2008年职称英语理工类教材新增部分内容
2008年职称英语理工类教材新增部分内容
第二部分阅读判断
（两篇）
第七篇
Moderate Earthquake Strikes England
A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County2. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.
"It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride3," said the woman.
The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5, about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.
Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.
"I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me," said Hendrick van Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. "I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down."
There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4. 8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.
The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France12. Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too mush by this prediction, Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.
词汇：
moderate adj. 中等的
magnitude n. 值，强度量
topple v. 倾倒，震倒
rouse v. 唤醒
tremor n. 震动
hop v. 齐足跳起
fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场
scale n. 震级
Forthcoming adj. 即将来临的evacuate v. 疏散
geological adj. 地质的
注释:
1.power：电力
2.Kent County：肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]
3.It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride：它(地震)给人的感觉是
整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动。ride 是“游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置”。as if 是“好象……一样；仿佛”，例如：
He treated me as if I were his son.
(他待我如同他的儿子一样。)
4.the 4.3-magnitude quake：里氏4.3级地震
5.English Channel：英吉利海峡
6.Dover：多佛尔[英格兰东南部港市]
7.Channel Tunnel：海峡隧道。Channel Tunnel (常简称为Chunnel) 是连接英法两国的海峡
隧道。
8.Canterbury：坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地]
9.it was getting heavier and heavier：爆裂声越来越响
10.Birmingham：伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]
11.the Richter scale：里氏震级表。美国地震学家Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985) 于1935
年制定了地震震级表。
12.British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an
area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France：英国地质勘测所的科学家Roger Musson 说，这次4 月28 日遭遇地震的地区就是经受过袭击英国最强烈的几次大地震的同一地区，其中的一次大地震发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，巴黎也能感到它的震波。
13.a matter of time：时间问题。又如：It’s not a matter of money (这不是个钱的问题。)
练习：
1. During the April 28 earthquake, whole England was left without power.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
3.It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured, but not seriously.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
5. The country's strongest earthquake took place in London .in 1580.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
7.It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1. B题句说2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电，与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符。短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区，电力中断，几千名居民无电可用。所以，题句是错误的，答案为B。
2. C本题所说的意思是：地震发生后，海峡隧道关闭了10小时。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
3. A题句的意思是：地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤。题句表达的意思与第一段第一句表达的内容相符。所以选项A是答案。
4. C题句表达的意思是：法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作。这一内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
5. B题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580 年发生在伦敦，这与短文表述的事实不符。短文第七段第一句明白无误地说，英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海。题句表达的信息是错误的，故答案为B。
6. A题句说Musson 预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震。这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符。短文中说，另一次地震将袭击英格兰东南部，这只是个时间问题。所以答案是A。
7. A短文第六段第一句说，全球每年发生强度为里氏4 级左右的地震有几千次，但是这种中等强度的地震英格兰很少发生。据此，读者可以容易地推断出，高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了。
第十篇
Irish Dolphins may have a unique dialect
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.
"When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.
References8in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.
They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.
词汇：
Irish adj. 爱尔兰的
socialise v. 社交，交往
Dolphin n.海豚
bottle-nose dolphin 宽吻海豚
sperm whale 巨头鲸
click n. 咔哒声，喀嚓声
estuary n. 河口，江口
vocalisation n. 发声
shed n. 小屋，棚
digitalise v. 使数字化
whistle n. 啸声
forage v. 搜寻（食物）
prey n. 被捕食的动物
gunshot n. 射击声
groan n. 呻吟，叹息
pulse n. 脉冲
stun v. 击昏
注释:
1. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF): 香农海豚与野生生物基金会。
2.the Shannon River：香农河[ 位于爱尔兰共和国的中西部]
3.cow shed: 牛棚
4.those 指代前半句的whistles。
5.Ronan Hickey…separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 dif ferent
categories：Ronan Hickey 将啸声划分为6大类32种
6.most = most categories
7.both sets of dolphins 是指the Irish dolphins 和the Welsh dolphins。
8.References in local legend:：当地传说中的有关说法
9.they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century：海豚可能早在公元6
世纪就在香农河河口繁衍生息，resident 是形容词，意思是“居住的”。
练习：
1. The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2. Ronan Hickey analysed almost 2000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins. .
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
3. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
4. Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
5. Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
6. As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
7. Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25,000 people come to see them every year.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
.
答案与题解：
1. C本题所说的意思是宽吻海豚与巨头鲸进食习惯上大相径庭，这一点令科学家很感兴趣。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
2. B题句的意思是：Ronan Hickey 分析了爱尔兰海豚发出的近2000种不同的方言。这句话与短文中叙述的意思不符。第三段第一句说：Ronan Hickey 分析了爱尔兰海豚和威尔士海豚(不仅仅是爱尔兰海豚)发出的近2000种不同的啸声(不是方言)。所以，本题选项B 是答案。
3. A题句表达的意思与第三段第二句所述的内容相符。32 种啸声中有8 种是爱尔兰海豚独有的。所以答案是A。
4. A短文第四段第一句说科学家正在设法将啸声与海豚的行为特性联系起来，其中也包括成年海豚与小海豚之间的联络这一行为。题句的意思与原句的意思相符，所以答案是A。
5. C本题所说的意思是鲸鱼能发出比海豚更强烈的超声波去杀死猎物。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
6. B短文第五段说的是，早在公元6世纪海豚就在香农河河口繁衍生息，而没有说早在公元6世纪渔民开始在香农河河口养殖海豚。题句的意思与文章的意思不符，所以答案是B。
7. A题句表达的意思与最后一段的意思相符。原文说大约每年有25000 名游客专程到此乘坐当地的小船观看海豚.。所以答案是A。
第三部分概括大意与完成句子
（两篇）
第四篇
Compact Disks
1If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers - a digital code1. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide
2A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music. 3Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
4There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc - Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount
of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.
5CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last
a long time by taking care of them.
6Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
词汇：
bump n. 隆块，隆起
floppy disk 软（磁）盘
spiral adj. 螺旋形的
format n. 格式
probe n. 探测器
dye n. 染色
floppy adj. 松软的
permanently adv. 永久地
注释：
1. he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers - a digital
code：他说的对，因为实际上声音以特殊的数字的形式，即数码，刻录在CD碟片上。
in that 是"因为"，如：
Water is essential in that without it all living things would die.
（水是基本要素，因为没有水，所有生物都要死亡。）
2. CD player：CD播放机
3. as you would do with a floppy disk：就象你使用软磁盘一样
4. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc - Read Only Memory：CD-ROM 是Compact Disc -
Read Only Memory 这五个词首字母的组成的缩写词。
5. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented：过不了几
年，说不定又会发明一种全新的技术…。many more years 是"再过许多年".
6. "there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs"语
法上可以理解为"there is no doubt （about the fact that）you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs".
练习：
1. Paragraphs 1 & 2
2. Paragraph 3
3. Paragraph 4
4. Paragraph 5
A Digital code has wide applications.
B Floppy disks are outdated.
C CDs are durable.
D CD's working principle is explained.
E CD-RWs play better than CD-ROMs.
F CDs are of many formats.
5. One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can __________ like floppy disks.
6. The author predicts it will not __________ before a new technology is invented for
music recording.
7. The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to __________ of a CD
player.
8. Space probes could not __________ without using digital codes.
A shine on bumps
B take many more years
C be the key parts
D restore the original code
E be written on and rewritten on
F keep contact with their ground station efficiently
答案与题解：
1. D第一、二段介绍了CD 的工作原理。声音以数码的形式刻录到CD碟片上。要
回听声音，就得用CD 放音机，CD 机用激光照射CD，接收器收和分析从CD 反
射回来的激光波，还原为原来的数码，再转换为原来的声音。所以，D 是答案。
2. A第三段第一句{"Digital codes are used with many technologies."）是主题句。本
段其它句子提供例证，即应用领域。作者例举了5个领域：电邮、航天通讯、条码、手机和天气预报。选项A的"Digital code has wide applications"与主题句的意思完全
吻合，所以是答案。
3. F第四段第一句（"There are many types of compact disks"} 是主题句。本段其它句
子列举了两种常用的CD 格式（format）, 一种是CD-RW，另一种是CD-ROM.
选项F 的"CDs are of many formats"概括了本段的大意，是答案。
4. C第五段说的是CD碟片经久耐用，1982年上市的CD 碟片至今还能使用，其音
质依旧。现在上市的CD，更加耐用，如果使用得当，其寿命可达70－200年。选项 C 用了durable 予以概括是很恰当的，所以，C是答案。
5. E第四段中出现CD-RW 这个词，介绍了"They can be recorded on and re-recorded
on （rewritten on）。这就是选E 的依据。
6. B第六段能找到与答案有关的句子，即It may not be many more years before a
completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording.
7. C第二段说到在CD 机上还原数码时依靠的是激光发射装置和接收器。由此我们
可以推论出激光发射器和接收器是CD 机的主要部件。所以C是答案。
8. F第三段第三句（"Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using
digital codes"）是选F的依据。
第十一篇
The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World
1.Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built. Y ou could stuff hundreds
of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.
2.The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube.
One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows - but never gets as big as the other droplet - and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost.
This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke2.
3.The technique exploits the fact that surface tension -- the tendency of atoms or molecules to
resist separating -- becomes more important at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.
4.Although the amount of energy produced is small -- 20 microwatts -- it is quite impressive in
relation to the tiny scale of the motor4. The whole setup5 is less than 200 nanometers on a
side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camry's 225 horsepower V6 engine.
5.In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which
was 100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl's group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.
6.Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other
things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside yur body to find disease and repair damaged cells.
词汇：
shuffle v. 来回运动
nanometer n. 纳米，毫微米
molten adj. 熔化的
micromotor n. 微电机
droplet n. 小滴
nanotube n. 纳米管
nanoconveyor n. 纳米传送带
nanotechnology n. 纳米技术
bump v. 碰撞
mimic v. 模仿
sop v. 吸入
stroke n. 行程，冲程
microwatt n. 微瓦
nanomotor n. 纳米发动机
nanomachine n. 纳米机器
注释：
1. ever：比以往任何时候，曾经。如：
This is the best book I have ever read.
（这是我读过的书中最好的一本。）
2. power stroke：动力行程
3. at small scales：在小等级上。这里指的是"在纳米等级上".
