2003年社科院考博英语真题

中国社会科学院2003年博士研究生入学考试试题

PART ⅠV ocabulary (15 points)

Section A

Directions: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.

1. In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practial use in the average household.

A. appearance

B. popularity

C. dominance

D. consolidation

2. The judge remained sober despite the lawyer's ludicrous attempt to prove the defendant's innocence.

A. sad

B. sorry

C. serious

D. surprised

3. A pervasive negative attitude of the engineers toward projects funded by his company is the cause of the delay of signing the contract.

A. perpetual

B. pernicious

C. preventive

D. prevalent

4. Helen could not help feeling antipathy toward her father's new wife whom he married just two months after the death of Helen's mother.

A. sympathy

B. concession

C. compassion

D. hostility

5. California seems to be the home of the homeless since many are often observed tramping along railroad tracks and through the downtown areas of the cities.

A. roaming

B. trimming

C. stealing

D. stamping

6. On Christmas Eve in America the shopping malls are saturated with shoppers in a frantic competition for last minute gifts.

A. bustled

B. soared

C. filled

D. broadened

7. The blunder of Argentina's goalie cost them the game in the match against Brazil.

A. triumph

B. beat

C. mistake

D. struggle

8. The child was so ingenuous that even when she knocked the television off its stand so that it was irreparably damaged, her parents thought her to be charming.

A. intelligent

B. ingenious

C. adroi

D. naive

9. The low interest rates on banks loans provided an impetus for many to buy homes.

A. incentive

B. obstade

C. reason

D. delay

10. It was an allusion to what the scientist thought was an inappropriate distribution of funds for stem sell research.

A. reference

B. contradiction

C. explanation

D. rejection

11. Tim is dubious about diet pills which advertise quick weigh loss.

A. anxious

B. pessimistic

C. doubtful

D. ignorant

12. If the salesmen are not given tangible benefits for a high volume of sales, they will loose their motivation.

A. substantial

B. psychological

C. spiritual

D. profitable

13. Many people in Wales have an affinity with music.

A. reputation for

B. solubility in

C. tincture in

D. attraction to

14. His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him a guitar.

A. hidden

B. sophisticated

C. delicate

D. profound

15. A rapid portfolio turnover rate may preclude low long-term capital gains.

A. prohibit

B. lag

C. prevent

D. reject

Section B

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.

16. He was__________ with the deadly disease when he was 14, and has suffered with it for 10 years.

A. induced

B. inflicted

C. inserted

D. integrated

17. Every person on the sales team is__________ because they work together well.

A. incompatible

B. incredible

C. indefinite

D. indispensable

18. The secretary wants to__________ all the file clerks to make preparations for the company Christmas party.

A. enlighten

B. enlist

C. enable

D. enclose

19. To be a successful criminal, one must be___________.

A. empirical

B. emigrant

C. elegant

D. elusive

20. The low operating costs of the foreign company will___________ the high labor costs the business pays in its own country.

A. offend

B. obstruct

C. oblige

D. offset

21. Despite the fact that they were__________when they married, after 30 years they live together harmoniously.

A. contradictory

B. incompatible

C. contrary

D. compatible

22. Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until her accountant__________ with a satisfactory solution for both countries.

A. intercepted

B. interacted

C. interpreted

D. intervened

23.__________ was given by the committee to all of those who donated money.

A. Recognition

B. Attention

C. Tribute

D. Acknowledge ment

24. Most of the waiters are__________ in their work because the owner of the restaurant does not pay them on time.

A. rack

B. tack

C. slack

D. stack

25. It was their_________ decision to leave their country, and as a result, they lost their citizenship.

A. compulsory

B. deliberate

C. carefree

D. modest

26. She__________ scarlet fever when she was a baby and lost her eyesight.

A. distorted

B. contracted

C. subtracted

D. distracted

27. She is__________ to sprain her ankle because it is weak from 3 previous pains.

A. prone

B. disposed

C. bound

D. destined

28. Little boys seem to enjoy___________ train sets more than little girls.

A. capture

B. departure

C. fixture

D. miniature

29. Many skiers__________ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.

A. pad

B. pack

C. squeeze

D. cluster

30.A stateless young man may have felt__________ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.

A. intrigued

B. initiated

C. indicated

D. intimidated

PART ⅡGrammar (15 points)

Section A

Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.

31. There was a pause of complete stillness which the buzzing of the bees among the pink

A B C

roses sounded as loud as the fight of an aircraft.

D

32. This discrepancy was intriguing to Alfred Wegener , a young geologist working in Greeland

A B

in 1910. He thought the error too great to be accounted easily.

