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国际贸易双语教程课后练习参考答案

国际贸易双语教程课后练习参考答案
国际贸易双语教程课后练习参考答案

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international trade

Key

I. Answer my questions

1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.

2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.

3. To gain profit.

4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.

5. There are four major forms which are the following:

Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.

6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.

7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.

8. Yes. There are great differences between them.

1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.

2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.

9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).

10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.

11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.

12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.

13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.

14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.

15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.

II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right

1. J

2.A

3.E

4.B

5.C

6.D

7.I

8.G

9.F 10.H

III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese

1 购买力11经济复苏;恢复

2潜在销售量12 经济衰退

3加价,涨价13间接投资

4国内市场14有形货物

5制成品15有形进出口

6边际利润16收入及支出;岁入及岁出

7市场占有率17超额能力

8贸易歧视18贸易中间人(商);经纪人

9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式

10经销周期20许可证协定

IV. Case Study.

Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?

[Answer]:

Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.

V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business.

(Open)

VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.

1. ( T )

2. ( F )

3. ( F )

4. ( T )

5. ( F )

6. ( T )

7. ( T )

8. ( F )

VI. Translate the following into English

1. Trade is often the …engine? of growth. However oversimpl ified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.

2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.

3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller

gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.

4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.

Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import Transaction

I. Answer the following questions

(Omited)

II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:

1.meeting/satisfying;

2.agent, foreign/overseas;

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f14576520.html,mission;

4.own;

5.setting;

6.patent;

7.profits;

8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiary

III. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)

1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T

IV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested

1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.

2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.

3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.

4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.

5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代)is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.

V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:

Keys

Messrs. Arthur Grey & Son,

19 Cheapside,

London, E.C.2

Dear Sirs,

We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.

We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.

We are looking forward to your early reply.

Yours faithfully,

VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:

Key

Dear Sirs,

Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.

For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:

"D.D." Raincoats

100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450

100 men's small 14.0 1,400

100 women's medium 13.2 1,320

100 women's small 12.7 1,270

US$ 5,440

Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sight

Shipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.

This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.

We are awaiting your early orders.

Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:

Keys:

Dear Sirs,

We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.

Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.

In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day?s sight”.

Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.

Yours sincerely,

VIII. Case Study

[Answer]:

A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘,在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。而B公司对该发盘中包装条款进行了修改,可视为还盘,或新的发盘,B公司发出还盘后A公司未进行回复,虽然它用行动表明受B公司发盘约束,但没有明确向B公司表示接受,此时认为合同未成立。因此,B公司以此为由,拒不履行合同。A公司将陷入被动。

为了避免出现此情况,A公司在收到B公司发盘时,应及时表示接受。

Unit 3

Contracts for the International Sale of Goods

Key

I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:

1 terms of payment

2 written form of contract

3 execution of the contract

4 sales contract

5 purchase confirmation

6 terms of transaction

7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract

9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract

11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract

13 the contracting parties 14 special clause

15 general terms and conditions

II. Answer the following questions in English:

1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.

2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.

3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.

4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.

5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.

III. Translate the following into Chinese:

合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的,而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。商务谈判有口头谈判和书面谈判两种形式。口头谈判是通过参加商品交易会,派遣贸易小组,出国或邀请

客户本国进行的面对面讨论,而通过国际长途电话所进行的商务讨论也属于口头谈判。

IV. Case Study

1 [Answer]:

The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because: (a) this was a CIF contract; (b) the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA; (c) the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA. The seller completed this responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.

2 [Answer]:

This contract was not concluded effectively. Item 1 of Article 19 of the CISG indicates, " A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection to the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.

In this case, though Mr. Johnson accepted Mr. Anderson's offer, his acceptance contained some additions to and modifications of the offer; for example, Mr. Anderson asked for " telegraphic transfer", Mr. Johnson sent the money to the bank to be kept there. According to Item 3 of Article 19 of the CISG, alteration to the mode of payment is material one, thus Mr. Johnson might keep silent and reject the acceptance.

3. 答:合同规定水分最高为14% ,杂质不超过2.5% ,从合同内容看,在这笔进出口交易中,双方以商品的规格作为表示商品品质的方法,并以此作为交验商品的依据,属于凭规格的买卖,只要我方所交货物符合合同规定的规格,我方就算已经履行了合同。但是成交前我方向对方寄送样品时并未声明是参考样品,签约后又电告对方成交货物与样品相似,这样对方就有理由认为该笔交易既凭规格又凭样品。而在国际贸易中,凡属于凭样品买卖,卖方所交货物必须与样品完全一致,否则买方有权拒收货物或提出索赔。因此,在这种情况下,我方很难以该笔交易并非凭样品买卖为由不予理赔。

4. 答:卖方未按合同规定包装货物,应视为违反合同。买方向卖方违反合同包装条款的行为提出异议并要求赔偿是合理的。但是,买方以此为理由拒收货物是过分的要求。因为《公约》第50条第1款规定:“买方只有在(卖方)完全不交付货物或不按合同规定交付货物等于根本违反合同时,才可以宣告整个合同无效。”并且,第25条规定:“一方当事人违反合同的结果,如使另一方当事人蒙受损害,以至于实际上剥夺了当事人根据合同规定有权期待得到的东西,即为根本违反合同。……”然而,卖方在交货发生困难的情况下,及时采取了补救措施,只要所用塑料包装不对货物质量造成影响,这种补救措施可视为是合理的,虽然仍属违约行为,但并不构成违反合同,买方只能对塑料包装造成的运输、储存、装卸等方面的不便而发生的损失提出索赔,而不能拒收货物。

V.

V. Please fill in the Sales Contract according the letters between LONDON GREEN TRADE CORP. and GUANGDONG LIGHT ELECTRICAL APPLANCES CO. , LTD.

售货合同

SALES CONTRACT

卖方:GUANGDONG LIGHT ELECTRICAL

Sellers: APPLANCES CO. , LTD Contract No.: 98SGQ468001

Date: APR. 22, 2009

地址:Signed at : GUANGZHOU

Adress: 52, DEZHENG ROAD SOUTH, GUANGZHOU,CHINA Telex: 0835

Fax: 86-020-********

Buyers: LONDON GREEN TRADE CORP.

Address: ELITHERBERTH STR. AUTO P. O. BOX. 16, LONDON Telex:_________________

Fax:_____________________

This Sales Contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers, whereby the sellers agree to sell and the buyers agree to buy the under-mentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:

(6) Packing: CARTON

(7)Delivery from GUANGZHOU to LONDUN

(8)Shipping Marks: N/M

(9)Time of Shipment: Within 30 days after receipt of L/C. allowing transshipment.

(10) Terms of Payment: By 100% Confirmed Irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Sellers to be available by sight draft to be

opened and to reach China before MAY 15,2009 and to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th

days after the foresaid Time of Shipment. L/C advised by BANK OF CHINA GUANGZHOU BRANCH.

TEX: 0835 GZBC. CN. ALL banking Charges outside China ( the mainland of China ) are for account of the

Drawee.

