自考英语《英语国家概况》冲刺练习

长达5天的建筑体验活动里，我们去了广州、深圳，看了不少建筑，但是给我印象最深的是广州大剧院。在这里我得到了全新的体验与感受，无论是它的建筑理念还是外观亦或是内部结构、细节，都给人以震撼。

争论与关注

扎哈·哈迪德在中国大陆新近完成了第一个建成项目：广州大剧院。在大剧院入口的大厅里，前来参观的各界相关人士络绎不绝。在建筑行业内部，关于新落成的广州大剧院也是众说纷纭。大部分意见是肯定的，但是针对某些部分的处理是否妥当，却也是有不少非议。这可能也是一个明星建筑师所带来的必然效应。

简介

广州大剧院是广州市将新建的七大标志性建筑之一，地处珠江新城，即广州建设中的集商务、经济、文化为一体的新中心地带。大剧院总用钢量约为12000吨，总占地面积约42000平方米，总建筑面积约73000平方米，包括大剧场36400平方米，多功能剧场7400平方米，及其他配套建筑26100平方米。广州大剧院由获得普利策建筑奖的世界著名建筑大师扎哈·哈迪德和全球顶级声学大师，迄今唯一活跃在声学界，并且是声学界最高奖“塞宾奖”得主马歇尔共同设计。其外形如“圆润双砾”，就像置于平缓山丘上的两块灵石，在珠江边显得十分特别。“大石头”是1804座

的大剧场和录音棚、艺术展览厅等，“小石头”则是400座的多功能剧场等。

广州大剧院采取公开招标方式，面向全国选拔经营管理团队，这在国内剧院管理行业尚属首次。最终中标的中国对外文化集团公司，将全权负责大剧院的运营，实现独立运作、独立核算，通过专业化品牌运作和项目管理，将在保证每年固定演出场次基础上，将其打造成为与国家大剧院、上海大剧院并列的国家级大剧院，成为辐射粤港澳的华南地区国际文化中心，以及云集海内外艺术家和制作人的亚洲创意文化产品制作中心和输出中心。

外部与结构

广州歌剧院外部几层银灰“钢甲”的叠合体，使它的阳刚之美呼之欲出。歌剧院的大厅也是钢骨玻璃面的，似乎能听见隐约的金石和鸣。为了调和建筑物过于硬朗的线条，设计者在歌剧院两侧还专门设计了两潭三角形的湖水。刚与柔，力与美，在这里得到了完美融合。

广州歌剧院外墙虽然由石材和玻璃镶嵌而成，但内部却是“钢筋铁骨”，共用去1万多吨钢材，用量是国家大剧院的两倍。虽然广州歌剧院规模比不上“鸟巢”，但其建设难度却丝毫不亚于“鸟巢”。众所周知，“鸟巢”的建筑有1/4是对称的，而广州歌剧院则纯粹是一个非几何形体设计，倾斜扭曲之处比比皆是，其复杂的钢结构在国内没有先例。幕墙上的花岗岩、玻璃没有一块是重复的，全部要分片、分面定做，再一一装上，难度很大。为此，施工单位事先用电脑做出了模拟图，计算出了每块花岗岩、玻璃的尺寸，再找工厂定做好。就算是玻璃，也分了单曲、双曲、转角等好几种规格。

“大石头”共有64个面、41个转角和104条棱线，“小石头”也有37个面、18个转角和54条棱线。由于北京的“鸟巢”——国家体育场的外形起码有四分之一是对称的，大剧院却没有一个节点相同，呈非几何形体，因此需要克服比“鸟巢”还难的施工困难。大剧院钢结构采用三向斜交折板式网壳，施工时设了200多个监测点，观察其变形及应力释放情况，每一个钢件都是分段铸造后，再运到现场拼接，每个节点的制作、安装，均要在空中准确三维定位，目前国内对如此复杂的钢结构还没有先例可循。施工期间，仅钢结构的焊接就用到490名焊工。

原设计中使用的实体材料属难燃材料，无法满足剧院采用不燃材料的消防标准，广州市重点办、代建单位及施工单位花了2个月的时间努力寻找材料，终于选定了GRG（高强玻璃纤维改性石膏）。这种新型材料，它属于不燃材料，且可满足歌剧院室内装修风格的需求。在大剧场观众厅、大剧场前厅、排练厅、走廊、空中餐厅、化妆间化妆台等所有呈现曲线的部位都采用了这种材料。此外，经多次试验，选定游艇漆作为面层材料，使GRG 材料达到防刮效果。