C D

33. From such data Wegener developed his floating continents theory. He envisioned an original

A

super continent that crystallized of molten material making up the infant earth, eventually the

B C

mass cracked and broke into several pieces-the present continents.

D

34. The subject may be approached in several directions, but the scene cannot be fully

A B

appreciated from any one vantage point.

C D

35. When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind

A B

are those of men such as Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso, great artists, inventors and

C

scientists——a selective and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius.

D

36. A favorite story among acoustic experts concerns with a noisy Long Island suburb where,

A B C

everyday and night, huge trucks rumbled down a freeway.

D

37. Though the wide universe is full of good, kernel of nourishing corn can come to man

A

only through his own toil bestowed that plot of ground which is given him to till.

B C D

38. Society is a joint-stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing of

A B C breadfor each shareholder, to surrender to the liberty and culture of each individual.

D

Section B

Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.

39. The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market, hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses, _________ the interest rates in Washington, and_________ undercapitalized.

A. loosing…fearing the company may still be

B. loosening…a fearing of the comp any still being

C. a loosening of…fear that company may still be

D. a loosening of…a fear that the company may still be

40. School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed, according to a recent study, to__________ any future need for busing.

A. significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces

B. significant integration increases in housing, which, in turn, reduces

C. increases housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduces

D. increases housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduce

41. __________ in the United States__________.

A. Three out of every four automobile owners…also own a bicycle

B. Out of every four, three automobile owners…also owns a bic ycle

C. Three out of every four automobile owners…owns bicycles

D. Out of every four owners of automobiles…bicycles are also owned by three

42. The relationship between corpulence and disease remains controversial, although statistics clearly __________ reduced life expectancy __________ chronic obesity.

A. associate a …to

B. associates a …with

C. associates a …to

D. associate a …with

43. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than__________.

A. they originally seemed

B. they originally seem to

C. they seemingly would cost originally

D. they seemed originally

44.__________a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than__________.

A. In Holland, it cos ts …the spending on military defense in the United States

B. In Holland they spend …he United States does on military defense

C. Holland spends …the military defense spending of the United States

D. Holland spends…the United States does on military defe nse

45. Distinguished architecture requires the expenditure of large sums of money, even if it is by no means certain__________ the expenditure of large sums of money__________ distinguished architecture.

A. that… produce

B. of…will produce

C. that…p roduces

D. as to…producing

PART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONG (30 points)

Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.

Passage1

An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controller and of the members of the governmental agency itself?

A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others——the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has “committed perjury,”we are not told what he has actually said.“Robbery” and“assault” do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior whic h are aversive to others are mentioned——in perjury the lack of customary correspondence between a

verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn“rule”behavior.

The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or“enforce” contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is“not under man but under law” have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.

46. In the development of a governement agency, __________.

A. The standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actual

application of this judgment

B. the function of law is important

C. the study of ordinance is the most important

D. practice is more important than criterion

47. One of the prominent characteristics of a law is__________.

A. the result on the individual's behavior on which a restraining influence is being exercised

B. the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agency

C. the result of a behavior on ordinary citizens

D. both A and B

48. What does the example“committed perjury” illustrate?

A. The law will examine closely what the individual said in court.

B. It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects on

others.

C. Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by law.

D. Both B and C

49. The other distinguishing trait of the law is____________.

A. punishment is carried out by the courts at all levels

B. rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency are specifically designed to

increase government control

C. a system of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by nature

D. any governmental reinforcement

50. Why are laws formed?

A. Laws are made before a contingency

B. Laws are made after a contingency

C. A contingency always happens before a law is approved and passed

D. Laws are passed to stand the'test of time'and are applicable to other similar circumstances

in the future

51. How does codification of the laws affect governmemtal agents?

A. The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectively

B. Government agencies have to compromise with factual conditions

C. Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for their

benefit

D. Laws can not be altered or modified but they can be incremented with new court decisions

and also through jurisprudence

Passage2

If income is transferred from rich persons to poor persons the proportion in which different sorts of goods and services are provided will be changed. Expensive luxuries will give place to more necessary articles, rare wines to meat and bread, new machines and factories to clothes and improved small dwellings; and there will be other changes of a like sort. In view of this fact, it is inexact to speak of a change in the distribution of the dividend in favor of, or adverse to, the poor. There is not a single definitely constituted heap of things coming into being each year and distributed now in one way, now in another. In fact, there is no such thing as the dividend from the point of view of both of two years, and therefore, there can be no such thing as a change in its distribution.