4. it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor：与电动机的小等级相比，
功率是相当可观了。in relation to 是"与……相比".如：
The city is quite large in relation to its population.
（就人口而言，这个城市相当的大。）
5. setup：装置。这里指nanomotor.
6. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine：如果纳米电动机能按比例
放大到汽车发动机的尺寸。scale…up to 是"把……按比例放大到……".
7. across：从一端到另一端
练习：
1. Paragraph 2
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
4. Paragraph 6
A An introduction of a Toyota's 225 horsepower V6 engine.
B A description of the nanomotor in terms of power and size.
C Surface tension.
D Previous inventions of nanoscale products.
E The working principle of the nanomotor.
F Possible fields of application in the future.
5. Doctors envision that the nanomotor would travel through human bodies to __________ .
6. Surface tension means the tendency of atoms or molecules to __________ .
7. Nanoconveyors could be used.to __________ .
8. Applying a small electric current causes atoms to __________ .
A remove disease
B resist separating
C shuffle between two molten metal droplets
D power nanomachines
E sop up molecules from the large droplet
F transport nanoscale objects
答案与题解：
1. E 第二段介绍了纳米发动机的工作原理。两小滴金属熔液通上微弱电流，大的小
滴的原子就会缓慢逸出，加入小的小滴，后者体积不断增大，到一定阶段，就会与
前者碰撞，这时，大的小滴便夺回它失去的原子，这就是一次power stroke （动力行程，动力冲程），此时就会产生发动机的动功。原子如此来来去去运动，就象发动机活塞一样。这就是纳米发动机的工作原理。所以，E 是答案。
2. B 第四段描述了纳米发动机的功率（20微瓦）和体积（200纳米）。选项 B 用
"A description of the nanomotor in terms of power and size"概括本段大意，很准确，所以，B 是答案。
3. D 第五段介绍了发明纳米发动机之前的一些纳米等级的机械产品，如体积大一些
的纳米发动机，微型发动机，纳米传送带，纳米机器等。选项 D 概括了本段的大意，所以是答案。
4. F 第六段预想了纳米发动机的用途，如用于光电路以改变光的方向（redirect light）
和驱动纳米机器进入人体，消灭病灶。选项 F 是答案，因为"Possible fields of application in the future" 概括了本段的大意。
5. A答案是 A.题干出现doctors envision，选项的内容应与医学有关，选项A是
remove disease, 正好与题干的内容相配，是答案。短文第一段和最后一段也提到纳米发动机进入人体消灭病灶的可能性，证明了选A是正确的。
6. B 选B的依据是第三段第一句"surface tension -- the tendency of atoms or molecules
to resist separating -- becomes more important at small scales".
7. F 题干的nanoconveyor 提示我们，纳米传送带的功能自然是传送纳米等级的物
体，所以，F 是答案。
8. C题干的Applying a small electric current…在第二段能找到，该段讲的是纳米发动
机的工作原理。如果了解原子在两小滴金属熔液中来回运动，产生动力，就会知道 C 是答案。
第四部分阅读理解
（八篇）
1. Electric Backpack (C级)
（替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第二篇：Will Quality Eat up the US Lead in Software? ）
Backpacks are convenient. They can hold your books, your lunch, and a change of clothes, leaving your hands free to do other things. Someday, if you don’t mind carrying a heavy load, your backpacks might also power your MP31player, keep your cell phone running, and maybe even light your way home.
Lawrence C. Rome and his colleagues from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia2 and the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole3, Mass. 4, have invented a backpack that makes electricity from energy produced while its wearer walks. In military actions, search-and-rescue operations, and scientific field studies, people rely increasingly on cell phones, global positioning system (GPS)5receivers, night-vision goggles, and other battery-powered devices to get around and do their work.. The backpack’s electricity-generating feature could dramatically reduce the amount of a wearer’s loa d now devoted to spare batteries, report Rome and his colleagues in the Sept. 9 Science6.
The backpack’s electricity-creating powers depend on springs used to hang a cloth pack from its metal frame. The frame sits against the wearer’s back, and the whole p ack moves up and down as the person walks. A gear mechanism converts vertical movements of the pack to rotary motions of an electrical generator, producing up to 7.4 watts.
Unexpectedly, tests showed that wearers of the new backpack alter their gaits in response to the pack’s oscillations, so that they carry loads more comfortably and with less effort than they do ordinary backpacks. Because of that surprising advantage, Rome plans to commercialize both electric and non-electric versions of the backpack.
The backpack could be especially useful for soldiers, scientists, mountaineers, and emergency workers who typically carry heavy backpacks. For the rest of us, power-generating backpacks could make it possible to walk, play video games, watch TV, and listen to music, all at the same time. Electricity-generating packs aren’t on the market yet, but if you do get one eventually, just make sure to look both ways before crossing the street!