(11)Insurance: To be effected by Sellers for 110% of full invoice value covering F. P. A. up to LONDON To be effected

by the buyers.

(12)Arbitration: All disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with this contract shall be settled amicably by

negotiation. In case of settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted to China

International Economic & Trade Arbitration Commission. In Shenzhen ( or in Beijing) for arbitration in act with

its sure of procedures. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties for setting the Dispute. The fee,

for arbitration shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded.

The Seller 李牛The Buyer David Curtis_

希将本确认书一份签署后寄回本公司

Please sign and one copy of this sales confirmation to us at you earliest convenience

VI.Please make out a Sales Confirmation according to the following particulars:

上海进出口贸易公司

SHANGHAI INPORT & EXPORT TRADE CORPORATION

1321 ZHONGSHAN ROAD SHANGHAI CHINA

售货确认书

邮政编码:200032 S/C No:TH040311

Post code::200032 DATE:24.03,2009

传真:(21)56090053

Fax:(21)56090053

TEL:56090054

To Messrs:THKAMULA TRADE CO。,LTD

谨启者:兹确认售予你方下列货品,成交条款如下:

Dear Sirs,

We hereby confirm having sold to you the following goods on terms and conditions as specified below:

LOADING PORT & DESTINA TION: FROM SHANGHAI TO ODAKA

装运期限:

TIME OF SHIPMENT :NOT LATER THAN AUGUST, 2009

可分批及转船:

ALLOWING TRANSHIPMENT AND PARTIAL SHIPMENT:ALLOWED

保险:

INSURANCE:FOR INVOICE AMOUNT COVERING ALL RISK AND W AR RISKS

付款条件:

TERMS OF SHIPMENT :BY 100%CONFIRMED IRREVOCABLE SIGHT LETER OF CREDIT 买方须于2009 年6月30日前开出本批交易的信用证(或通知售方进口许可证号码),否则,售方有权不经过通知取消本确认书,或接受买方对本约未执行的全部或一部分,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。The Buyer shall establish the covering Letter of Credit (or notify the Import License Number )before 30/06/2009 , falling which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice ,or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation non-fulfilled by the Buyer ,or, to lodge claim for direct losses sustained , if any.

凡以CIF条件成交的业务,保额为发票的110%,投保险别以售货确认书中所开列的为限,买方如果要求增加保额或保险范围,应于装船前经卖方同意,因此而增加的保险费由买方负责。For transactions conclude on C.I.F basis , it is understood that the insurance amount will be for 110% of the invoice value against the risks specified in Sales Confirmation. If additional insurance amount or coverage is required , the buyer must have consent of the Seller before Shipment ,and the additional premium is to be borne by the Buyer.

品质/数量异议:如买方提出索赔,凡是品质异议须于货到目的口岸之30 日内提出,凡属数量异议须于货到目的口岸之15 日内提出,对所装货物所提任何异议属于保险公司、轮船公司等其他有关运输或邮递机构,卖方不负任何责任.。QUALITY /QUANTITY DISCRPANCY:In case of quality discrepancy ,claim should be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination ;while for quantity discrepancy ,claim should be filed by the Buyer within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination .It is understood that the seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to cause for which the Insurance Company ,Shipped Company other transportation organization/or Post Office are liable.

本确认书内所述全部或部分商品,如因人力不可抗的原因,以致不能履约或延迟交货,卖方概不负责。The Seller shall not be held liable for failure of delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Confirmation in consequence of any Force Major incidents.

买方在开始卖方的信用证上请注本确认书号码。The Buyer is requested always to quote THE NUMBER OF THIS SALES CONFIRMATION in the letter of Credit to be opened in favour of the Seller.

买方收到本售货确认书后请立即签回一份,如买方对本确认书有异议,应于收到后五天内提出,否则认为以同意接受本确认书所规定的各项条款。The buyer is requested to sign and return one copy of the Sales Confirmation immediately after the receipt of same, Objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyer within five days after the receipt of this Sales Confirmation, in the absence of which it is understood that the Buyer has accepted the terms and condition of the sales confirmation.

买方:卖方:

THE BUYER:高村THE SELLER:高丽

SHANGHAI IMPORT & EXPORT TRADE

CORPORATIONT

Unit 4

Trade Terms

Keys

I (Omited)

II 1) F. Price terms, or trade terms, are used to indicated the different liabilities, cost and risks of the buyer and the seller.

2) F. Warsaw-Oxford rules specialize in explaining CIF contracts.

3) T.

4) T.

5) F. On CIP terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he hands over the goods to the carrier at

the place of shipment, although he has to pay the freight rate and insurance premium.

6) T.

7) T.

8) F. By CFR Landed is meant that the seller pays for unloading the goods at the port of

discharge.

9) T.

10) F. On FAS terms the seller needs only to put the goods within the reach of the ship?s tackle.

He is not responsible for loading the goods on board.

III. Judgment

a)Incorrect. On FOB terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at

the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China.

b)Incorrect. On CIF terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods

reach the destination; the terms should be followed by the port of destination.

c)Correct.

d)Incorrect. On CIP terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods

reach the destination; the terms should be followed by the port of destination.

e)Correct.

f)Correct.

g)Incorrect. On FOB terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at

the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China.

h)Incorrect. On DES terms the seller must put the goods under the actual control of the

buyer at the port destination; a port of destination should be attached to DES.

i)Incorrect. On DDP terms the seller must physically deliver the goods to the buyer at a

named place in the import country, that is, a named place of destination should be added

to DDP terms.

j)Correct.

IV. Translation

1)please refer to INCOTERMS2010

2)you must load the goods on board in accordance with the

stipulations of the INCOTERMS

3)In reference to the consignment of June 5

4)but our business is on cash payment whether the customs are

new or old

5)meeting each other halfway and allowing you a 10% discount

6)the lowest FOB Liverpool prices of the following articles.

7)Our prices are subject to change without notice

8)As this is a big order, we hope you can make a 5% discount

off the list price

9)Because of the frequent change of the market prices, it is not

possible for us to keep the prices open for a whole week

10)to receive your cable offer of July 15 for 300 dozen shirts

of sample No.1302 CIF New York at USD 35 per dozen V. 单项选择题

1.D

2.A

3.A

4.B

5.D

6.C

7.C

8.B

9.B 10.C 11.D 12.B

13.C 14.C 15.D

VI. Case Study

1 [Answer]:

It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods. In this case, the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms, according to which, the seller?s responsibilities ended when he loaded the goods on board the ship and paid the freight and insurance premium; the risk separation was the side of the ship; that is to say, the risks were transferred to the buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on board the ship. Since the documents presented by the seller were right and proper, the seller could directly get paid from the Issuing Bank of the L/C.

However, part of the goods got lost because of rough sea. Does this mean that the buyer suffered loss? It is definitely not the case because there are other two sub-contracts existing on CIF terms-I/P

and Bill of Lading. In this case the buyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to take delivery of the goods. Obviously, the actual reason for the buyer?s refusal to accept the goods in this case was that the prices of the goods were going down. This is, certainly, unjustified.