This, however, is a point of words rather than of substance. What I mean when I say that the distribution of the dividend has changed in favor of the poor is that, the general productive power of the community being given, poor people are getting more of the things they want at the expense of rich people getting less of the things they want. It might be thought at first sight that the only way in which this could happen would be through a transference of purchasing power from the rich to the poor. That, however, is not so. It is possible for the poor to be advantaged and the rich damaged, even though the quantity of purchasing power, i.e. of command over productive resources, held by both groups remains unaltered. This might happen if the technical methods of producing something predominatingly consumed by the poor were improvd and at the same time those of producing something predominatingly consumed by the rich were worsened, and if the net result was to leave the size of the national dividend as definde in Chapter V. unchanged. It might also happen if, by a system of rationing or some other device, the rich were forced to transfer their demand away from things which are important to the poor and which are produced under such conditions that diminished demand leads to lowered prices. Par contra——and this point will be seen in Part Ⅳ. To be very important practically——the shcre, both proportionate and absolute of command over the country's productive resources held by the poor may be increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain. Thus a change in distribution favorable to the poor may be brought about otherwise than by a transference of purchasing power, or command over productive resources, to them, and it does not mean a transference of these things to them. None the less, this sort of transference is the most important, and may be regarded as the typical, means by which changes in distribution favorable to the poor come about.

52. The method in which the writer believes is most effective for the poor benefiting from the rich is___________ .

A. amassing all products from the last two years and reallocating them

B. ensuring the majority of products available are more useful to the poor

C. offering low priced stock that the poor could afford

D. by limiting the buying of the rich

53. Why does the author use the term“the dividend” even tho ugh he has acknowledged that in fact it does not exist?

A. He is attempting to describe a transmittal circumstance.

B. He is articulating a metaphysical theory.

C. He is clarifying a situation.

D. He is devising an econometric formula.

54. Does the author believe that transference of purchasing power is effective in benefiting the poor?

A. No, he believes evenly distributing all resources is best.

B. No, he believes rationing of the rich is eminent.

C. Yes, he believes it is possible to limit the rich and make products for the poor more accessible.

D. Yes, distribution is influenced by transference and as a result the poor prosper.

55. Does the writer truly believe that the poor actually could be more privileged than the rich?

A. Yes, as long as the factories capacities manufacture items for the poor are increased.

B. No, this a theory, however, the reality is that the rich have the power.

C. Yes, as long as the rich are restricted from buying more than the poor.

D. No, but he is making a point that the rich could be put at a disadvantage to the benefit of

the poor.

56. To be very important practically——the share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the country's productive resources held by the poor may be increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greate

r share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain.

Choose one of the following which has the closest meaning to the above sentence.

A. If the relative price is proportionate to the control over the supply whihc is in favor of the

poor.

B. Products which are unaffordable are of no use, more control over the supply needs to be

exercised.

C. Products which are unaffordable are of no use, and therefore, more control over the supply

needs to be exercised to that the poor are profited.

D. If the price of the items the poor use is too high, they cannot afford them and so there needs

to be more control over the supply which is in favor of the poor.

57. Considering the main point of the reading, chose the best title from one of the following:

A. Robinhood Rides Again

B. The Poor Successfully Benefit from the Rich

C. Transference: The Power of the Poor over the Rich

D. A Distribution from the Poor to the Rich

Passage3

Many different meanings have been given to the word poetry. It would weary my readers if I were to discuss which of these definitions ought to be selected; I prefer telling them at once that which I have chosen. In my opinion, Poetry is the search after, and the delineation of, the Ideal.

The Poet is he who, by suppressing a part of what exists, by adding some imaginary touches to the picture, and by combining certain real circumstances that do not in fact happen together, completes and extends the work of nature. Thus the object of poetry is not to represent what is true, but to adornt it and to present to the mind some loftier image. Verse, regarded as the ideal beauty of language, may be eminently poetical; but verse does not of itself constitute poetry.

I now proceed to inquire whether among the actions, the sentiments, and the opinions of democratic nations there are any which lead to a conception of the ideal, and which may for this reason be considered as natural sources of poetry.

It must, in the first place, be acknowledged that the taste for ideal beauty, and the pleasure derived from the expression of it, are never so intense or so diffused among a democratic as among an aristocratic people. In aristocratic nations it sometimes happens that the body acts as it were spontaneously, while the higher faculties are bound and burdened by repose. Among these nations the people will often display poetic tastes, and their fancy sometimes ranges beyond and above what surrounds them.

