何家弘法律英语02

Lesson Two

Legal Profession 法律职业

?If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.

?Charles Dickens, British novelist ?倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。

?英国小说家狄更斯C

Background

?律师

?法官

法律职业

?检查官

?法学教师

变换频繁

Harlan Fiske Stone

Part 1 The Bar

?Bar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。?后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。

美国律师协会

律师

美国

Lawyer Attorney Attorney –at-law Counseler Counseler –at-law 英国

Barrister

诉讼律师

大律师，出庭律师Solicitor

非诉律师

诉状律师，事务律师

?The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice.

?对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。

?Most require three years of college and a law degree.

?Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar.

三年大学

法律学位

书面考试

Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.

各州律师联考

州综合问答题

?The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property.

?A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt.

?通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。

?In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states. ?每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。?No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission.

?在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。

?The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts,

?在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。

?but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. ?在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。

?A lawyer’s practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted.

?律师通常在一个地区执业

?可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务

?只能在获准开业的州从业

?It is customary to retain local counsel

for matters in other jurisdictions.

?在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。

?有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。

?One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years.

?如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。

A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.

从事律师业务

参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动

It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs.

在公司的董事会任职

从事商业活动

积极参与公共事务

?A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher,any may return to private practice from these other activities. ?律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。