adj. 期中的 solid adj. 扎实的 schedule n. 计划表 alive adj. 起作用的;现存的;活着的assignment n. (指定的)作业 activity n. 活动 social adj. 社交的;交谊的 seem v. 似乎;好像 back adj. 以前的;过去的 Proper Names Elwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼(人名) Useful Expressions(常用短语)

Unit 1 语法重点 一、动词不定式 不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。 （1）做主语 ①动词不定式短语 To master a foreign language is no easy job. To see this film is to waste time. To solve this problem is out of the question ②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后 面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如： 1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如： It is foolish to do in this way. It sounds reasonable to do it this way. 2）某些动词做谓语时。例如： It took much time to do this. It makes us excited to think about that. (2) 做表语 表示打算、计划、命令和要求，用于appear, seem, happen等系动词后面 Such questions are to be avoided. What he said proved to be true. He seems to be ill. (3) 做定语 做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如： He was the first one to come this morning. He didn’t have the chance to go to school in the past. 如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如： He has nothing to worry about. She is a very nice person to work with. (4) 作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。 ①表目的常用in order to, so as to,等结构但so as to只能放在主句之后。 Check your homework so as to avoid mistakes. She goes home (in order) to see her grandmother every week. ②表结果常用only to do, enough to do, too…to do等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有 “意料之外”之意。 He is too excited to speak anything. I hurried to his house, only to find him out. ③原因 She seemed surprised to see us. He is sorry for what he did to think of his past. -不定式作方式状语时，通常采用as if 或 as though + to 的结构，其意为“好像要……”。 He raised his hand as if to hit me. She took out a pen and a piece of paper as though to write something. (5) 做宾语

现代汉语语法特点 本节课的内容（参考P232，P7） ?分析现代汉语语法的主要特点 ?重点：用具体的语言事实理解现代汉语语法的特点。 ?思考题（1-3） ? 1.对比下面的材料，理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?（1）a child；two children ?一个小孩；两个小孩 ?（2）She is always ready to help us. 他随时都在准备帮助我们。 ?We are always ready to help her. 我们随时都在准备帮助他。 ?理解：语法方面的差异是什么？ ? 2.对比下面的材料，理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?（1）He criticized my taking risks. 他批评了我的冒险活动。 ?（2）His criticism doesn't worry me. ?他的批评不会使我不安。 （3）I don't like to read his literary criticism. 我不喜欢读他的文学批评。 ?理解：语法方面的差异是什么？ ?小结：“汉英语语法方面的差异” ?（1）汉语有个体量词，而英语没有。 ?（2）英语这一类的印欧语言有丰富的形态变化，而汉语没有。英语用不同的形态来表示相应的语法意义，比如英语的名词有数的变化（a book：two books），代词有主格宾格的变化（I：me；he：him；she：her），动词有时、体、态的变化（study，studies，studying，studied），等等。 ?思考题 ? 3.观察下面这段文字，体会句子的差异是由什么造成的。 ?辣妹子从小辣不怕辣妹子长大不怕辣辣妹子嫁人怕不辣 辣妹子从来辣不怕辣妹子生性不怕辣辣妹子出门怕不辣 体会意义：不怕辣辣不怕怕不辣 ?类似的例子不怕难难不怕怕不难 做人难难做人人难做 想吃饭想饭吃饭想吃 ?小结：“汉语语法方面的特点” ?语序可以表达不同的意义，可以造成不同的结构。语序在汉语中的地位十分重要。 ?分析方法现代汉语汉语语法特点只有在对比中发现，比如和印欧语对比。主要有5个方面的特点。 ?现代汉语语法的特点 ?（一）汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 ?（二）语序和虚词是汉语主要的语法手段 ?（三）汉语中词类与句法成分之间不是简单的对应关系 ?（四）汉语中词、短语和句子的结构方式基本一致 ?（五）汉语里有丰富的量词和语气词