But in democracies the love of physical gratification, the notion of bettering one's condition, the excitement of competition, the charm of anticipated success, are so many spurs to urge men onward in the active professions they have embraced, without allowing them to deviate for an instant from the track. The main stress of the faculties is to this point. The imagination is not extinct, but its chief function is to devise what may be useful and to represent what is real. The principle of equality not only diverts men from the description of ideal beauty; it also diminishes the number of objects to be described.

Aristocracy, by maintaining society in a fixed position, is favorable to the solidity and duration of positive religions as well as to the stability of political institutions. Not only does it keep the human mind within a certain sphere of belief, but it predisposes the mind to adopt one faith rather than another. An aristocratic people will always be prone to place intermediate powers between God and man. In this respect it may be said that the aristocratic element is favorable to poetry. When the universe is peopled with supernatural beings, not palpable to sense, but discovered by the mind, the imagination ranges freely; and poets, finding a thousand subjects to delineate, also find a countless audience to take an interest in their productions.

In democratic ages it sometimes happens, on the contrary, that men are as much afloat in matters of faith as they are in their laws. Skepticism then draws the imagination of poets backs to earth and confines them to the real and visible world. Even when the principle of equality does not disturb religious conviction, it tends to simplify it and to divert attention from secondary agents, to fix it principally on the Supreme Power.

Aristocracy naturally leads the human mind to the contemplation of the past and fixes it there. Democracy, on the contrary, gives men a sort of instinctive distaste for what is ancient. In this repect aristocracy is far more favorable to pietry; for things commonly grow larger and more obscure as they are more remote, and for this twofold reason they are better suited to the delineation of the ideal.

58. Why does the author give his opinion of the definition of poetry?

A. He doesn't want his readers to be confused

B. He wants to get to his point and not discuss definitions

C. Many people have tried to define it, and he wanted to add another by giving his point of

view

D. He doesn't think the other definitions are accurate

59. The purpose of the passage is to__________.

A. explain the meaning of poetry and the art of a poet

B. contrast poetry with a democratic and a aristocratic societies

C. explain how poetry, democracy, and aristocracy intermingle

D. contrast the inclination towards poetry in democratic and aristocratic societies

60. How do those of an aristocracy and those of a democracy differ in the use of their imaginations?

A. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is boundless, and for those of a democracy, the

imagination is used to reach realistic goals.

B. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is used to reach realistic goals, and for those of

a democracy, the imagination is boundless.

C. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is boundless, and for those of a democracy, the

imagination is used to reach unrealistic goals.

D. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is bound to be practical, and for those of a

democracy, the imagination is used to reach realistic goals.

61. How does the author contrast aristocratic and democratic societies in their response to religion?

A. Democratic societies are more receptive than aristocratic societies

B. Aristocratic societies are more receptive than democratic societies

C. Aristocratic societies are not as receptive as democratic societies

D.Democratic societies are just as more receptive as aristocratic societies

62. How do aristocratic societies' perception of spiritual powers influence whether they are “favorable to poetry” or not?

A. Since they are aware of the supernatural powers around them, they are inhibited to write

B. They become voerwhelmed with the revealing of the psyche, and as a result they write

C. Their imagination has been reigned in; and therefore, they will not write

D. Not only man, but spiritual beings are attentive to their art, so they are stimulated to

write

63. How does a democratic nation influence poetry?

A. It limits writing.

B. It enhances writing.

C. It embellishes writing.

D. It deepens writing.

Passage4

One reaction to all the concern about tropical deforestation is a blank stare that asks the question, “Since I don't live in the tropics, what does it have to do with me?” The answer is that your way of life, wherever you live in the world, is tied to the tropics in many ways. If you live in a house, wach your hair, eat fruit and vegetables, drink soda, or drive a car, you can be certain that you are affected by the loss of topical forests. Biologically, we are losing the richest regions on

earth when, each minute, a piece of tropical forest the size of ten city blocks vanishes. As many as five million species of plants, animals and insects, 40 to 50percent of all living things, live there, and are being irrevocably lost faster than they can be found and described. Their loss is incalculable.