词汇：
backpack n.背包
watt n. 瓦（特）
receiver n. 接收机
gait n. 步态，步法
night-vision goggle 夜视镜
oscillation n. 摆动
spring n. 弹簧
commercialize v. 商业化
vertical adj. 垂直的
mountaineer n. 登山运动员
rotary adj. 旋转的
注释：
1.MP3 ：Internet上最流行的音乐格式，最早起源于1987年德国一家公司的EU147数字
传输计划，它利用MPEGAudioLayer3的技术，将声音文件用1∶12左右的压缩率压缩，变成容量较小的音乐文件，使传输和储存更为便捷，更利于互联网用户在网上试听或下载到个人计算机。
2.Philadelphia：费城[美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市]
3.Woods Hole：美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村，也是许多重要研究机构所在地，如：the Marine
Biological Laboratory, the Sea Education Association 以及the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
4.Mass.：Massachusetts 的缩写：马萨诸塞州，美国东北部的一个州。
5.global positioning system (GPS)：全球定位系统
6.Science：美国的Science 杂志为国际上著名的自然科学综合类学术期刊，在世界学术界
享有盛誉。Science 杂志创刊于1880年，该杂志具有新闻杂志和学术期刊的双重特点，每周除向世界各地发布有关科学技术和科技政策的重要新闻外，还发表全球科技研究最显著突破的研究论文和报告。
练习：
1. Backpacks are convenient because
A) they can be very large
B) they can hold as many things as you want to carry.
C) your hands are freed to do other things.
D) you do not have to carry things with you.
2. What is the most important feature of the backpack invented by Lawrence C. Rome and his
colleagues?
A) It produces electricity for electronic devices while the wearer walks.
B) It can be used as cell phones, GPS in the military actions or field studies.
C) It is small and convenient.
D) It is light and easy to carry.
3. The word “springs” in Paragraph 3 means
A) a small stream of water flowing naturally from the earth.
B) the season of the year, occurring between winter and summer.
C) the act or an instance of jumping or leaping.
D) a length of metal wound around, which returns to its original shape after being pushed.
4. According to Paragraph 4, what does Rome plan to do?
A) To make the backpack more comfortable for the wearer.
B) To put the backpack on the market.
C) To test the advantage of the backpack.
D) To promote the backpack in a newspaper or on television.
5. What is implied in “if you do get one eventually, just make sure to look both ways before
crossing the street!”
A) Y ou will be too excited to watch the traffic.
B) Enjoying electronic devices while walking may invite traffic accidents.
C) It is not possible for you to get such a backpack.
D) It is wise of you to have such a backpack.
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段告诉我们，因为背包可以装许多东西，所以可以将双手解放出来做其它事情：
to free your hands to do other things.
2. A第二段的第一句说，Lawrence C. Rome 及其同事们发明的这种背包，当背着背包
走路时，会有电能产生；该段最后一句告诉我们，背包的这种性能可减少背包的重量，因为不必携带备用电池。
3． D “springs”在此是弹簧的意思。spring是一个多义词：泉水（A）、春天（B）、弹跳（C）。
4． B 第四段最后一句的意思是：Rome计划将这种背包商业化，即，推向市场。A、C、D在文中均未提到。D的意思是为背包做广告。
5． B 这个句子的字面意思是：如果你终于得到这样的背包，过马路时一定要两面都看看。也就是说，不要因为同时玩着游戏、听着音乐、看着电视，太专注以致不注意来往车辆了。
2. Flying the Hyper1 Skies (C级)
（替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第六篇：Live with Computer）
A little airplane has given new mea ning to the term “going hyper.”
The Hyper-X2recently broke the record for air-breathing jet planes when it traveled at a hypersonic speed of seven times the speed of sound. That’s about 5,000 miles per hour. At this speed, you’d get around the world – flying along the equator – in less than 5 hours.
The hyper-X is an unmanned, experimental aircraft just 12 feet long. It achieves hypersonic speed using a special sort of engine known as a scramjet3. It may sound like something from a comic book, but engineers have been experimenting with scramjets since the 1960s.
For an engine to burn fuel and produce energy, it needs oxygen. A jet engine, like those on passenger airplanes, gets oxygen from the air. A rocket engine typically goes faster but has to carry its own supply of oxygen. A scramjet engine goes as fast as a rocket, but it doesn’t have to carry its own oxygen supply.
A scramjet’s special design allows it to obtain oxygen from the air that flows through the engine. And it does so without letting the fast-moving air put out the combustion flames. However, a scramjet engine works properly only at speeds greater than five times the speed of sound.
A booster rocket carried the Hyper-X to an altitude of about 100,000 feet for its test flight. The aircraft’s re cord-beating flight lasted just 11 seconds. Although the little plane’s self-powered flight lasted only 11 seconds, that brief journey on March 27 makes a major milestone on the way to a new breed of very fast airplanes, comments Werner J. A. Dahm of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor4. In the future, engineers predict, airplanes equipped with scramjet engines could transport cargo quickly and cheaply to the brink of space. Such hypersonic jets could potentially carry passengers anywhere in the world in just a few hours.
Out of the three experimental Hyper-X aircrafts built for NASA5, only one is now left. The agency has plans for another 11-second hypersonic flight, this time at 10 times the speed of the sound.