高考英语语法练习题精选 1. --Hello, this is . A. How are you? B. Will you come tonight? C. Can I take a mesage? D. Is that Mike? 2. Tom suggested that we __________such a meeting, but Jenny insisted that it _________of great importance. A. not hold ; should be B. didn't hold ; be C. hold ; was D. not hold ; was 3. You should take the medicine after you read the __________. A. lines B. instructions C. words D. suggestions 4. --Hi, Tracy, you look tired. --I am tired. I__________ the living-room all day. A. painted B. have been painting C. had painted D. have painted 5. I'm sorry. I _____________ you__________ to me. A. don't know; are speaking B. don't know ;were speaking C. didn't know; were speaking D. didn't know; are speaking 6. "Please __________why you're so late," said his girlfriend. A. excuse B. explain C. apologize D. tell 7. The rescue team made every __________ to find the missing mountain climber.

A . heard B . be heard C . hearing D . hear

提交的答案: In 1938. 正确答案:In 1966. 提交的答案:heard 正确答案:heard 题目详解: A . have evaluated B . evaluating C . be evaluated D . evaluated 提交的答案:evaluating 正确答案:evaluating 题目详解: A . Although B . In spite of C . Despite D . As 提交的答案: In spite of 正确答案:Although 题目详解:

A . would B . might C . must D . should 提交的答案: would 正确答案:should 题目详解: A . It was from Stephen that B . That was from Stephen C . It was Stephen whom D . It was Stephen that 提交的答案: It was Stephen that 正确答案:It was from Stephen that 题目详解: A . least B . lowest C . fewest D . last 提交的答案: last 正确答案:least 题目详解:

A . As B . It C . That D . Which 提交的答案:As 正确答案:As 题目详解: A . what B . where C . that D . how 提交的答案:how 正确答案:how 题目详解: A . In exceptional circumstances only B . In only exceptional circumstances C . Only in exceptional circumstances D . In exceptional only circumstances 提交的答案:Only in exceptional circumstances 正确答案:Only in exceptional circumstances 题目详解:

历年中考英语常考英语语法250例（一） 2012-02-17 14:17:43 [来源]:互联网[作者]:佚名 大中小 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高

三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one

大学英语B——词汇与语法 1、Idon’tknow_______todealwithsuchmatter. A.what B.how C.which D./ 答案：B 答案：C 5、-Writetomewhenyougethome. -OK,I_______. A.must B.should C.will D.can 答案：C

6、He_______drivingmehome,eventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby. A.insistedon B.insistedat C.insistedthat D.insistedin 答案：A 7、Iwon’tmakethe_______mistakenexttime. A.like B.same B.yet C.still D.ever 答案：C 11、-Doyouwanttowait? -Fivedays________toolongformetowait. A.was B.were

C.is D.are 答案：C 12、IfellandhurtmyselfwhileI________basketballyesterday. A.wasplaying B.amplaying C.play D.played 答案：A 答案：A 16、Measles(麻疹)________alongtimetogetover. A.spend B.spends C.take D.takes 答案：D 17、____youknow,Davidhasbeenwelllately.

B.As C.What D.When 答案：B 18、Australiaisoneofthefewcountries____peopledriveontheleftoftheroad. A.which B.that C.where C.intelligentaswell D.asintelligentas 答案：D 22、Heaskedthewaiter________thebill. A.on B.of C.for D.after

2020年高考英语复习《必修五Unit 5 First aid》：单句语法填空1．You'd better put things back in place. Otherwise, it will be difficult to find them. 2．You'd better go to the party, but I doubt if/whether it'll be very exciting. 3．The new technology，if applied (apply) to rice growing，will help increase the grain output. 4．These men made themselves famous for their courage and bravery (brave)． 5．There is no doubt that the new policy will make a difference to everyone. 6．—Don't put so much pressure (press) on the children. It's harmful to their health. —OK, I won't. 7．The number of people, who have access to their own cars，has risen (rise) sharply in the past decade. 8．Though warned (warn) again and again, the young man still drove after drinking, leading to his being fined. 9．Consideration for other people is vital to all of us. 10．Due to lack of treatment(treat), some patients rescued from the ruins died soon. 第1 页共1 页