Take medicine, for example. Fewer than one percent of tropical forest plants have been examined for their chemical compounds. Nonetheless, scientists have integrated a wealth of important plants into our everyday lives. The West African calabar bean is used to treat glaucoma, while the sankerfoot plant of India yields reserpine, essential for treating hypertension. A West African vine provides the basis for strophanthus, a heart medicine. Quinine, an alkaloid derived from boiling the bark of the cinchona tree, is used to prevent and treat malaria. Derivatives from the rosy periwinkle offer a 99 percent chance of remission for victims of lymphocytic leukemia, as well as a 59 percent chance of recovery from Hodgkin's disease. In fact, of the 3,000 plant species in the world known to contain anti-cancer properties, 2,100 are from the tropical rain forest. Then there is rubber. For many uses, only natural rubber from trees will do, synthetics are not good enough. Today, over half of the world's commercial rubber is produced in Malaysia and Indonesia, while the Amazon's rubber industry produces much of the world's four million tons. Adding ammonia to rubber produces latex which is used for surgical gloves, balloons, adhesives, and foam rubber. Latex, plus a weak mixture of acid results in sheet rubber used for footwear and many sporting goods. Literally thousands of tropical plants are valuable for their industrial uses. Many provide fiber and canes for furniture, soundproofing and insulation. Palm oil, a product of the tropics, brings to your table margarine, cooking oil, bakery products, and candles. Palm nut oil, from the seed kernel inside the fruit, is found in soap, candles, and mayonnaise. The sap from Amazonian copaiba trees, poured straight into a fuel tank, can power a truck. At present, 20 percent of Brazil's diesel fuel comes from this tree. An expanded use of this might reduce our dependency on irreplaceable fossil fuels.

Many scientists assert that deforestation contributes to the greenhouse effect, the heating of the earth from increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As we destroy forests, we lose their ability to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. Garbon dioxide levels could double within the next half-century, warming the earth by as much as 4.5 degrees. The result? A partial melt-down of the polar ice caps, raising sea levels as much as 24 feet. A rise of 15 feet would threaten anyone living withtin 35 miles of the coast. Farfetched? Perhaps, but scientists warn tha by the time we realize the severe effects of tropical deforestation, it will be 20 years too late. Can tropical deforestation affect our everyday lives? We only have to look at the catalogued tropical forests and the abundance of wondrous products from which we benefit every day to know the answer. After all, the next discovery could be a cure for cancer or the common cold, or the answer to feeding the hungry, or fuelling our world for centuries to come.

64. According to the information contained in the article, tropical deforestation___________.

A. will continue relentlessly and cannot be prevented

B. may have critical consequences for the survival of mankind

C. is not a really serious problem and reports have been widely exaggerated

D. is necessary for the economic development of non-industrialized countries

65. It can be inferred from the article that the majority of tropical forests___________.

A. contain a few valuable plants which possess curative properties

B. are of little interest to scientists involved in medical research

C. could be the source of a cure for life threatening diseases and various health problems

D. as a region produce only one percent of modem medicines

66. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the article?

A. Many different kinds of medicine come from tropical forests

B. Virtually all of the world's rain forest has already been destroyed

C. Tropical forests are disappearing at an alarming rate

D. Tropical deforestation affects people in all parts of the globe

67. Which question is NOT answered in the article?

A. How many plant species found outside tropical rain forests could be used in the treatment

of cancer?

B. Which plant has a product used for the treatment of anxiety?

C. Worldwide, what is the total annual production of synthetic rubber?

D. Which rain forest plant can be used for the treatment of eye disease?

68. If the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air continues to increase at current rates___________.

A. average daily temperatures wordwide could increase considerably

B. some sea levle islands could be threatened by flooding

C. all coastal regions throughout the world could be at serious risk

D. all of the above

69. Based upon the content of the article, it can be assumed that the wrier___________.

A. would actively involve herself in actions designed to bring the rain forest problem to the

attention of governments worldwide

B. has little interest in the destruction about which she is writing

C. obtained a few facts and produced a story with no basis in reality

D. is only satisfied when creatin stories which are intended to frighten people

Passage5

Building on the base of evidence and interpretation in Hansen's (1994) qualitative study of working people's diaries, we assigned each diarist a set of codes to indicate employment, marital status, number of children,and size of the town in which he or she lived. To analyze the number, location and gender mix of visitin occasions, we coded each day in January and July for every year of the diary, counting the number of named visitors, the visitors' gender, the size of the visiting occasion (1 to 4 people, or 5 and above), the gender mix of those present during the visit, and the location of the visit. While this may seem straightforward at first glance, the variable nature of the diary entries meant that the coding process was not as uncomplicated as we initially anticipated.