2 [Answer]:

In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller (Company E) ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment. He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the ins urance premium. Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading. The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.

However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods. In this case, E might comply with W?s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne b y W.

3 [Answer]:

The buyer's demands are unreasonable

If the transaction is made on FOB terms, usually the buyer is responsible for charter booking. The seller can accept the seller's commission on behalf of charter booking, but the seller does not undertake the responsibility of not renting boats and risks. In this case, the export company failed in charter booking on behalf of the buyer, and the buyer did not agree to replace the transaction conditions, therefore, the export company did not hold any responsibilities of failing charter booking and the delay of the delivery. Buyer could not propose to withdraw the contract, either. So, the buyer's demands are unreasonable, responsibilities and risks should be borne by the buyer himself.

4 [Answer]:

Our company can not refuse to make the payment for the sheets, not make claims against the seller. Because:

1) If the transaction is made on CIF, it is symbolic delivery, under which the buyer?s responsibility is to v oucher Delivery whereas the buyer pays when they gets the documents. The buyer should do so once the seller submits the documents agreed upon according to the contract. Even when the goods suffer damage or losses in transit the buyer has to fulfill payment obligations. On the contrary, if the documents presented by the seller are not in compliance with the contract, even the goods are in good order, the buyer has the right to refuse to accept the goods. In this case, the seller submits the whole set of documents as stipulated in the contract, therefore, our company has to make the payment.

2) Under CIF term, the risks transfer line of buyer and seller are bound by the shipboard. After the goods have been passed the ship's rail, the burden of risk is borne by the buyer. In this case, before the goods have been passed the ship's rail, the goods are in good condition. So the seller need not take risk responsibilities. Our company can not make any claims on the seller, but can make claim on the insurance company according to relevant conditions.

5. [Answer]:

卖方对此项差价损失不需负责。因为:按照国际商会《INCOTERM S2000》的解释:“FOB 是指当货物在装运港越过船舷时,卖方即完成交货,买方必须自该交货点起,负担一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。”按本例的情况,卖方已按照合同规定的条件,将货物在约定的装运港装上买方租派的船只上,自装船越过船舷之时起,货物的风险已由卖方转移给买方。在运输途中部分大米受到海水浸泡,致使品质受到影响,这是属于风险损失范围,与卖方的交货品质无关。事实上,货物在装船时,已验明品质是符合合同规定的条件的。因此,按照FOB 条件的解释,卖方不需负责。

6. [Answer]:

(1)按《INCOTERM S2000》的解释,在CIF 条件下,卖方负责装船以前的一切风险,买方负责装船以后的一切风险。本案的卖方已将出口货物装上了船,付清运费并已取得装船提单,卖方的责任已经解除,

风险已转移给了买方,所以由该船遭扣押另行转船的一切费用应由买方负担。(2)第二次运费可由买方向保险公司索要。买方可依据《海商法》海上保险之委付,将保险标的的一切权利转移给保险公司,请求支付该保险标的的全部投保金额,但应以货物装船已过4个月不能成行或尚未交付收货人为限。

7. [Answer]:

本案买卖双方订立的是CIF 合同。CIF 合同的含义是卖方负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切责任、费用和风险。2000通则在CIF 解释中的第B5 款规定:“买方负担货物越过装运港的船舷后一切货损货差的风险。”因此,货船在途中沉没造成的货物损失应由买方负担,买方应接受所有单据并且按合同规定支付全部货款。在接受单据后,买方可以凭单据向保险单载明的承保人(保险公司)索赔,通常可以获得相当于货物价值(CIF 价)1.1倍的赔偿。

8. [Answer]:

本例的情况有两种可能,因此要作两种回答:(1)在CIF 合同中,卖方负有两项重要义务:一是必须按照合同的规定交付货物;二是必须按照合同的规定提供单据。相对来说,买方享有两项拒收权:一是有权拒绝接受有瑕疵的货物;二是有权拒受有瑕疵的单据。按这种解释,本例买方有权拒绝接受有擦改痕迹的单据。但是,事后查明,擦改是改正货物配舱的舱位号码,并非擦改重大项目的;同时又是在单据签字前擦改的。如果买方自己是收货人,此项擦改过的单据,对买方的权利并无重大影响。因此,在这种情况下,买方不能拒受单据,如果此项擦改给他带来不便或其他额外支出,他可向卖方提出损害赔偿。这是第一种情况。(2)但是,如果买方不是货物的直接收货人,他在卖方提交单据后,拟将这批货物转交给第三者,他是准备通过转交单据进行交割的。那么在这种情况下,由于单据有瑕疵,将给他转让单据带来重大困难。因此,他拒受这种有瑕疵的单据是有充分根据的。正如施米拖夫所说:“从商业观点来看,可以说,CIF 合同的目的不是货物本身的买卖,而是与货物有关单据的买卖。”如果本例买方的目的不是买卖货物本身,而是以转让单据而获得利益,那么,这种有瑕疵的单据与他的目的直接相违背。尽管这种擦改的单据不是重大的擦改,但对于他转让单据却带来重大障碍。因此,他主张拒受单据又是合理的,在法律上也有依据。这是第二种情况。

9. [Answer]:

此项损失应由买方承担,买方不应该向该公司提出索赔。

以CPT术语成交时,风险转移以货交承运人为界,即卖方将货物交给指定承运人,风险即由卖方转移至买方,买方可投货物保险以确保损失最小。就本案例而言,该公司已将货物交给承运人,运输途中及后期风险均由买方自己承担,因此,该公司可拒绝买方的索赔要求。

10.[Answer]:

按照CIP条件成交,卖方要承担保险费和运费。因为CIP条件适合于各种运输方式,风险是在承运人控制货物时转移,所以卖方要负责办理交货地点到指定目的地的全程运输,而不仅仅是水上运输,因此卖方应支付全程运费。就本案例而言,卖方支付了海上运输的费用,但并没有将货物送往指定目的地,因此还需支付铁路运输的费用。由此,我方应支付货款,但不需支付铁路运费,卖方行为不尽合理。

Unit 5

Quality of Commodity

Key:

I. Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:

1 本身所具有的特性

2 光泽、造型、结构

3 耐用性

4 可销售性

5 社会属

6 消毒

7 适用性8 卫生

9 规格10 水产品

11 跨国公司12 保证生活质量

II. Two columns are given for you to decide which method is best suited for a certain commodity. Please match them.

1 A ,

2 C,

3 D,

4 E,

5 B,

6 G,

7 F,

8 H

III. Monomial Choice

1.A

2. D

3.A

4.D

5.A

6.A

7. B

8.B 9 .D 10. A

11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. B

IV. Fill in the blanks with below with the most appropriate terms from the box:

1)If the quality of your products is satisfactory, we may place regular orders.

2)There is no marked qualitative difference between the two.