《语法讲义》读后感 本学期在老师的推荐下，我读了朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》。在读这本书的时候，总是会忍不住想做笔记梳理知识点，作为一个中文系的学生来讲，这可能是由于在大一时期长期处于被《现代汉语》支配的恐惧所造成的。朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》是语法学界最有权威的一部语法学著作，读这本书时，大部分是熟悉的内容，尽管熟悉，但是以前这些语法知识，我头脑中是混乱不成体系的，因为我一直对语法方面不太敏感。读这本著作时，每读一部分，就会梳理清楚一些。读完之后，虽然忘记的也很多，但是我还是觉得收获不小。本篇读后感我想从这些内容的归纳，收获以及启示、还有存疑的地方这三点来完成。 一、语法讲义的主要内容 《语法讲义》这本著作分为了十八章来讲，分别就语法单位、词的构造、词类、句型等内容做了多方面，具体的阐释。下面主要是对一些主要章节具体内容的归纳阐释。 第一章为语法单位，从语素、词、词组、句子等最基本的语法内容讲起。在这一章里我了解到了语素作为语法系统里的基本符号，有单音节语素、多音节语素；自由语素、粘着语素；定位语素、不定位语素、成词语素、不成词语素等不同方向上的分类。词是比语素高一级的单位，它可以分为单纯词和合成词。在区分是不是词的时候，朱德熙先生归纳了目前存在的三种方法，我们可以根据能不能单独成句、语言成分活动能力的强弱、扩展法等三种方法来判定是不是词，朱德熙先生指出，这三种方法其实是有着各自不同的缺陷的，比如在划分“铁路”、“白菜”、“理发”等词语时，都不能根据其中单一的标准来划分，否则就会出现歧义。所以我们在划分一个词的时候，需要综合运用多种分类方法，具体问题具体分析。在本章中，朱德熙先生还讲到了词组，并具体阐释了词组的几大类型：偏正结构、述宾结构、述补结构、主谓结构、连谓结构。并通过举例“我们班有许多外国留学生”来介绍了层次分析的具体应用以及二分法。在本章中，朱德熙先生还指出任何句法结构都可以从两个不同的方面来观察，一个看句子的内部结构，一个看语法功能。本章的第四节是句子。本节中介绍了句子的分类，从结构上分为单句和复句两大类，单句又可分为主谓句和非主谓句。从句子的功能上看，又可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、称呼句、感叹句五类，朱德熙先生指出，形式与功能之间的关系是错综的，因此这五类句子有交叉的情形。 第二章的主要内容为词的构造，主要讲了几种词的构造的主要类型。如重叠式、附加式、前缀、后缀、复合式等类型的词的构成方式，并细化了其中的一些分类，比如重叠式副词中的基式，附加式中区分一些附加式词语与复合词的辨析，后缀中的副词后缀、状态形容词后缀、“的”与“得”的区别等。并对一些复杂的合成词，以及特殊的复合词中的紧缩式与减缩式进行了区分。并对并立式复合词进行了具体阐释。 第三章从大的层面上讲述了词类的知识。本章首先介绍了划分词类的几大依据：词的意义、语法功能、形态变化三大方面划分，但朱德熙先生指出，实际上根据词的意义来划分词类的方法是行不通的，虽然词的语法功能和意义之间有着密切联系，但是我们在划分词类的时候，只能根据词的语法功能来划分。在印欧语系中，比较适合运用词的形态变化来划分词类，而汉语由于缺乏形态变化，只能通过词的语法功能来进行分类。除此之外，本章还讲到了词的共性与个性，词的兼类等内容。朱德熙先生还指出，汉语的词分为实词与虚词两大类，并具体阐