词汇：
hypersonic adj. 超音速的
booster n. 助推器
equator n. 赤道
milestone n. 里程碑
unmanned adj. 无人的
booster rocket助推火箭
scramjet n. 超音速燃烧冲压式, 喷气发动机
cargo n. 货物
combustion n. 燃烧brink n. 边缘
注释：
1.Hyper: 构词词素，意思是：超，极度的；例如：hypersonic (超音速)，hyper text （超文
本），hyperactive（极度活跃）。
2. Hyper-X：美国国家航空和宇宙航行局进行了多年的超音速飞机研究项目（Hyper X
Program）中的一架实验飞机。
3. scramjet：该词由三个词素缩略而成：s(upersonic超音速)，c(ombustion：燃烧) 和ramjet
(喷气引擎)，即，一种喷气式飞机发动机，设计用于极超音速飞行，燃料在飞机产生的极超音速气流中燃烧。
4.Ann Arbor：美国密歇根州（Michigan）的一个城市，华盛顿郡郡政府所在地，因密歇根
大学而闻名。
5.NASA：是National Aeronautics and Space Administration的缩写, 中文译名是：(美国) 国
家航空和宇宙航行局。
练习：
1. The Hyper X broke the record because
A) It was the first air-breathing jet plane.
B) It flew along the equator.
C) It flew at speeds smaller than five times the speed of sound.
D) It traveled at a supersonic speed.
2. What kind of an engine did the Hyper X use?
A) A jet engine that gets oxygen from the air.
B) A scramjet engine that doesn’t carry its own oxygen supply.
C) A rocket engine that carries its own supply of oxygen.
D) A jet engine that uses no oxygen.
3. What is NOT true about the scramjet engine?
A) It goes slower than a rocket.
B) It extracts oxygen from the air that flows through the engine.
C) It works only at speeds greater than five times the speed of sound.
D) It doesn’t carry its own oxygen supply.
4. What did Werner J. A. Dahm of the University of Michigan say about the Hyper X test flight?
A) It indicated the birth of a very fast airplane.
B) It was self-powered, so it lasted only 11 seconds.
C) It can transport cargo quickly and cheaply to the brink of space
D) It is a major milestone in the journey of making a new type of very fast airplanes
5. What has NASA planned to do?
A) To make another 11-second hypersonic flight at 10 times the speed of the sound.
B) To make three more Hyper X experiments.
C) To retest the aircraft that is left.
D) To make the aircraft fly higher and longer.
答案与题解：
1. C Hyper X之所以打破记录是因为它的飞行速度是音速的7倍。它不是第一架空气喷
气式飞机，也不是第一架超音速飞机，所以A和D都不对。Hyper X的试飞并未绕赤道飞行，所以B也是错误的选择。
2. B 第四段讲了三种发动机的氧气来源：喷气式发动机是从空气中汲取氧气，火箭发动
机必须自携氧气，而超音速冲压喷气发动机则不必自携氧气，而这正是Hyper X使用的发动机装置。
3. A根据第五段内容，B、C、D都是正确的说法。第四段最后一句告诉我们，A的说
法是不正确的。
4. D 文章的第六段中，密歇根大学的研究人员Werner J. A. Dahm 说，Hyper X的试飞
成功只是研制一种新式快速飞机过程中的一个里程碑（a major milestone on the way to a new breed of very fast airplanes），而不是新型飞机的诞生。所以，D是正确选择，A是错误选择。B也不是Werner J. A. Dahm想要表达的意思，C是其它工程师而不是Werner J. A. Dahm说的话。
5. A答案可在最后一段找到。
.
8.. Explorer of the Extreme Deep (C级)
（替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第二十篇：Hacking ）
Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet. Y et, just a small fraction of the underwater world has been explored. Now, Scientists at the Woods Hole1 Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle that will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet). The new machine, known as a manned submersible or human-operated vehicle (HOV), will replace another one named Alvin2 which has an amazing record of discovery, playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions. Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet). It’s about time for an upgrade, WHOI researchers say.
Alvin was launched in 1964. Since then, Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year, says Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI. During its lifetime, Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives.
A newer, better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises about a world that is still full of mysteries, Fornari says. It might also make the job of exploration a little easier. “We take so much for granted on land,” Fornari says. “We can walk around and se e with our eyes how big things are. We can see colors, special arrangements.”
Size-wise, the new HOV will be similar to Alvin. It’ll be about 37 feet long. The setting area inside will be a small sphere, about 8 feet wide, like Alvin, it’ll carry a pilot a nd two passengers. It will be just as maneuverable. In most other ways, it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view, for one thing. Alvin has only three windows, the new vehicle will have five, with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing.
Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second, and its maximum speed is 2
knots (about 2.3 miles per hour), while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second. It’ll reach spee ds of 3 knots, or 3.5 miles per hour. (361 words)
词汇：
fraction n. 一部分 dive v. & n. 潜水；跳水
underwater adj. 水下的；adv. 在水下
bound adj. 受约束的，一定的
manned adj. 载人的
sphere n. 球体；范围
undersea adj. 海底的
maneuverable adj. 机动的，可调动的
submersible n. 潜艇；潜水器
overlap v. & n. 重叠
upgrade n. 升级
ascend v. 上升
geologist n. 地质学家
注释：
1.Woods Hole：美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村，但同时拥有许多重要研究机构，如：the Marine
Biological Laboratory, the Sea Education Association 以及the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution。
2.Alvin: 世界上第一个深海潜水器，它最有名的深海探测包括1986年对泰坦尼克号残骸
的测量工作。
练习：
1.What is Alvin?
A) A research institute.