广州市重点办先后组织了3次广州大剧院泛光照明技术全国专家论证会，对灯具的档次、品牌进行分部（重要空间、次要空间、普通空间）研讨，有效实现投资控制。组织了3次舞台灯光技术专家论证会，邀请本地话剧团、粤剧团等演出团体的舞台灯光师提出技术要求，对舞台灯光选型进行深入研讨，满足不同类型的演出需要。

玻璃石材幕墙安装技术研讨用时一年，专家们对每一个曲面都进行专题研讨。幕墙上的花岗岩、玻璃没有一块是重复的，施工方要事先用电脑做出模拟图，计算出每块花岗岩、玻璃的尺寸，再找工厂定做好。仅玻璃幕墙就分为单曲、双曲、转角等多种规格。

清水混凝土饰面施工研讨用时两年，制作了6组样板，进行了3次试验，对模板、支撑、拆模、维护等每一道工序进行讨论，确保质量、观感达到效果后才进行正式施工。

内部细节

剧院内的顶棚上有4千多盏小灯，采用了漫天星的形式，给场内的观众营造了一种更加贴切大自然的感觉。同时室内的灯光效果也变得更加出色，不会令演员有晃眼、刺眼的感觉。

内部的墙壁上采用了鲨鱼皮式的吸声设计，墙上的小孔就是。它们能有效的吸收声音，减少剧院内的回音。

内部设计则根据马歇尔大师对声学的独特研究采用“双手环抱”式看台。从图片上可以看出两边的墙壁就像两只手一样，将观众席，舞台围在其中，构思巧妙。“双手环抱形”观众席有利于提供侧向反射声，同时避免回声的干扰。

“大石头”用作各类综合性大型演出，内部涵盖了舞台、观众席、演员餐厅、艺术展览厅等，其中1800座的观众厅和舞台是歌剧院的“心脏”。进剧场后的第一感受，用“震撼”来形容毫不为过。“品字形”舞台、“双手环抱形”观众席、“满天星”天花板，不规整、不规则布局，打造了一个富有节奏感、独具个性的艺术厅堂。

与其他剧院不同的是，这里的舞台比观众席大3倍。舞台是“品字形”，设有主舞台、左、右侧舞台和后舞台四个部分，主舞台的面积超过300平方米，可以满足不通表演的需要。乐池位于舞台和观众席之间，可升可降，便于和观众交流。主舞台铺设的木地板专门从俄罗斯进口，硬度高，弹性好。舞台总共有100多个吊柱，演出时最多可以满足更换上百个布景的需求。舞台后有超过50间化妆间、更衣室，可满足250多人同时化妆。

观众席分三层，一层1200座，二、三层各300座。余穗瑶说，歌剧院的座位一般分1600、1800、2200三个层次，国家歌剧院有2400个。广州歌剧院大剧场在综合考虑了声学、视线效果等因素后，经多轮论证认为“1800个座位最合理”。

这是剧院里1800元一只的椅子。听起来确实很贵，但是它功能也很多。我坐了一下，感觉确实不错。而且它的材料都要符合剧院的吸声标准，座位下的那些圆形小孔就是为吸声而设计的。可以看出，剧院的设计有很多小的细节都是在为剧院的声效服务，让观众的体验得到最大化的满足。其用材特别讲究，如座椅背面有声音反射作用，座椅软垫有吸声作用，座椅翻转时的噪音人耳根本听不到。另外，全场座椅颜色渐变，每排颜色有差异。

像这样的通道内的凹槽里，装着照明工具。据介绍人员说，这种照明工具很环保。同时把它放在墙壁内，当打开照明的时候会有一种特别的体会，很漂亮。

这是舞蹈排练室，顶上采用的和剧院观众席一样的设计，都是鲨鱼皮式的吸声小孔，能有效吸收回音。同时那一层层的波浪式的顶部给人一种美感。

这样的认识我感受颇多。就比如拿其中的某些建筑来说吧，每个建筑都有其特点，中山陵的古典气息，气势磅礴；陈家祠的装饰精巧、堂皇富丽；黄埔军校和其中的物品让我们强烈感受到他的革命激情；深圳世界之窗里风格各异的各国建筑。这次建筑体验只是我们学习建筑的一种方式，但是这次体验却给了我们许多从未有过的体验。自己就像一个急需母乳的孩子一样，对建筑学产生了前所未有的兴趣。

这次建筑体验已近过去，等待我们的是更加系统的建筑学习。

（注：本资料素材和资料部分来自网络，仅供参考。请预览后才下载，期待你的好评与关注！）

2019年自考英语二历年试题(真题)及答案

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