中考必考的30个英语句型，包含词汇，短语和语法解释 1as…as 和……一样 中间必须用形容词或副词原级。例如： This classroom is as big as that one. 这间教室和那间一样大。 He runs as fast as Tom. 他和汤姆跑的一样快。 否定结构：not as/so…as,“不如……”。上面的两个句子可分别改为： This classroom is not as/so large as that one.这间教室不如那间大。 He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.他跑得不如汤姆快。 2as soon as 一……就…… 用来引导时间状语从句。若主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。例如： I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him. 我一看到他就告诉他这个计划。 He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work. 他一完成工作就回家。 3be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. 忙于/喜欢/讨厌/继续/完成做某事在enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy等词语后，一般用动词-ing形式作宾语。例如： Lin Tao is busy making a model plane. 林涛正忙着做飞机模型。 My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper. 我妈妈喜欢晚饭后散步。 I hate watching Channel Five. 我讨厌看五频道。

English grammar terms often used 英语语法常用词语1．Parts of speech 词类 noun 名词pronoun 代词numeral 数词adjective 形容词verb 动词adverb副词article 冠词preposition介词conjunction连词interjection感叹词particle 小品词 2. Word building 构词法 conversion 转化derivation 派生affixation词缀法prefix前缀suffix后缀compound words 合成词 3．Classification of nouns 名词的分类 common nouns普通名词proper nouns 专有名词 individual nouns个体名词collective nouns 集合名词 material nouns 物质名词abstract nouns 抽象名词 countable nouns 可数名词uncountable nouns不可数名词 the singular form 单数形式the plural form 复数形式 the common case 普通格the possessive case 所有格 the subjective case 主格the objective case 宾格 person 人称third person singular 第三人称单数 4. Classification of pronouns 代词的分类 personal pronouns 人称代词possessive pronouns 物主代词 self pronouns 反身代词demonstrative pronouns 指示代词 interrogative pronouns 疑问代词conjunctive pronouns 连接代词 relative pronouns 关系代词reciprocal pronouns 相互代词 indefinite pronouns 不定代词 5．数词、形容词、冠词 cardinal numerals 基数词ordinal numerals 序数词 fractional numerals 分数词the comparative degree 比较级 the superlative degree 最高级The definite article 定冠词 the indefinite article 不定冠词 6．Classification of verbs 动词的分类 national verbs 实义动词link-verbs系动词 auxiliary verbs助动词modal verbs 情态动词 transitive verbs 及物动词intransitive verbs 不及物动词 regular verbs 规则动词irregular verbs 不规则动词 the present forms 现在式the past forms 过去式 the participle 分词the present participle现在分词 the past participle 过去分词the infinitive 不定式 the gerund 动名词bare infinitive 不带to的不定式

Ⅰ.单项填空 1．(2010年高考北京卷)I’m calling to enquire about the position ________ in yesterday’s China Daily. A．advertised B．to be advertised C．advertising D．having advertised 解析：选A。句意：我打电话来咨询一下有关昨天在《中国日报》上刊登广告(招聘)的职位。advertised...是过去分词短语作后置定语，被修饰词position与advertise是被动关系。 2．(2010年高考湖南卷)So far nobody has claimed the money ________ in the library. A．discovered B．to be discovered C．discovering D．having discovered 解析：选A。句意：迄今为止，没有人认领在图书馆里发现的钱。本题考查非谓语动词作定语，因discover与money之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。 3．(2010年高考福建卷)In April，thousands of holidaymakers remained ________ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A．sticking B．stuck C．to be stuck D．to have stuck 解析：选B。句意：四月份，由于火山灰云的影响，成千上万的度假者被滞留在海外。空格处用过去分词stuck表示“被卡住”，引申为“被滞留”，符合句意；现在分词表示动作正在进行；动词不定式表示将要发生的动作，不符合句意。 4．(2010年高考大纲全国卷Ⅰ) showed her students some old maps ________ from the library. A．to borrow B．to be borrowed C．borrowed D．borrowing 解析：选C。句意：怀特夫人给她的学生们看了一些从图书馆里借来的旧地图。old maps 与borrow之间是被动关系，由句中的动词showed可知此动作已经发生，可排除不定式短语作后置定语，即排除A、B两项；D项表示主动或进行，也不符合语境；C项表示被动或完成，符合语境。 5．(2010年高考四川卷)A great number of students ________ said they were forced to practise the piano. A．to question B．to be questioned C．questioned D．questioning 解析：选C。考查非谓语动词作定语。question与students之间存在被动关系，question 表示的动作也已完成，故用过去分词。 6．Those ________ by the teacher last night handed in their papers one by one. A．scolded B．being scolded C．scolding D．having scolded 解析：选A。被修饰词是不定代词如something，everything，anyone，nobody等或指示代词those时，单个分词作定语也要后置。根据those与scold之间的被动关系可排除选项C和D；由last night可知分词表示动作已经发生，所以A项正确。 7．The computer centre，________ last year，is very popular among the students in this school. A．open B．opening C．having opened D．opened 解析：选D。opened为过去分词作后置定语，表示被动和完成，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。 8．The Town Hall ________ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time. A．to be completed