B) A transporting vehicle.
C) A submersible.
D) A scientist.
2.Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin?
A) It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters.
B) It has played a key role in various important undersea expeditions
C) It was launched in the sixties of the twentieth century.
D) It has been used for more than 40 years.
3. “… a world that is still full of mysteries” refers to
A) The earth.
B) Out space.
C) The ocean.
D) Mars.
4. In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar?
A) Size.
B) Speed.
C) Capacity.
D) Shape.
5. In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different?
A) Offering better views.
B) Speed.
C) Size.
D) Both A and B.
答案与题解：
1. C 短文第一段的第二、第三句提供了答案。
2. A文章第二段的第二句说，科学家正在研制一艘可将研究人员带到6,500米深处的潜
水装置，而它将替代Alvin，因为Alvin 只能潜到4,500米深处。A不是事实，所以是正确选择。
3. C 本文讨论探索海底世界的潜水装置，所以“充满神秘色彩的世界”指的就是海洋。
4. D 第四段的头三个句子告诉我们，HOV 和Alvin 在体积上和容量上相似。所以 D
是正确选择。
5. D 第四段最后两句告诉我们，Alvin 只有三个窗户，而HOV 有五个。最后一段告诉
我们，两艘潜水装置的上下活动速度和行进速度有所差别。所以 D 是正确选择。
9. Plant Gas (C级)
（替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第二十一篇：The Gene Industry）
Scientists have been studying natur al sources of methane for decades but hadn’t regarded plants as a producer, notes Frank Keppler, a geochemist at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heldelberg, Germany1. Now Keppler and his colleagues find that plants, from grasses to trees, may also be sources of the greenhouse gas. This is really surprising, because most scientists assumed that methane production requires an oxygen-free environment.
Previously, researchers had thought that it was impossible for plants to make significant amounts of the gas. They had assumed that microbes2 need to be in environments without oxygen to produce methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to globa l warming.
In its experiments, Keppler’s team used sealed chambers that contained the same concentration of oxygen that Earth’s atmosphere has. They measured the amounts of methane that were released by both living plants and dried plant material, such as fallen leaves.
With the dried plants, the researchers took measurement at temperatures ranging from 30 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, they found, a gram of dried plant material released up to 3 nanograms of methane per hour. (One nanogram is a billionth of a gram.) With every 10-degree rise in temperature, the amount of methane released each hour roughly doubled.
Living plants growing at their normal temperatures released as much as 370 nanograms of methane per gram of plant tissue per hour. Methane emissions tripled when living and dead plant was exposed to sunlight.
Because there was plenty of oxygen available, it’s unlikely that the types of bacteria that normally make methane were involved. Experiments on plants that were grown in water rather than soil also resulted in methane emissions. That’s another strong sign that the gas came from the
plants and not soil microbes.
The new finding is an “interesting observation,” says Jennifer Y. King, a biogeochemist at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul3. Because some types of soil microbes consume methane, they may prevent plant-produced methane from reaching the atmosphere. Field tests will be needed to assess the plant’s influence, she notes. (367 words)
词汇：
methane n. 甲烷，沼气
emission n. 散发，发射
geochemist n. 地球化学家
triple v. 增加三倍；adj. 三倍的
Celsius n & adj. 摄氏（的）
bacteria n. （bacterium的复数）细菌
microbe n. 微生物
nanogram n. 微克
Biogeochemist n.生物地球化学家
chamber n. 室，房间；腔
注释：
1. the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heldelberg, Germany：马克思·普朗克核物理
研究所，位于德国海德堡。海德堡系德国西南部城市，在巴登－符腾堡州的内卡河畔。
海德堡大学是德国历史最悠久的大学。
2. microbe：细菌，意义同bacterium（bacteria的单数形式），但microbe 不用作专门术语。
3. St. Paul：圣保罗，美国明尼苏达州首府。
练习：
1.What was scientists’ understanding of methane?
A) It was produced from plants.
B) It was not a greenhouse gas.
C) It was produced in oxygen-free environments.
D) It traps more heat than any other greenhouse gas.
2.To test whether plants are a source of methane, the scientists created
A) a oxygen-free environment.
B) an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth has.
C) a carbon dioxide-free environment.
D) an environment filled with the greenhouse gas
3Which statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the experiment?
A) The lower the temperature, the higher the amount of methane emissions.
B) Living plants release less methane than dried plants at the same temperature.
C) When exposed to sunlight, plants stop releasing methane.
D) The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of methane emissions.
4. What of the following about methane is Not mentioned in the passage ?
A) Plants growing in soil release methane.
B) Plants growing in water release methane.
C) Soil microbes consume methane.
D) Microbes in plants produce methane.
5. What is the beneficial point of some microbes consuming plant-produced methane?
A) Methane becomes less poisonous.
B) methane is turned into a fertilizer.
C) Less methane reaches the atmosphere.
D) Air becomes cleaner..