3)The new varieties have very vivid designs and beautiful colors.

4)The quality is all right, but the style is a bit outdated.

5)No doubt you've received the outturn samples of the inferior quality goods.

6)You know we sell our tea according to our samples.

7)We sell goods as per the sales sample, not the quality of any previous supplies.

8)If you find the quality of our products unsatisfactory, we're prepared to accept return of the rejected material within a week.

9)The quality of this article cannot qualify for first-class.

10)Our Certificate of Quality is made valid by means of the official seal.

V. 简答题

1、我国对于品质增减价条款有何种不同的规定方法?

a) 对机动幅度内的品质差异,可根据交货时的实际品质,按规定予以增价或减价。

b) 规定交货幅度的极限。

c) 在上述第二种规定方法的基础上,对在机动幅度范围内,按低劣的程度,采用不同的扣

价方法,以此限制卖方的交货品质。

2、数量机动幅度是什么?它的规定方法有哪些?

数量机动幅度是指卖方可按买卖双方约定的某一具体数量多交或少交若干的幅度。它的规定方法有:

(1)合同中明确具体地规定数量的机动幅度。它既可只简单规定机动幅度,也可在此基础上约定由谁选择及作价原则。

(2)合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度,但将数量规定为约数。《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定约的增减幅度不超过10%。

(3)合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度。此时卖方交货数量原则上应与合同规定数量完全一致,但《跟单信用证统一惯例》500号出版物规定货物数量允许有5%的伸缩。

3、联合国制定标志运输标志的原因是什么?其作用有哪些?

制定原因为:

(1)运输标志内容较多。

(2)有时要加进一些不必要项目。

(3)各国和各种运输方式之间对运输标志的要求差异较大,不能适应国际货物流动量的增加和多式联运的开展,不利于电子计算机在运输和单证流转方面的应用。

作用有:

(1)减少了运输标志内容,节省出出口成本,时间和费用。

(2) 提高计算机操作和审单效率,加速船舶和资金周转。

(3) 消除因运输标志内容过多和繁杂而可能造成的失误和困难,保证交货的顺利进行。

4、简述溢短装条款的计价方法。

(1)目前对在机动幅度范围内超出或低于合同数量的多装或少装部分,一般按合同价格计

价结算。

(2)为防止有权选择溢短装的当事人利用行市变化有意多装或少装而获取额外好处,有的合同规定多装或少装部分不按合同价格计算,而代之以按装船日的行市或目的地的市场价格计算。

(3)若双方未能就装船日或到货日或是市场价格取得协议,则可交由仲裁机构解决。

(4)有的合同还规定多交或少交货物当中一部分按合同价格计算,其余部分按装船时或到货时的市价计算。

5、品质条款的内容有哪些?

在买卖合同中,品质条款的内容有繁有简,一般视不同商品的不同表示品质的方法而定,包括商品的品名、规格、等级、品牌、标准以及交付货物的品质依据等。凭样品买卖时,应列明样品的编号、寄送日期,有时还要加列交货品质与样品“大致相符”或“完全相符”的说明等,凭标准买卖时,应表明标准名称及其版本年份。

VI 案例分析

1. [Answer]:

我方应负责赔偿。作为出口公司理应知道所售货物的英文名称。如来证货名与实际不符,我方一是应要求对方改证,二是应自己更改货物的英文名称。如只考虑单证相符而置货物上的名称不顾,势必给对方在办理进口报关时造成严重后果。

2. [Answer]:

1)这个问题要视合同如何约定,如果合同约定了检验期间,则由于甲方没有在约定的检验期间内验货导致其丧失了质量异议权。如果合同没有约定检验期间,则在甲方收货后两年内都有权要求退货,依据是合同法第157、158条。所以,乙方已履行部分可以要求退货。

2)未履行部分可以解除。因乙方行为已导致合同目的无法实现,甲方经催告后可解除合同,理由是合同法第94条。

3)定金应双倍返还给甲方。

4)定金和违约金只能择其一,给甲方造成损失的,乙方仍应当赔偿,包括差旅费500元,已收取的货款应当退还给甲方。

3 [Answer]:

The exporter didn?t fulfill his obligation. Though the exporter made shipment on time, in order to deliver the apples in good quality, he arranged the goods with higher quality, but the quality is not similar to the level on the contract. So the seller breaches the contract. If the buyer lodges a claim, the seller will suffer the loss.

In order to avoid the problem, the seller should ask for the buyer?s opinion firstly.

4. [Answer]:

买方的索赔要求是合理的,此案中,虽然合同对商品的品质提出了要求,但卖方在成交前寄送样品的行为本身即表明该批货物既凭说明买卖(sale by description), 又凭样品买卖(sale by sample)。因此,买方在对商品进行检验后发现与样品不符提出索赔的要求是合情合理的。

卖方的失误在于使用两种方式约束商品品质对其不利。

5. [Answer]:

我方这样做是不合适的。因为如双方事先无品质机动幅度的规定,卖方在交货时,对于货物的质量(包括规格、花色搭配、型号等)应严格遵守合同的规定。否则,由此而产生的一切后果将由卖方承担。就本案而言,我方在发现pyw—B型电冰箱数量短缺,应先征得买方的同意才能发货,而不能擅自以其他型号的电冰箱来代替。因此,我方的做法是不合适的。

6. [Answer]:

按合同规定的品质条件提交货物是卖方的基本义务之一,本案买卖双方凭样品买卖,卖方的

交货应与样品完全一致,卖方应承担交货品质不符的责任。但《公约》第86条第一款规定:“如果买方已收到货物,但打算行使合同或本公约的任何权利,把货物退回,他必须按情况采取合理措施,以保全货物,他有权保有这些货物,直至卖方把他所付的合理费用偿还给他为止。”即买方在决定退货后,应采取合理措施妥善保管货物。而本案中的买方却未这样做,导致货物变质。我方可就货物的损失及进口国海关向我方收取的费用与买方进行交涉,尽可能挽回损失。

Unit 6 Quantity of Goods

Key:

I.Here given in the following are short forms for some units of me asure and weight. Please give the complete form of each:

1)吨2)盎斯3)磅4)品脱5)码6)加仑7)令8)公斤9)克10)平方米

II. Please fill in the blanks with what you have learnt in this unit.

1. If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity.

2. Gross weight refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods.

3. There are four ways to calculate tare: by actual tare, by average tare, by customary tare, by computed tare.

4. If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.

5. Conditioned Weight refers to the kind of weight derived from the process, with which the moisture content of the commodity is removed and standardized moisture added both by scientific methods.

6. Legal weight is the weight of the goods and the immediate package of the goods.

7. A complete more or less term should include three parts: 1) certain proportion; 2) who has the right to decide the more or less term when the goods are delivered; 3) pay attention to the calculation of more or less clause.

8. At the time of the conclusion of a contract, the quantity clause should be clearly and definitely stipulated so as not to give rise to disputes.

III. Please give the following definitions for the names in English.

1. Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodity itself and the tare (the package weight). That?s to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f14576520.html, weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare. In international trade if the goods are sold by weight, the net weight is often used.

3. Actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities.

4. Average tare: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages.

5. Customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognizer weight which can be used to represent the weight of such packages.

6. Computed tare: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weighing.

IV. 简答题

1. 答:数量条款规定了买卖双方交货数量及与之有关的权利和义务,他涉及成交数量的确定、计量单位和计量方法的规定及数量机动幅度等内容。为订好数量条款,应依据政策的规定和经营意图,根据需要和可能,按外商资信情况和市场行情变化,正确掌握进出口商品的成交数量,

以利于合同的履行。

2. 答:(1)大宗农、副产品、矿产品及一部分工业制成品惯于采用按重量计算,一些贵重商品也惯于采用重量单位。

(2)按数量计算适用于大多数工业制成品,尤其是日用消费品、轻工业品、机械产品及一部分土特产品。

(3)按长度计算多用于金属绳索、布匹,绸缎等商品买卖。

(4)面积单位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。

(5)体积单位仅用于木材、天然气及化学气体的买卖。

(6)容积单位中的蒲式耳是美国用来计量各种谷物的,公升和加仑多用于液体商品。

(7)有些国家对某些商品有自己习惯的或法定的计量单位。例如棉花许多国家以"包"为单位,糖以"袋"为单位。

3. 答:(1)毛重。是商品本身加包装重量。

(2)净重。是商品本身实际重量,不包括皮重。计算皮重时有按实际皮重、平均皮重、习惯皮重、约定皮重计算等四种做法。

(3)公量。有些商品因较强的吸湿性导致重量不稳定,对此类商品可用科学的方法除去其所含实际水分,然后再加上国际公认的标准含水量。即公量=干量+标准含水量。

(4)理论重量。对按固定规格形状和尺寸所生产和买卖的商品可从其件数推算总重量,此总重量即为理论重量。一般只作为计算实际重量的参考。

(5)法定重量和实物净重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接触商品的包装物料的重量,而除去这部分重量所表示出来的纯商品重量即为实物净重。此方法大多用于海关征税。

4. 答:数量机动幅度是指卖方可按买卖双方约定的某一具体数量多交或少交若干的幅度。他的规定方法有:

(1)合同中明确具体的规定数量的机动幅度。它既可只简单规定机动幅度,也可在此基础上约定由谁选择及作价原则。

(2)合同中为明确规定数量机动幅度,但将数量定为约数。《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定约数的增减幅度不超过10%。

(3)合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度。此时卖方交货数量原则上应与合同完全一致,但《跟单信用证统一惯例》500号出版物规定货物数量允许有5%的伸缩。

5. 答:(1)目前对在机动幅度范围内超出或低于合同数量的多装或少装部分,一般按合同价格计价结算。

(2)为防止有权选择溢短装的当事人利用行市变化有意多装或少装而获取额外好处,有的合同规定多装或少装部分不按合同价格计算,而代之以按装船日的行市或目的地的市场价格计算。

(3)若双方未能就装船日或到货日或是市场价格取得协议,则可交由仲裁机构解决。

(4)有的合同还规定多交或少交货物中一部分按合同价格计算,其余部分按装船时或到货时的市价计算。

V. True or False. For the false statements, please state the specific reasons.

1. ( T )

2. ( F ). The commonly used systems in the world are the Metric System, the British System and the U.S. System.

目前国际上通用的度量衡制度有米制、英制和美制。

3. ( F ). It is customary to calculate the weight by net weight if the contract does not stipulate definitely by gross weight or by net weight.

如果合同中没有明确规定是用毛重计量还是用净重计量,按惯例应按净重计量。

4. ( F ). Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare.

净重即货物自身的实际重量,不包括皮重。

5. ( F ). Conditioned weight is obtained with the moisture content of the commodity removed by scientific methods and the standardized moisture added.

公量即用科学方法抽出商品所含的水分,再加标准水分求的的重量。

6. ( F ) The buyer just can refuse the part which is greater than of the contract.

买方仅可以拒绝超出合同的部分。

7. ( F ). The buy er should pay for it. Under the “more or less” clause, the payment for the over-load or under-load will be made according to the contract price or at the market price at the time of shipment.

买方需要付款。如签有溢短装条款,在溢短装部分按合同规定的价格计价,或按装船时间的市价计算价格。

8. ( F ). The More or Less Clause in a sales contract allows the seller to deliver as more or as fewer goods as possible within a certain range.

9. ( F ). If without the certain range, The seller may not be paid.

10. ( T )

11. ( F ). Shipping Marks are to show the capacity and place of origin of the goods in transit.

12. ( T )

VI. Case study

1[Answer]:

According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won?t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles. That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing. In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract. This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.

2[Answer]:

According to I tem 2 of Article 21 of CISG: “If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect. In this case, in order to avoid unnecessary loss, the Chinese company should telephone or dispatch immediately a notice informing that the acceptance is ineffective as it is late.

3. [Answer]:

In international trade, the more or less clause has ample meaning , it means not only the total quantity should be subject to the stipulation, but also the quantity in each type. In this case, though the total quantity has not surpassed the 5%, but the quantity in each type is far away from the stipulation in the contract. So we consider that the seller has breached the quantity clause. and the importer refuse the goods owing to quantity problems is reasonable.

4. [Answer]:

对方的要求是合理的。卖方交货的数量应严格按照信用证的规定执行,且应按商品的净重交货。本案我方用双线新麻袋包装货物,每袋50公斤,但货物扣除皮重后不足500吨,说明我方短量交货,买方有权要求我方退回因短量而多收的货款,因此,对方的要求是合理的。

5. [Answer]:

卖方避免对交易货物的品质承担双重担保义务(既凭规格又凭样品);虽卖方电文中告诉对方货物与样品相似,而不是完全相符,但买方有权保留所赔的权利;买出具品质比样品低7%的证明,虽不符合实情,卖方拿不出留存样品,故要赔偿600英镑。

VII. Calculate and answer question

We import 20 M/T wool from New Zealand. In the S/C, there indicate “20 M/T”. When we receive the wool, we find that the actual regaining rate of water is highly up to 33%. How much do we loss in this transaction? In the S/C, what kind of quantity clause is suitable for us to avoid such un-necessary losses?

答:根据

损失量=20-20×(1+11%)/1+33%=3.3M/t

因此为了避免损失,应该采用公量计重的方法。

Unit 7 Packing and Marking of Goods

Key

I. For the false statements, please state True or False

1.(T)

2.(F)

3.(F)

4.(F)

5.(F)

6.(F)

7.(F)

8.(F)

9.(F)

II. Put the following into English:

1. consuming taste

2. gift packing

3. prettify commodities

4. portable packing

5. social customs

6. transparent packing

7. creative design 8. suspensible packing

III. Suppose you are an exporter and your business place is in China, please make the judgment if the following statements are correct or not and give your reasons.