1,Leave/fly/come/go /move这些表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时表将来时。注意与be going to+v-原区分 2，mind doing sth介意做某事 3，spend (time)doing sth花时间做某事。 4,Have great fun doing sth高兴做某事 5，enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事 6，地点副词前面不用介词（there/here/home） 7,say sorry to sb for sth为某事向某人道歉 8,keep sb doing sth让某人一直不停地做某事 9，be sure of sth/sb相信某事、人、be sure to do sth一定会做某事Be sure to do sth务必要做某事。 10小心，当心be careful /watch out /look care/look out 11, had better ( not ) to do sth 12 , help sb (to) do sth/help sb with sth 13, one…..the other一个·····另一个 14其它的other+名词=疑问代词、副词+else 15It takes sb (time) to do sth 16,take sth to sb把某物带给某人 1, look up the word in the dicationary 2, pass sb sth=pass sth to sb 3,thank you sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事 4，good at doing sth擅长与做某事 5，would like to do sth 6, what about doing sth 7,much不能直接修饰形容词或副词的原级，可以修饰比较级；more+多音节adj/adv原级8，must否答needn’t/don’t have to 9,take off脱下take out把······拿出来put on穿上put off推迟 10，may情-v+v-原May be也许是Maybe也许adv修饰v或adj 11, I’d better=I had better I’d like=I would like 12,否定句中some改成any 13, call sb=phone sb=give sb a call=give sb a phone 14,不接触的over the desk在·····上方（垂直） Above the desk在·····上方（斜） 接触的on在······上面 15，through(从中间)穿过 Across（从表面）穿过介词(与动词搭配成为动词) 1，动词cross/pass穿过=go across 2，动名词v-ing 3，到达arrive in/at=get to=reach 4，During在····期间among在·····中间between``````and```在·····之间 5，By+交通工具=on one’s+交通工具 6，Cry哭，哭声sound声音（泛指任何声音）noise吵闹的voice(指人的)说话声