答案与题解：
1. C 短文的第一和第二段都讲到，科学家过去曾经认为，沼气必须在无氧的环境中才能
产生。注意，作者用的是过去式：Most scientists assumed that …，They had assumed that…。
2. B 第三段第一句说，科学家使用密封的房间来做实验，房间里氧气的浓度与地球大气
中的氧气浓度相仿。所以 B 句符合原文的意思，其它三个选择则不符合原文内容。3. D 根据第四和第五段的内容，只有D 是正确的说法。温度越高沼气的释放量越高，
有生命的植物释放的沼气远大于干植物的释放量，在阳光下，它们的沼气释放量是正常情况的三倍。
4. D 最后两段告诉我们，无论在土壤中还是在水中生长的植物都能释放沼气，土壤中
的微生物消耗沼气，使沼气不至于进入空气。所以A、B、C 的内容均符合短文最后两段中作者的意思。D 的内容短文中没有提到。
5. C 最后一段的第二句可以找到本题的答案。
10. Smart Window (B级)
（替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第三十三篇：Star Quality）
Windows not only let light in to cut down an electricity use for lighting, but the light coming through the window also provides heat. However, windows are not something people typically associate with being a cutting edge1technology. Researchers are now working on new technologies that enable a window to quickly change from clear to dark and anywhere in between with a flip of a switch2.
“It took us a long time to figure out what a window really is,” says Claes Granqvist. He’s a professor of solid-state physics at Uppsala University in Sweden3. “It’s contact with the outside wo rld. Y ou have to have visual contact with the surrounding world to feel well.” So, windows and natural light are important for improving the way people feel when they’re stuck indoors.
Y et, windows are the weak link in a building when it comes to energy and temperature control. In the winter, cold air leaks in. When it’s hot and sunny, sunlight streams in. All of this sunlight carries lots of heat and energy. And all of this extra heat forces people to turn on their air conditioners. Producing blasts of cold air, which can feel so refreshing, actually suck up enormous amounts of electricity in buildings around the world.
Windows have been a major focus of energy research for a long time. Over the years, scientists have come up with a variety of strategies for coating, glazing, and layering windows to make them more energy efficient. Smart windows go a step further. They use chromogenic
technologies which involve changes of color.
Electrochromic windows use electricity to change color. For example, a sheet of glass coated with thin layers of chemical compound such as tungsten oxide works a bit like a battery. Tungsten oxide is clear when an electric charge is applied and dark when the charge is removed, that is, when the amount of voltage is decreased, the wi ndow darkens until it’s completely dark after all electricity is taken away. So applying a voltage determines whether the window looks clear or dark.
One important feature that makes a smart window so smart is that it has a sort of “memory.” All it takes is a small jolt of voltage to turn the window from one state to the other. Then, it stays that way. Transitions take anywhere from 10 seconds to a few minutes, depending on the size of the window. The development of smart windows could mean that massive air conditioning systems may no longer need. “In the future,” Granqvist says, “our buildings may look different.
词汇：
flip n. & v. 用手指轻弹，轻击
tungsten oxide 氧化钨
air conditioner 空调（器）
jolt n. & v. 震摇，颠簸，晃动
refreshing adj. 使人清爽的
electrochromic adj. 电致变色的
glaze v. 装玻璃，用玻璃覆盖
voltage n. 电压
chromogenic adj. 发色的
air conditioning 空调，空调系统
注释：
1. cutting edge：本意为：(刀片的)刃口, 刀刃；比喻意为：最先进的，科技含量最高的。
2. anywhere in between with a flip of a switch：就在开或关的一霎那。
3. Uppsala University in Sweden：瑞典的乌普萨拉大学。乌普萨拉是瑞典东部一座城市，位
于斯德哥尔摩的西北方向。
练习：
1.Which of the following statements does not indicate the importance of windows as described
in the first two paragraphs?
A) Windows can change from clear to dark to save energy.
B) Windows help to save energy by letting light in.
C) Windows help to save energy by providing heat.
D) Windows enable people to have contact with the outside world.
2. When are windows the weak link in a building?
A) In the cold winter.
B) In the hot summer.
C) When air conditioners are turned on.
D) Both A and B.
3. What are smart windows, according to Paragraph 4?
A) Windows that are coated.
B) Windows that are glazed.
C) Windows the color of which can be changed.
D) Windows that have many layers.
4. To make electrochromic windows change color, what is applied to the window glass?
A) Electricity.
B) Tungsten oxide.
C) A battery.
D) A voltage.
5. What will be the benefit if the research on smart windows turns out to be successful,
according to the last paragraph?
A) The buildings will look different.
B) Windows can be as large as you want.
C) We may not need air conditioners any more.
D) They are less expensive than traditional windows.
答案与题解：
1. A第一段告诉我们窗户因为让阳光进入房间，并且为房间提供热源，所以节约了能源。
第二段说，窗户使人们能接触外部世界。所以B、C和D都说明了窗户的重要性。第一段最后一句说，研究者正在实验能让窗户变换亮度，但并没有说已经实验成功，所以A 是错误的说法，是正确选择。
2. D 短文第三段的第一句说：windows are the weak link in a building，接下来是对这句话
分寒冬和炎夏做了说明。所以D是正确选择。
3. C 第四段告诉我们，多年来，科学家已研究出多种通过窗户节能的办法，而smart
windows使用的技术使窗户能变换颜色。所以C是正确选择。
4. B 第五段第二句提供了答案。a sheet of glass coated with thin layers of chemical
compound such as tungsten oxide中的coated是“涂上一层薄薄的．．．”的意思。
5. C 短文最后一段的第五句提供了答案。
11. Where Have All the Bees Gone? (B级)
（替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第三十五篇：Single-parent Kids Do Best）
Scientists who study insects have a real mystery on their hands. All across the country, honeybees are leaving their hives and never returning. Researchers call this phenomenon colony-collapse1 disorder. According to surveys of beekeepers across the country, 25 to 40 percent of the honeybees in the United States have vanished from their hives since last fall. So far, no one can explain why.
