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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language

1.The full name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

It is made up of many islands collectively known as the British Isles. Great Britain and Ireland are two main islands of the British Isles.

2.The River Thames(second longest and most important), originates in southwestern England -----North Sea.

3.Scotland ( Edinburgh ) important river:Clyde River kilts

4.Wales(Cardiff ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England.

5.Northern Ireland (Belfast) Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.

6.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量) Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability

7.London---Buckingham Palace, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul’s Cathedral, The Tower Bridge of London

8.The majority people of te population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.

Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people

9.English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.

10.Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.

11.①Old English: influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German and Dutch languages and ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by the French-speaking Normans.

②Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)

③Modern English(15 century):William Caxton brought standardization to English, and spelling and grammar became fixed. The first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.

12.Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also called “the Queen’s English” or “BBC English”. A third of world’s population use English.

Chapter 2 History

Roman Period 43-410 Christianity was brought to Britain

Roman Rule 1066-1381 Magna Carta; Black Death

Transition to Modern Age 1455-1688 The war of Roses; English Renaissance

Rise of Britain Empire 1688-1900 Industrial Revolution; Colonial Expansion Fall of British Empire 1914-1945 WWI, WWII, Great Depression

1. Recorded history in Britain began in the year 55BC, when Julius Caesar and his Roman troops invaded the island. In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, ending the Roman occupation.

2.Celtic→Spain and France Anglo-Saxon→Germanic Tribes

3. It is believed hat the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism

4. Henry II began the rule of the House of Anjou(安茹王朝) in England, also known as the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝). He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury system and institutionalized common law.

5. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism

6. Henry III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约) to limit the King’s power by calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy Council(枢密院). Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a representative parliament.

7.The Wars of the Roses: the House of York( white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red rose)→winner. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor.

8. In 1584, King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy 《至尊法案》. In 1651, Cromwell destroyed Charles II’s army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.

9. In 1688, Glorious Revolution happened. In 1689, parliament passed the Bill of Rights.

10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。

11.The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about 1/4 of the global population and the world’s landmass.

12.South African is the fourth self-government dominion of the British Empire after Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

13.The Central Powers: mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey

The Allies: mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy

14.The process of decolonization transformed the British Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations.

15.Tony Blair refused to adopt the European currency, the euro.

Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth

1.Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. Of all the countries in the world, only Israel and New Zealand are comparable to Britain in having no single constitutional document.

2.The British Constitution is made up of

① Statutory law 成文法,制定法（the most important）→ passed by parliament

②Common law 判例法，普通法→customs or legal precedents

③Conventions 习惯法，衡平法→not legally exist, but still vital

Parliament:

The law-making body

One of the oldest

representative

assemblies in the word

Consist of the King or

Queen, the House of

Lords and the House of

Commons.

3.

The King or

Queen’s role is

ceremonial,

unpolitical and

symbolic

4.

5.The House of commons performs three major functions. ①The most important is drafting new laws. ②to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government ③to influence the future government policy

6. The parliament: a two-party system

7. Three main parties: The Conservative Party, The Labor Party, The Liberal Democrats. The party which wins over half of the constituencies is the majority in the House of Commons.

8. The Queen of Britain is considered the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are all located in London.

Chapter 4 Economy

1.By the 19th century, the British economy had produced 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods.

2.In order to separate politics and economic policy, Tony Blair made the Bank of England independent. His government was successful in limiting government spending, keeping inflation under control and reducing unemployment.

3.Important crops are wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes. The major fishing areas are the North Sea, the English Channel, the waters off the Irish coast and the sea area between Britain and Iceland.

4.Major source of energy: coal mining, oil industry (relatively new), nuclear power

5.Three principal financial centers: London, Tokyo, New York

6.Tourism: Stonehenge, Windsor Castle. Britain is one of the world’s largest centers for

international conference.

7.Export partners: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, France

Import partner: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, China

Chapter 5 Education, Media and Holidays

1.Before 1870, education was voluntary and schools were set by the church.

20th century later on, government take responsibility for education

2.Four stages: ①primary: 5---11

②secondary: 11---16

③further education---16 two more years in preparation for higher education

④higher education---18

3.Two parallel school system

State system 93% →free to all children between 5---16 years old

Independent system →7%independent tuition fees and curriculum

4.Further Education

●At 16: National examination →GCSE(Certificate of Secondary Education) to leave or

continue

●Sixth form (2 years): 3 or 4 subjects

●A-level( General Certificate of Education---Advanced)→for universities

admittances(academic)

●GNVQ( General National V ocational Qualification)→for vocational training

5.Recruitment based on: Grades of A-levels, school refences, interview

6.Mostly funded by central government grants except university of Buckingham

B.A/B.S M.A/M.S Doctoral degree

3 years 1---2years 3---5years

Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.