被动语态1：英语中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。 语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。 被动语态的基本结构: 1.一般现在时:主语+助动词 Be+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时: 主语+助动词 Be 的过去式 was/were+及物动词的过去分词Eg：(1) This kind of computer is made in that company . (2 ) Flowers were watered yesterday . 2. 以下几种情况用被动语态： ( 1)不清楚谁是动作执行者时.eg：My book has been stolen. (2 )没有必要或不想说出动作执行者时.eg：Flowers are grown well there. (3 )强调动作的承受者时; eg: The CD-ROM has been sold out. 3.及物动词能够成被动语态,不及物动词不能够成被动语态.只有这些,不及物动词与介词或副词构成不可分割的短语,并且带有宾语时,才能用被动语态. Eg: The children are looked after very well in the school . 4.有些动词带有双宾语,变成被动语态时,两个宾语都可以作被动语态中的主语,但间接宾语作主语的较多. Eg; Kitty give me an apple. (改成被动式) An apple is given to me 5.有些动词后接不定式作宾语原可省“to”的，变被动语态时要加上“to” 。 Eg ；Her mother makes her read English once a day 。（变被动式） She is made to read English once a day 。（例如感官动词和使役动词：hear ，watch ，make ，help ，let ，see ，have ……）一些有关被动语态的知识点； 1．一般将来时：will / shall be + 及物动词的过去分词 2．现在进行时：am / is / are being + 及物动词的过去分词 3．过去进行时：were / was being + 及物动词的过去分词 4．现在完成时：have / has been + 及物动词的过去分词 5．过去完成时：had / been + 及物动词的过去分词 : 例如：We clean the classroom every day. 如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。 例如：The classroom is cleaned every day. 2:被动语态的各种形式 1) am/is/are +done eg：I'm asked to take care of myself. eg：Football is played all over the world. 2）has /have been done eg：This book has been translated into many foreign languages. eg：The prices of many goods have been cut again . 3）am/is /are being done eg：A road is being built around the mountain. eg：Many new houses are being built in this city. 4）was/were done eg1：This house was built in 1958. eg2：His leg was broken in an accident. 5）had been done eg1：A new school had been set up by the end of last year.

词汇与语法分析 1．词汇和语法结构的考查重点 首先我们来看一看四级考试中，语法和结构部分究竟考了些什么，重点和容易出错的问题在哪里? ①语义问题，包括多义词、同义词、近义词、反义词等。英语中不少单词是多义词，而有的学生只知道它们最常见的一个或者两个意思，却不知道其它含义和在特定上下文中的引伸意义，这些都是在考试中容易考到的部分，也是容易出错的部分。英语和汉语属于两个完全不同的语系，词语的含义不能完全对等，受汉语语意的干扰也是容易出错的原因之一。 ②搭配问题，包括名词与形容词的搭配，动词与名词的搭配，动词、名词或形容词与介词的搭配，动词与副词的搭配等。这些搭配纷繁复杂，千变万化，是产生词汇和语法错误的主要原因。 ③语法结构问题，主要是时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句(包括连接词和关系代词或关系副词)等方面的问题。特别是，在特定的语境中应该选用何种时态或何种句子结构，往往是容易出错的关键。 其次再看一看该部分在整个考试中的地位和时间分配。 该部分共30题，一般40％考察短语和词汇，60％考察语法，每一题0．5分，共15分，时间是20分钟。从整体上看，占分比例不大，不象阅读理解那样占分多，而且每一题分值高(每题，2分)，但显然这15分我们也不能轻易放弃。现在的关键问题是：绝大部分学生在这一部分不是花的时间少了，而是多了。我们知道这一部分的考察主要靠的是知识和语感，不是说多琢磨一会儿就能答对，有时甚至恰恰相反。所以每一题d0秒的时间显然可以压缩，根据经验大约可以到30秒一题(当然这里不是要你去计算每一题做题时间)，这样节省下来的时间可以用到分值更高的阅读理解中去。 2．语法结构与词汇应试策略 大纲要求 最新《大学英语教学大纲》对四级语法的要求是：“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是：“领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内)，并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 四级语法结构与词汇考查内容 四级考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现《大纲》的。 1．语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。 2．语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。 3．具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况· 1)虚拟语气的考点为：would rather +that从句+一般过去时：It is vital／necessary／important／urgent／imperative n.命令, 诫命, 需要, 规则, 祈使语气adj.命令的, 强制的, 紧急的, 必要的, 势在必行的, [语法]祈使的／desirable／advisable／natural／essential +that+动词原形；It is time／about time／high time+ that+一般过去时：proposal／suggestion +that+动词原形；lest +that +should+动词原形水only + that +would+动词原形。 2)状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so