Colony collapse is a serious concern because bees play an important role in the production of about one-third of the foods we eat. As they feed, honeybees spread pollen from flower to flower. Without this process, a plant can’t produce seeds or fruits.
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
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2015综合A真题及答案 第一部分词汇选项 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class a. control b. observe c. regulate d. accept 2 .she showed a natural aptitude for the work. a. sense b. talent c. flavor d. taste 3. most people find rejection hard to accept. a. Excuse b. client c. refusal d. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. a. Pleased b. powerful c. brave d. sensible 5. They were locked in mortal combat. a. Deadly b. open c. actual d. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. a. Amount b. supply c. tempt d. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. a. Clear b. necessary c. special d. correct 8. The stock exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. a. Service b. danger c. disorder d. threat 9 .He believed that Europe must change or it will perish. A. Survive b. last c. die d. move 10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. a. Fair b. full c. coexisting d. public 11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture. a. Policy b. value c. equality d. integration 12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. a. Principal b. official c. simple d. legal 13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation. a. Silence b. praise c. assure d. complain 14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear. a. Emotional b. nervous c. terrible d. continuous 15. The starving children were a pathetic sight. a. Common b. unexpected c. unforgettable d. pitiful
2015职称英语考试真题及答案(理工类B级)
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理工类职称英语新增完整版
理工类职称英语新增标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第八篇What Is a Dream For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions. Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. 1 The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by
职称英语考试理工类B级真题及答案
2014职称英语《理工B》真题及答案(代码22) 第一部分：词汇选项 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 1. The majority of people around here are decent. A. real B. honest C. normal D. wealthy 答案：D 2. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid. A. hidden B. traditional C. inflexible D. official 答案：C 3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation. A. furnish B. copy C. publish D. summarize 答案：A 4. Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down. A. excitement B. disappointment C. anger D. calm 答案：B 5. Several windows had been smashed. A. cleaned
C. fixed D. broken 答案：D 6. The worst agonies of the war were now beginning. A. pains B. parts C. aspects D. results 答案：A 7. London quickly became a flourishing port. A. major B. large C. successful D. commercial 答案：C 8. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day. A. homework B. justice C. model D. act 答案：D 9. He led a very moral life. A. human B. intelligent C. natural D. honourable 答案：D 好学教育2015年职称英语考试过关课程课件汇总：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ff4724996.html,/RhFad1W 10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.
2015年全国职称英语考试通关必备利器理工类A级教材牛津英语同义词字典版
M Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urban development. She warns that many of the world’s fast -growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely1 suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. “Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents. ” Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments,therefore,should take measures to protect their residents. “Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses,” Romero Lankao writes. “They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile, use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of’ climate change on cities. Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study. Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy “LDL ” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data4 has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person ’s heart attack risk In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology, Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake. Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: “Statins don ’t cut out all of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries. It ’s better to avoid fatty food altogeth er. But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack, taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it. ” It ’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge. It would cost less than 5 pence per customer —— not much different to a sachet of sugar, “ Dr Francis said. When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they ’re encouraged to take measures that lower their risk, like wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a stain is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal. Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That ’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it ，s also a space problem ：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s Universi ty, Canada." Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon ， but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don ’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately ，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
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职称英语理工类新增
写在最前面的关于30分题+15分 1. +表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章，考哪一级就看哪一级的内容，别的级别的题目完全不用看。 2. 每个级别新增阅读理解2篇完型填空2篇（今年以前完形填空只新增一篇），考试的时候，这两篇阅读理解必考一篇，文章完全一样，但是问题及答案不一定完全一样，所以仅仅记住答案是不可靠的，一定要结合后面的翻译把这篇文章看懂。那么这里5道题目15分必定能拿到。 然后完型填空，先说今年以前，只新增一篇完型填空，这篇完型填空必考，只是留空的位置不会完全一样，大约有40%左右的留空位置是一样，所以光背答案是没得用的，一定要把文章看熟。当然今年由于每个级别新增了2篇完型填空，那么考试的时候肯定也是2选1考一篇。这里15道题15分也很容易能拿到。 3. 词汇有15道题，替换同义词，找本字典翻翻，这15分也不难，至少12分能拿到吧。其他的题能拿多少分就看各位的英语底子了。做最坏的打算，剩下的题目还有55分，按瞎蒙25%的概率能拿到13.75分，加上前面的45分大约也有58分左右，所以要完全靠瞎蒙的朋友考试前多扶扶老奶奶过马路，多积累点人品吧。 4. 以上只是投机取巧的方法，各位有时间的话还是花点时间复习下，但是考前一定要把新增的题目掌握好，就算英语
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职称英语考试理工类B级考试试题
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2015年职称英语考试综合类A级教材字典版
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This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found
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