Given the number of diarists and the span of diary-keeping years, we faced the possibility of coding over 200,000 diary days. Because of the labor-intensive nature of the coding and the number of entries, we chose to code only 2 months——January and July——of each year a diarist kept a diary. We chose 2 months that could reflect a range of sociability. Severe January weather in New England impeded mobility, but it also freed those who were farmers from most of their labor——intensive chores. July tended to be haying season for farmers, which meant some people routinely worked all month in the fields——some alone, some wiht hired help. Further, the clement July weather meant grater mobility for all of the diary keepers. For some people——those who kept a diary for only a single year——the fact that we coded only 2 months out of each year

meant we have only 62 “diary-days” t o document their social lives. For others, we have several thousand. Limiting ourselves to January and July for each diary year, we nonetheless coded entries for a total of 24,752 diary days. In an effort to capture an accurate picture of visiting patterns, we coded every day of a given month, even those that had no entry or that mentioned only the weather, as well as those that recorded numerous visiting occasions in one day.

Determining a working definition of what constituted a visit was also an unexpected challenge. For example, although schoolteacher Mary Mudge kept a meticulous record of her visiting“rounds,” listing names, places, and conversation topics, other diarists were not as forthcoming. A typical entry in farmer John Campbell's diary (9 July, 1825) was less amenable to out initial coding scheme:“Go to Carr's for Oxen.”(See Hansen and Mcdonald, 1995, for a fuller discussion of the pitfalls of coding diary data.) We therefore created the following coding protocol.

We defined a visit as any occasion in which the diarist names the presence of individuals not of his or her household, the presence of the non-household member serving to distinguish between a community interaction and a household interaction. We also coded as visits public events at which the diarist was present but others in attendance were not named. The most common among these were records of church attendance. Although an entry“went to church ”did not result in a finding of specific male or female visitors, it was a community interaction; thus, these entries were coded as gender-mixed visiting occasions of five or more people in a public place. Because of the variable nature of diary-keeping practices, we were careful to record only what we could confidently infer. Therefore, some entries record visits but no named individuals. Others, such as church attendance (which is generally a large-group event) or a visit to one named friend (which is an intimate affair), allowed us to code the size of the group. Still others, when the location of the visit was specifically mentioned, allowed us to code the diarist as hosting, acting as a guest in another's home, or interaction at a public place.

70. What is the significance of Hansen's study to the passage?

A. It was the foundation of the research

B. It was the groundwork for the research

C. It was the research that was coded

D. It was the example used for the coding

71. What was coded?

A. Writing about everyday life

B. A distinctive study

C. The months of January and July

D. The visitors the writers had

72. Why were only the months of January and July chosen to be coded?

A. To make the task more idealistic

B. These two months were appropriate representatives of the year

C. These months gave more opportunity for visitation

D. To make the task more realistic

73. What is the purpose of this study?

A. To record social habits

B. To analyze anti-social behavior

C. To analyze frequency and purposes of social gatherings

D. To analyze frequency and purposes of keeping diaries

74. How did diaries such as John Campbell's influence the study?

A. They demanded more specific classification of visits

B. They demanded that church attendance be included as visits

C. They demanded that visiting a friend be classified as intimate

D. They demanded that both men and women be present

75. One weakness of this study may be___________.

A. It overestimates the level of sociability in the diarists' lives

B. It underestimates the level of sociability in the diarists' lives

C. It misinterprets the level of sociability in the diarists' lives

D. It underrates the level of sociability in the diarists' lives

PART ⅣTranslation (30 points)

Directions: Write your translations in your answer sheet.

Section A: Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.(15%)

Americans find it difficult to think about old age until they are propelled into the midst of it by their own aging and that of relatives and friends. Aging is the neglected stepchild of the human life cycle.Though we have begun to examine the socially taboo subjects of dying and death, we have leaped over that long period of time preceding death known as old age. In truth, it is easier to manage the problem of death than the problem of living as an old person.Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's own personality and one's life.(1)

We base our feelings on primitive fears, prejudice and stereotypes rather than on knowledge and insight. In reality, the way one experiences old age is contingent upon circumstances of late-life events (in what order they occur, how they occur, when they occur) and the social supports one receives: adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, religious support, recreation.(2)All of these are crucial and interconnected elements which together determine the quality of late life.