7.For most British people, a day begins with the morning newspaper and ends with television.

Quality Press Tabloids

Format Large-size paper Smaller

Topic Political and social importance, high culture Scandals and gossip

Style Serious, in-depth Short, easy to read

Reader Well-educated, middle-class The common people

Example The Times The News of the World, The Sun on

Sunday

8.The Observer→the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper

The Times→one of Britain’s oldest and influential newspaper

THREE BIG: The Times, The guardian, The Daily Telegraph

9.BBC: The British Broadcasting Corporation, excel in documentaries

BSkyB: Britain’s top pay-television provider

10. Three Christmas traditions: ①Christmas pantomime ②Queen’s Christmas message ③Boxing Day (falls on the day after Christmas)

11. Trooping the Color (in June), known as the Queen’s Birthday Parade

Chapter 6 Literature

1.The old English: the epic Beowulf : folk legend of Anglo-Saxons

Middle English: Geoffrey Chaucer, the first court poet The Canterbury Tales

2.Renaissance

Hamlet is a milestone in Shakespeare’s dramatic development

Alexander Pope, the greatest English poet of the classical school

3. Jonathan Swift →Gulliver’s Travels

Daniel Defoe →Robinson Crusoe

4.William Wordsworth, passive Romanticism →Lake poets

Second generation of Romanticism →George Gordon Byron

5. It was in the Victorian Era that the novel became the leading form of literature

Chapter 8 Geography and People

1.The United States consist of 48 contiguous states in North America, plus Alaska, and Hawaii. Alaska: largest area Rhode: smallest area Texas: the largest state on the mainland

2.New England is the Europeans’first settlement, including Harvard, Yale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

3.Climate: temperate, with some mild subtropical zones

4.Major Cities:

New York →the commercial, financial and entertainment center. ( the biggest city)

San Francisco →a center of oil-refining, chemicals, commerce, finance and shipping industry Los Angeles→second largest city, where Hollywood is located

Chicago→“the Windy City”, is the nation’s third largest city

5.The longest river: Mississippi River, the longest in the world

The Great Lakes: from west to east

Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, & Lake Ontario

Lake Michigan belongs to USA. The other 4 belong to both USA & Canada

Chapter 9 History

1.It is traditionally believed that the first Americans were Indians, descendants of the Mongoloid people in Asia.

2.In 1781, the United States of America won its independence

In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which granted freedom to all slaves. Turning point: Gettysburg

3.Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933

Truman Truman Doctrine mark the beginning of the Cold War

Constitution

Constitution—basic instrument law

In Philadelphia

Drawn up in 1787,

Came into effect in 1789.

?separation of powers, check and balances;

?the federal government had the only powers specified in the constitution;

?The constitution goes first;

?All men are equal.

Qualifications for being a senator:

over 30 years old;

a US citizen for at least 9 years;

resident in the state from which he is elected.

Qualifications for being a representative:

at least 25 years old;

a US citizen for no less than 7 years;

serve for a term of two years.

donkey representing the Democratic Party and an elephant representing the Republican Party

The Democratic Party—liberal;Leading party before the civil war

The Republican Party —conservative;Abraham Lincoln: the first president from the Republican Party

Foreign policy Neutrality Containment and Intervention

Nixon administr ation’s historic step—closer ties with Communist countries：

New relationship with China—the most dramatic move;

Nixon— first US President to visit Beijing;

One academic year from September through June is required to complete each grade. Elementary and secondary education in the United States covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18. The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools is that of graded schools.

① Usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.

② The pattern under which the elementary school covers grades 1-5 or 6, the junior high school 6 or 7-9, and the high school 10-12 is also common.

Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636

Four categories of institutions:

The university

The four-year undergraduate institution---the college

Technical training institution

Two-year community college

Ivy League---including 8 universities( Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton and Yale)

Yale is the third oldest institution of higher education in America

The New York Times---number on for editorial quality and news coverage

The Washington Post---second biggest newspaper

Television and Broadcast

No government-owned television network

One channel with no commercials---public broadcasting service

Number 2 Senators each state According to the population of state

Term 6 years 2 years

Other Every 2 years 1/3 of them be re-elec

The life of a Congress is considered 2 years tion

General Sessions: each January 3 in the Capitol Building in Washington D.C.

Tony Blair: Labor Party

Mrs. Margaret Thatcher: Conservative Party

Suez Canal

Balkan Peninsula

Sarajevo

Serbia 塞尔维亚

A policy of appeasement 绥靖政策

Three Majestic Circles三环外交

Operation Desert Fox

Melting pot 大熔炉

Lexington

Saratoga

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