1.(F)

2. (F)

3. (T)

4. (F)

5. (T)

6. (T)

7. (F)

8. (F)

9. (F) 10. (T)

IV. IV. Please give the definition to the followings in English:

1 Transport Packing: Transport packing is also called outer packing or big packing. It is used to prevent the packed goods from any damage, easy to store, pilferage-proof, convenient to load and unload and discharge.

2 Container: The container is a kind of tool used for transportation which can be thought of as a particular shipping packing of the cargo, usually provided by the ship company to go around.

3 Sales packing: Sales packing (also called inner packing, small packing or immediate packing ) is not only adopted as a form of protection to reduce the risks of goods being damaged in transit and prevent pilferage, but mainly with the purpose of promoting sales. It is now universally recognized as

a decisive aid in selling household consuming goods.

4 Neutral packing: The Neutral packing means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name and address of the factory/manufacturer, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the (outer or inner) packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. The purpose of using neutral packing by exporters is to break down the tariff and non-tariff barriers of some countries or regions, or meet the special demand of the transaction (such as entrepot). It may also help the manufacturers in exporting countries to increase the competitiveness of their products, expand the exports and market profitably in the importing countries.

5 Packing mark: Packing mark or recognition mark refers to different diagrams, words and figures which are written, printed, or brushed on the outside of the shipping packing in order that it is easy and convenient for goods? loading, unloading, store, inspection and discharge.

6 Shipping mark: Shipping marks are marks of simple designs, some letters, numbers and simple words on packages, often stenciled, that serve as identification of the consignment to which they belong. It is one of the most important elements which are agreed on by the exporter and the importer in a sales contract.

V. 简答题

1. 答:包装重要性体现在以下几个方面:

(1)是实现商品价值和使用价值的重要手段,是商品生产和消费之间的桥梁。

(2)出口商品需经过长距离辗转运输,有时需多次装卸、搬运和存储,包装可保证商品质量和数量完整,方便货物装卸、搬运、储存。

(3)商品生产过程,包装是最后一道工序;在流通领域中,包装具有保护商品、美化商品、宣传商品、提高售价的重要作用,并可作为对外竞争的重要手段。

约定包装条件的意义在于:

(1)不仅起到保护和美化商品作用,且包装本身还是货物说明的组成部分。

(2)按一些国家法律解释,如一方违反了所约定的包装条件,另一方有权提出索赔,甚至拒收货物。

2. 答:(1)必须适应商品特性。

(2)必须适应各种不同运输方式的要求。

(3)必须考虑有关国家的法律规定和客户要求。

(4)要保证包装牢固的前提下节省费用,便于各环节有关人员进行操作以免使货物遭受损失。

3. 答:(1)按包装方式,可分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装,后者又分为集装包和集装袋。

(2)按包装造型,可分为箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。

(3)按包装材料,可分为纸制,金属、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包装等。

(4)按包装质地,可分为软性,半硬性和硬性包装。

(5)按包装程度,可分为全部包装和局部包装。

4. 答:(1)便于陈列展销,以吸引顾客和供消费者选购。

(2)便于识别商品,以便消费者了解,看货成交。

(3)便于携带和使用,为消费者提供方便。

(4)要有艺术吸引力,以便吸引顾客、提高售价、扩大销路。

5. 答:(1)包装的装潢画面要美观大方,富有艺术吸引力,突出特点,图案和色彩要适应有关国家民族习惯和爱好,便于扩大出口。

(2)包装上的文字说明应同装潢画面紧密配合,互相衬托,以达到宣传和促销目的,使用文字应简明扼要,并能让顾客看懂,必要时可中、外文并用。

(3)包装上标签应注意有关国家的标签管理条例,尤其是食品、药品、服装。

(4)销售包装还应注意条形码技术的使用问题。

6. 答:(1)有效提高结算效率和准确性,也方便了顾客。

(2)有利于提高国际间贸易信息传递的准确性,使交易双方及时了解对方商品有关资料和本国商品在对方的销售情况。

(3)条形码的使用是有效促使名优商品打入许多国家超级市场的前提条件。

7. 答:定牌生产产生的原因有:

(1)世界许多国家超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店在其经营出售商品上标有本商店使用的商标或品牌,以扩大本企业知名度并显示该商品身价。

(2)出口厂商为利用买方经营能力及商业信誉和品牌声誉,以提高商品售价和扩大销路,

也采用定牌生产。

我国出口贸易中定牌生产具体做法有:

(1)在商品或包装上,打印上外商所指定的商标或品牌,而不标明生产国别和出口厂商名称。

(2)在商品或包装上,表明我国的商标或品牌,同时加注国外商号名称或表示其商号的标记。

(3)在商品或包装上,采用买方指定商标或品牌,同时注明"中国制造"字样。

8. 答:制定原因为:

(1)运输标志内容较多。

(2)有时要加进一些不必要项目。

(3)各国和各种运输方式之间对运输标志的要求差异较大,不能适应国际货物流动量的增加和多式联运的开展,不利于电子计算机在运输和单证流转方面的应用。

作用有:

(1)减少了运输标志内容,节省出口成本、时间和费用。

(2)提高计算机操作和审单效率,加速船舶和资金周转。

(3)消除因运输标志内容过多和繁杂而可能造成的失误和困难,保证交货的顺利进行。

1.答:

(1)对包装要求应当明确具体,做到明确规定包装材料、造型、规格。除传统商品外不宜采用"按惯常方式包装"等含糊包装术语。另外,除非买卖双方对具体内容事先充分交换意见或在长期业务往来中就问题取得一致认识,包装条款一定要明确具体。

(2)应订明包装费用由何方负担。按惯例,包装费用一般在货价之内,包装条款中无须另行订明。若买方坚持要求对原本不需包装的商品实施特殊包装,导致包装费用超出正常,增加产品成本,或包装物料刚好构成产品成本增加时,则需订明包装费用负担。若卖方同意接受买方提供包装,包装条款中还应订明寄送包装方法,包装送达日期,送交包装延迟责任及运送包装费用负担等内容。进口合同中对包装技术性较强的商品通常在单价后注明"包括包装费用",以免发生纠纷。

(3)明确由何方提供运输标志。按惯例,运输标志可由买方提供,也可由卖方决定。卖方决定时可不订入合同,或只订明"卖方标志",由卖方设计后通知买方。买方提供时应在合同中规定买方提供时间,如超过时间卖方可提出其他补救方法。

(4)明确包装不良应负的责任。保险公司一般不负责因包装不良造成的损失。在包装条款中,应对包装不善所造成损失的索赔问题作适当规定,以防止进口货物因包装不良受到损失,对仪器、机器设备进口时使用的包装条款,更应就索赔问题作出详细规定。

VI.案例题

1、答:(1)外商做法是否合理应从两个方面来看。(2)一般来讲,保险公司不负责因包装不良所造成的损失。所以在进口合同条款中外商应对包装不善造成的损失的索赔问题做出详细规定。若买方已做出规定,包装不良造成损失由卖方负责,那么外商的做法是合理的。若买方未作具体规定,则外商做法不尽合理,应由双方协商解决,或提交仲裁机构解决。