Old age is neither inherently miserable nor inherently sublime——like every stage of life it has problems, joys, fears and potentials. The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young.(3)Much that is unique in old age in fact derives from the reality of aging and the imminence of death. The old must clarify and find use for what they have attained in a lifetime of learning and adapting; they must conserve strength and resources where necessary and adjust creatively to those changes and losses that occur as part of the aging experience.(4)The elderly have the potential for qualities of human reflection and observation which can only come from having lived an entire life span. There is a lifetime accumulation of personality and experience which is available to be used and enjoyed.(5)

Section B: Translate the following sentences into good English.(15%)

1.实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。

2.文化是某一特定人群所有传统、习俗、信仰和各种生活方式的总和。

3.一个国家的妇女通过她们的生活方式塑造了这个国家的道德、宗教和政治。

4.帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。

5.推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。

试题详解

Section A

1.A advent出现，到来；appearance出现；popularity普及，流行；dominance优势，统治；consolidation巩固，合并。

2.C sober冷静，镇定；serious严肃，认真的；sad伤心的；sorry抱歉的；surprised惊讶的。

3.D pervasive普遍深入的；prevalent普遍的；perpetual永久的；pernicious有害的；preventive 预防的。

4.D antipathy憎恶的，反感；hostility敌意的；sympathy同情的；concession让步；compassion 同情的。

5.A tramping流浪；roaming闲逛；trimming整理；stealing偷盗；stamping冲压。

6.C saturate使充满；bustle匆匆忙忙；soar高飞；fill充满；broaden开阔。

7.C blunder失误；triumph胜利；beat敲打；mistake错误；struggle奋斗。

8.D ingenuous坦白的，直率的；intelligent聪明的；ingenious机灵的；adroit机捷的；nalve 天真的。

9.A impetus推动力；incentive动机；obstacle障碍；reason原因；delay延误，推迟。

10.A allusion提及；reference提及；contradiction矛盾；explanation解释；rejection拒绝。

11.C dubious可疑的，不确定的；anxious担忧的；pessimistic悲观的；doubtful怀疑的；ignorant 无知的。

12.A tangible切实的；substantial真实的；psychological心理上的；spiritual精神上的；profitable有利的。

13.D affinity with对……吸引力；reputation for有……名声；solubility in在……里可溶解；tincture in在……有些许味道；attraction to对……有吸引力。

14.A latent潜伏的，隐藏的；hiden隐藏的；sophisticated复杂的；delicate精密的；profound 深刻的。

15.C preclude排除；prohibit禁止；lag落后于；prevent防止；reject拒绝。

Section B

16.B inflicted使承担；induced劝诱；inserted插入；integrated使成整体。

17.D indispensable不可或缺的；incompatible不相容的；incredible难以置信的；indefinite 不确定的。

18.B enlist征募，征召；enlighten启发；enable使能够；enclose装入。

19.D elusive难懂的，易忘的；empirical经验主义的；emigrant移民；elegant文雅的。

20.D offset抵消；offend得罪；obstruct阻碍；oblige迫使。

21.B incompatible不调和的；contradictory反对的；contrary相反的；compatible协调的。

22.D intervened插入，干预；intercepted截取；interacted相互作用；interpreted翻译，解释。

23.D Acknowledgement感谢；Recognition承认；Attention注意；Tribute礼物。

24.C slack松散的，疏忽的；rack行李架；tack大头针；stack一堆。

25.B deliberate深思熟虑的；compulsory义务的；carefree欠考虑的；modest谦虚的。

26.B contracted感染；distorted使扭曲；subtracted减去；distracted使分心。

27.D prone易于……；disposed有……倾向的；bound一定要；destined注定。

28.D miniature缩小的；capture捕获；departure出发；fixture固定设备。

29.D cluster丛生，成群；pad加上垫衬；pack包装；squeeze压榨。

30.D intimidated胁迫；intrigued激起兴趣；initiated开始；indicated指出，象征。

PART ⅡGrammar (15 point)

Section A

31.B which应该是when

32.D account for，说明，对……负责

33.B of应该去掉

34.A approached from

35.D selective应该是selectively

36.C concernd with

37.C bestowed后面加on

38.D 应该是surrendering to

Section B

39.D 40.A 41.A 42.D 43.A 44.D 45.C

PARTⅢREADING COMPREHENSION (30 point)

Passage1

46.B 此题实际上是对第一句话的理解，答案应该是B。

47.A 文章第二段举例说明了法律的突出特征就是其实施的约束性的影响在个人行为上产生的结果。

48.B 文章举这个例子是为了说明法律只有当个人行为对其他人产生了负面影响时才会起作用。所以答案选B。

49.C 文章第二段中的最后一句话中有答案。

50.D 文章第二段中提到法律既是对过去行为的描述也是确定未来的相类似行为。在此选D。

51.A 文章最后一段提到，法律对政府机构工作人员的影响就是，他们必须严格按照法律规定，客观性地履行自己的职责。

Passage2

52.B 文章的第二段中提到，要使分配有利于穷人的办法是使生产穷人所需商品的生产力提高而生产富人所需商品的生产力降低，也就是使可获得的商品对穷人更有用。

53.B 作者为了设想一种抽象的理论。This (dividend), however, is a point of words rather than of substance.

54.C 文章提到可能通过限制富人购买，来使商品价格降低，使穷人有能力购买更多的商品以实现购买力的转移。所以购买力的转移是真的可以使穷人获利。

55.D 文章虽然列举了实现购买力转移的一些可以实行的办法，但是那些在现实中都是不可能实现的。作者只是在解释怎么样才能牺牲富人的利益来优惠穷人。

56.D 对穷人而言，如果消费品的价格太高，他们就支付不起无法获得生活必需品。因此，要对消费品的供给进行控制，从而有利于穷人。

57.D C不对，本文并不是谈购买力的转移。也不是穷人成功的从富人身上获益，B不对。A选项更恰当。只有D较为全面准确的概括了文章的主题。

Passage3

58.B 文章第一段直接，作者不想让读者感到厌倦，而直接给出自己的看法，以便自己继续下去，因为他的用意不是讨论诗的定义。

59.D 全文一直都在比较贵族社会和民主社会里人们对诗的喜好程度的不同。

60.A 文章的第四段中提到the taste for ideal beauty…are nevr so intense or so diffused among

a democratic as among an aristocratic people。

61.B 文章第六、第七段中可以找到答案。

62.D 文章第六段提到When the universe…oest, finding a thousand subject to delineate…in their productions。

63.A 文章第五段最后一句话中提到，平等的原则不仅使人们不再描写美丽，而且还减少了可描写的主题。也就是说民主社会会限制人们写诗的欲望。

Passage4

64.B 文章中讲到了热带雨林在人们生活中所起的重要作用，所以它对人类的生存会有关键性的影响。

65.C 文章提到人们研究了不到百分之一的热带雨林，就发现了很多中可利用的药物成分。所以不难推测，这些热带雨林可能是治疗致命的疾病和各种健康问题的良药。

66.D 文章全篇先是强调热带雨林对人类的价值，再讲热带雨林的减少对人类生活可能产生的影响。

67.C A、B、D都可以在文章中找到答案，所以选C。

68.D 文章提到了热带雨林减少可能带来的危害，包括气温升高，极地冰山融化，海平面升高，这些将导致海岸边35英里的地方被海水淹没。所以答案选D。

69.A 文章中作者写出了热带雨林对人类的重要性，所以他应该会积极地致力于使世界各国政府都能明白雨林的问题。

Passage5

70.A 从文章第一句Building on the base of evidence and interpretation in Hansen's qualitative study…，可以推断出答案。

71.A 文章说的是记录日记，也就是每天的生活。

72.D 文章解释了为什么选择这两个月份，因为这样才真正有可能进行这项研究，也就是更实际。

73.C 文章一直都在解释这个研究的进行方法，并且提到了对visit的定义，从中我们可以推断出研究者重点要研究的是visits,也就是social gatherings。

74.A 文章中提到了John Campbell's diary,接着就说研究者创造了以下的定义，即如何定义visit。

75.B 因为并不是每个人都会每天写日记，所以这项研究的不足之处是会低估社交活动水平。

PARTⅣTranslation (30 points)

Section A 英译中

参考译文

（1）死亡是富有戏剧性的、一次性危机，而老年则是一天天、一年年地与强大的内外力量抗争。一种苦乐掺半的逐渐适当自己老年时的个性和生活的过程。

（2）事实上，一个人老年经历如何是因下列因素而异的：身体健康状况、性格、早年经历、晚年事变的具体情形（这些事变发生之先后、情况及具体时间）及他得到的社会支持，如是否有足够的金钱、住处、医疗、社会任务、宗教支持、文化娱乐。

（3）年老的过程及最后的死亡必须从根本上被看作是生命周期的自然进程，老人结束他们各自的寿数，为年轻人让路。

（4）老人必须弄清自己毕生学习和适应的收获并加以利用，他们必须在必要时，保持精力和物力，并创造性地使自己适应于衰老过程中必定会经历的变化与损失。

（5）在一生中积累形成的品格与经验老年时间可以受益。

Section B Chinese to English

Reference answers:

1. Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or

semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.

2. Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group

of human beings.

3. The women of a nation mold its morals, its religion, and its politics by the lives they live.

4. Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the

lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.

5. To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and

to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.

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