2、答:(1)按国际贸易习惯,唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供时间。如超过时间,卖方可提出其他补救办法,如自行规定唛头。(2)该公司在此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因,请其快速电告所设计唛头,否则将由该公司自行规定。

3、答:(1)我方据此提出拒收或索赔是完全合理的。(2)在国际货物买卖中,如一方违反了所约定的包装条件,另一方有权提出索赔,甚至可以拒收货物。由此可知,虽然外商交货数量与合同规定数量相符,但他的行为违反了合同中的包装条款,已构成违约,我方可以提出拒收或索赔。

4、答:有些国家的法律,把买卖分为两类,一种叫凭样品买卖,一种叫凭说明买卖。后者

自考《国际贸易》课后习题答案

第1章 什么是国际贸易? 对外贸易和国际贸易是指世界各国之间货物,服务与生产要素的交换活动。 对外贸易的产生需要什么条件? 1、有可供交换的剩余产品。 2、出现政治实体 国际贸易如何分类? 1、按交易内容划分:货物贸易,服务贸易,技术贸易 2、按商品移动方向划分:出口贸易,进口贸易,过境贸易,复出口与复进口,进出口里净进口 3、按交易对象划分:直接贸易,间接贸易,转口贸易 4、按运输方式划分:海运贸易,陆运贸易,空运贸易,多式联运贸易,邮购贸易 如何区分狭义与广义的对外贸易结构? 广义对外贸易:货物、服务在一国总进出口贸易和国际贸易中所占的比重。 狭义对外贸易:货物贸易或服务贸易本身的结构比较,分为对外货物贸易结构和对外服务贸易结构。 影响一国对外贸易依存度的因素有哪些? 1、国内和世界市场的发展程度的。 2、加工贸易的层次 3、汇率的变化 4、地区特点 第2章 对外贸易在社会再生产中处于什么地位? 社会再生产的四个环节中生产表现为起点,消费表现为终点,分配与交换表现为中间环节,而交换,又是生产,分配和交换的媒介要素。如果没有交换活动,一个国家的社会再生产过程无法正常进行,对外贸易是国家与国家之间的货物,服务和生产要素的交换活动。因此,对外贸易本身作为交换活动,使社会得以进行再生产。 对外贸易如何有助于实现社会产品? 1、对外贸易可以解决部分产品的价值实现。 2、对外贸易有助于实物形态的补偿。①初级产品实物补偿②工业制成品实物补偿 国家如何接受经济传递? 第一波:世界市场价格变动--国内经营对外贸易部门的价格变动--以对外贸易相关部门的要素价格变动 第二波:对外贸易相关部门要素价格波动--国内相关产业部门价格变动--产量与就业变动 第三波:产量与就业变动--整个经济部门结构变动与工资收入变动--社会服务变动--整个社会国民经济变动。 对外贸易在一国参与经济全球化中起到的作用。 1、是国际分工向纵深发展 2、加快各国国内市场和世界市场的融合。 3、促使世界各国增加研发投资。 4、加强了世界各国经济的相互作用。 5、扩大了世界市场上的交换内容 企业如何通过对外贸易提高并获得高额利润率 1、通过进口降低生产成本。 2、通过资本输出进行变相贸易。 3、通过出口获得超额利润。

国际贸易实务双语课程设计

《国际贸易实务》(英汉双语)课程设计大纲 课程类别:必修学时:72 课程性质:理论教学学分:4 适用专业:外文系、管理系、政法系等国贸专业、英语专业开课教研室:外文系、管理系、政法系专业教研室 一、课程设计基本目的、任务及课程建设指导思想 根据21世纪社会、经济、科技文化发展趋势,中国入世后对各类人才需求类型的变化,客观上使高等教育改革势在必行,培养既熟悉外贸业务,又精通英语的合格人才是当前大学教育面临的一个迫切任务。《国际贸易实务》是一门主要研究国际商品交换的基本知识、基本规则和具体操作技术的学科,也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性、应用性学科。该课程是我院外文系经贸英语专业、管理系市场营销专业、政法系国际贸易实务等专业的专业主干课程,有着独特的重要地位。 本课程比较系统地讲述了进出口业务环节,使我系经贸英语方向的学生既能够学到国际贸易进出口的基本专业知识,又能够提高和巩固英语语言应用能力,有利于学生能更好地就业,并且能很快地胜任对外贸易工作。本课程主要的任务是掌握国际贸易的基本知识并能较熟练地用英语进行阐述。 同时,为了更好地实施《国际贸易实务》课的教学改革,积极探索新型人才培养模式,我们逐渐确立了“三融合”的教学理念和“双主”教学思想。

所谓“三大融合”即: 1. 把知识传授与技能训练及职业态度培养有机融合起来,使三者相互融通,相互促进; 2. 把综合能力、创新能力和实践能力的培养有机融合起来,并强调以实践能力培养为中心,使三者相互作用,协同提高; 3. 把素质教育、知识传授与能力培养有机融合起来,使学生的知识、能力和素质结构优化、全面协调发展。 “双主”教育思想是一种既发挥教师的主导作用,同时又要充分体现学生的认知主体作用,即要把“教师中心”和“学生中心”两者的长处吸收过来,又要把两者的消极因素加以避免的教学思想。这就要求教师在一般的“传递-接受”教学活动后,通过多种手段向学生提供精心组织的情景,让学生在情景中运用教师讲过的原理、原则,主动思考、主动探索、主动发现,从而完成教学目的。 在“三融合”和“双主”教学思想的指导下,《国际贸易实务》课程组展开了一系列的教学改革,并取得了一定的成效。 二、课程设计的基本内容和教学要求 《国际贸易实务》是我院外文系、政法系、管理系相关专业必修的专业主干课之一。是一门专门研究国际间商品交换具体过程和习惯性做法的应用学科,也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性应用学科。 《国际贸易实务》课程的主要任务是,从贸易实践和法律的角度,

国际贸易实务课后习题答案

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D.货物贸易 9. 关于国际贸易的统计方法,我国采用的是() A. 国际贸易额 B.国际贸易量 C.总贸易体系 D.专门贸易体系 10. 下列指标中,剔除了价格变动影响的是() A.对外贸易值 B.对外贸易量 C.对外贸易额 D.贸易差额 二、多项选择题 1. 列入总进口的项目有() A. 供国内使用而直接进入的进口货物 B. 进入海关保税工厂的进口货物 C.进入海关保税仓库和自由区的进口货物 D.从海关保税仓库退出后进入本国市场的货物 E.从自由区退出后进入本国市场的货物 2.列入总出口的项目有() A.本国产品的出口 B.从海关保税工厂出口的货物 C.从国化货物的出口 D.从自由区出口的货物 E.从海关保税仓库出口的货物 3.列入专门进口的项目有() A.供国内消费或使用而直接进入的进口货物 B.进入海关保税工厂的进口货物 C.从海关保税仓库和自由区退出后进入本国市场的货物 D.进入自由区的进口货物 E.进入海关保税仓库的进口货物 4.列入专门出口的项目有() A.本国产品的出口 B.从海关保税工厂出口的货物 C.本国化货物出口 D.从自由区出口的货物 E.从海关保税仓库出口的货物 5.对外贸易地理方向会受到下列哪些因素的影响() A.地理位置 B.经济互补性 C.国际分工的形式 D.贸易政策 E.运输条件 6.就对外贸易与国内贸易的不同点来说,下列表述正确的有() A.对外贸易的困难比国内贸易多

国际贸易实务课后习题标准答案-(1)

第一章货物的品质和数量 一、名词解释(略) 二、填空题 1.文字说明、样品 2.规格、等级、标准、牌号 3.良好平均品质、上好可销品质 4.溢短装百分比、机动幅度的选择权和溢短部分的计价方法 5.重量单位、容积单位、个数单位、长度单位、面积单位、体积单位 6.公制、美制、英制、国际单位制 7.按实际皮重、按平均皮重、按约定皮重、按习惯皮重 三、选择题 1.C 2.C3。C 4.C 5。B 6.B 7.C 四、判断题 1.× 2.√3。×4.×5。√6.× 五、问答题 1.答:主要有:按货物的主要用途命名、按货物的主要原材料命名、按货物的主要成分命名、按货物的外观造型命名、使用褒义词命名、以人物名字命名、按货物的制作工艺命名。

2.答:品名条款必须明确、具体规定货物的名称;适合货物的特点;采用外文名称时,要做到译名准确,与原名意思一致,避免含糊不清或过于空洞。 3.答:国际货物买卖的交易双方首先必须在合同中明确规定货物的名称,才能进一步确定货物的质量。而货物的质量不仅关系到价格的高低、销售数量,而且直接关系到买卖双方的利益.因此,品质条款是国际货物买卖合同中的重要内容。 4.答:表示货物品质的方法有多种,具体包括:文字说明和样品。其中,文字说明的方法主要有规格、等级、标准、商标或牌号、产地等。在使用是应该根据货物的特点、市场习惯、实际需要和交易的具体情况选用. 5.答:合同中规定数量机动幅度一般使用溢短装条款,多装或少装数量的价款在合同中作相应的规定. 6.答:国际贸易中重量的规定方法有:毛重、净重、公量、理论重量、法定重量等。 7.答:有区别。《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定,About表明数量可有上下10%的伸缩,因此,“About 500m/t”的交货数量可在450-550m/t之间,而“500m/t 5% more or less at seller’s option"卖方最多可交525m/t,最少可交475m/t,多交或少交部分一般按合同价格计价。 六、案例分析题 1.答:在国际贸易中,商品的品质是买卖双方交易的重要条件,品质条款是买卖合同中的主要条款,也是买卖双方交接货物的重要依据,对双方具有严格的约束力,交易双方都必须严格遵守,不得擅自变更,否则,就会造成违约,引起

国际贸易实务习题答案完整版.doc

第一章:贸易术语 1.这一合同不属于CIF合同.因为CIF合同只要求卖方承担货物越过船弦之前的风险和损失,但根据合同规定,如果货轮迟于12月2日抵达目的港,买方有权取消合同.故卖方要承担运输过程中的风险,合同的规定已经超出了CIF的范围.若对方一定要我方保证到货时间,则应选用DES术语(目的港船上交货)或DEQ术语(目的港码头交货). 2.美方此举不合理.一般情况下,使用FOB术语订立的合同,卖方必须办理货物出口清关手续并支付出口关税及其它相关清关费用.(除非合同中另有规定,出口报关由买方负责.) 3.本案使用的是CFR价格条件,按照国际惯例的规定,此条件下当事人的风险划分是以装运港船舷为界。该案中货物在运输途中遭受风险损失,货物损失看似应由买方承担,但实际上卖方在装船时是将3000公吨小麦混装的,在货物抵运目的港后,再将其中1000公吨分拨给买方。这就涉及到有关“划拨”情况下风险转移的一种特殊原则,即在货物未划拨到合同项下之前,风险也不发生转移。在货物海运途中,合同项下属于买方的1000公吨货物尚未从卖方的其它货物中划拨出来,因此不具备风险转移的前提条件,即使货物在装运港越过船舷仍不发生风险的转移,有关风险损失仍应由卖方承担。本案因卖方未对合同项下的货物进行划拨,因此不具备风险转移的前提。 4.拒绝买方此要求.根据FOB术语我们可得知,租船是买方的责任,既然买方是以委托方式要求我方代为办理租船, ,并且费用由买方负担,所以能否租到合适的船,我方都不负任何责任。买方没有权利因此而撤销合同. 5.拒绝买方的要求.根据CIF术语,在货物越过装运港船弦时风险已经从卖方转移到买方.我方只负责货物在装运港之前的灭失或损失的一切风险,并支付货物运至目的港的正常运费以及签订保险合同及支付保险费.并在货物发出后及时将保险合同转让给买方.所以买方自己向中国人民保险公司提出索赔,.也没有退还全部货款的必要.

国际贸易实务双语教程+重点汇总

第四章Trade Terms 1.贸易术语的作用; 2.FCA/FOB/CFR/CIF/CPT/CIP买卖双方的责任义务(保险、租船订舱及支付运费、适合的运输方式、所加地点、进出口清关); 3.EXW和DDP买卖双方责任义务比较; 4.FCA术语装货的问题; 5.CIF买卖双方的责任划分界限及关于索赔的相关规定;装船通知的规定 6.CIF\CIP投保险种规定和投保加成率 第五章Quality 1.对等样品(counter sample)的定义: To avoid future disputes over the quality of the goods, the seller usually first duplicates the samples and then sends the duplicate to the buyer for confirmation. 2.凭样成交、凭等级买卖、凭FAQ、凭GMQ、凭产地、凭品牌、凭说明书买卖的适用产品范围: 3.质量有问题的处理 Buyer has the right to ask for reducing the price difference, or will refuse to take the goods, even to cancel the contact and declare for compensation. 4.凭样品卖方的种类 (1) Sale by the seller’s sample (2) Sale by the buyer’s sample (3)

Sale by the counter sample 5.质量机动幅度的内容和类型: 1. Specification of range 2. Specification of limitation 3. Specification of more or less (1) Quality Latitude/Quality Flexible Allowance (2) Quality Tolerance 第六章Quantity 1.数量单位的表示方法 2.运费按W/ M 或W 或M计算的适用产品范围 3.公量、毛重、净重、皮重的定义 4.公量、理论重量适用的产品 5.数量机动幅度的具体规定、溢短装条款及处理 6.数量违约的界定和处理办法 第七章Packing 1.按货物如何包装,产品的分类 2.指示性标志、警告性标志的辨别 3.销售包装和运输包装的含义 4.中性包装及定牌中性的定义 5.整箱装、拼箱装、内外包装的作用 6.运输包装(唛头)的制作 第八章Price 1.佣金(Commission)的定义

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