科技英语翻译第一单元答案
成绩
重庆邮电大学本科生
课程论文
论文题目：The differences of Interpersonal Relationships between Eastern and Western
课程名称：语言与社会
任课教师：王怡
专业：外语
班级：0511301
学号：2013211918
姓名：李淑民
2016年1月 5 日
重庆邮电大学外国语学院制
The differences of Interpersonal Relationships
between Eastern and Western
Abstract
With the development of the world, the world is becoming more and more smaller. The communication between the western and eastern seems to be unavoidable. But if people don’t really understand the different culture, they may be confused or even annoyed by the different people. This thesis is to analyze the differences of interpersonal relationship between eastern and western people from various aspects so that people can understand this phenomenon from a deep lever and make people more successful in the process of cross-cultural communication, avoid some embarrassing situations, prompt cooperation between eastern and western countries as well as make contribution in building a harmonious world.
Key words :interpersonal relationship, communication, cross-cultural
Outline
Title:The differences of Interpersonal Relationships between Eastern and Western
Thesis statement: It’s extremely important to know the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western in the process of learning Language and society.
1.Introduction
2.The representations of the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western
2.1The interpersonal relationship between eastern and western people
2.1.1Interpersonal relationships in family
2.1.2Interpersonal relationships in friends
3.The reason of the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western
3.1 The different traditional culture s
3.2 The different economies
3.3 The different managements of organizations
3.4 The different thought patterns
4.What people should do when they face the problems
4.1Being understanding
4.2 Overcoming the stereotype
4.3.accepting the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western
5.Conclusion
Bibliography
1.Introduction
With the world’s rapid developing, globalization is becoming unavoidable. The cultural communication appears to be frequent and close. There are many scholars pay their attention to the current phenomenon and they also do a lot of contribution on the matter. it's necessary to consider the potential reasons from different aspects so as to handle interpersonal relationships successfully.
2.The representations of the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western
2.1 The interpersonal relationship between eastern and western people
They have its own manifestations. In general, the eastern people are prone to adopt “collectivism” and “emotional relationship”, while western people prefer to “individualism” and “contractual relationship”.Some scholars think that collectivism is a social pattern associated with closed linked individuals who see themselves as parts of one or more groups. Collectivism is the essence of eastern culture. It advocates the national interest is above all and the individual belongs to the community. The individual has no or little effect if it leaves the community. Therefore, every member in the society must pay attention on the power of cooperation. People should consider someone else under any circumstances. They value friendships and relationships. The eastern people often make communications with others in the influence of emotions. On the contrary, the definition of individuals who view themselves as independent of collectives, gives priority to their personal goals over the goals of others and emphasize rational analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of associating with others. The represents of individualism are people primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contracts they have established with others. More often than not, western people think that the
society is made of individuals. Without individuals, the society will not exist. It is just because the pursuit of individual interest and happiness is an impetus to the society’s progress.
2.1.1Interpersonal relationships in family
Interpersonal relationships in family members is represented by collectivism which is maintained through some some emotional, moral powers. The parents of the eastern people generally assume the responsibility of taking care of their children welfare, including education, job hunting, marriage and so on. Certainly, children have a lifelong obligation to their parents, too. One aspect of the collectivist culture is the loyalty to the family. Many eastern people are willing to bring honor to the family. Many eastern people are willing to give up their dreams for the sake of their families. While, in western families, these phenomenon listed above are unlikely to happen. Westerns’ self-actualization and the maximal realization of individual potential are supreme aims in their life. The pursuit of individual rights and interests is thought utterly legitimate. In their mind, they should gain both emotional and financial independence from their parents as early as possible. Job hunting is regarded as absolutely private thing, family members seldom involve at such kind of thing. And parents tend to develop their children according to their interests and potentials.
2.1.2Interpersonal relationships in friends
Everyone in the world has friends in his life, which is established in different interaction with others.Interpersonal relationships in friends in eastern people. Eastern people like making friends by making use of their all social relations, such as neighbors, classmates, roommates, colleagues, partners and relatives and so on. Generally speaking, it is a collective and complex culture. Friendship is highly stressed in the Chinese culture. However, as to strangers, the eastern people often be considered indifferent. It is because sometimes strangers are not thought a member of their communities. Interpersonal relationships in friends in western people. Compared with eastern people, interpersonal relationships in western people form a contrast. The friendship in western countries is based on spontaneity, mutual attraction, and good personal feelings. People choose friends and keep relations with friends from social or
work obligation. They would not to do too much for their friends because they do not have the obligation. In the communication with friends, unlike eastern people, western people seldom talk about private problems, such as job hunting, salary and marriage. Western people would not like to take advantage of interpersonal relationships unless in necessary cases.
3.The reason of the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western
The reasons leading to the differences of interpersonal relationship between eastern and western people should be unavoidably viewed from different fields. Nearly people’s every acting involves in interpersonal relationships. And interpersonal relationships are effected by so many elements. This section analyses the causes from following aspects
3.1 The different traditional cultures
Eastern countries mainly have China, japan and South Korea have been influenced by Confucian philosophical principles. The basis of western culture is Protestant ethic. Protestant ethic views the individual as an isolated entity and as a force reshaping society. Protestant ethic advocates that a genuinely moral life could be lived only a community of individuals, each focuses on self-improvement.
3.2 The different economies
Since the western countries stepped in the age of Industrial Revolution earlier than eastern countries, the economy of western countries developed much better. What’s more, most western countries, most western countries adopt capitalistic economy whose essence is exploiting. Western people pursue the benefit maximization. They will do their best to ensure their interests, which seems selfish in eastern people’s eyes. But the pursuit is encouraged and advocated in western world.
3.3 The different managements of organizations
From the management of nations, people can also see the differences of
interpersonal relationship between eastern and western people.The eastern societies push for Confucianism which advocates the nature of human beings is good. Easterners attach more importance to the function of leading, reforming and educating. They emphasize the power of nation, collective and family to confine self behaviors. Western countries admit that the nature of human being is selfish and greedy, and set a serirs of laws and moral norms to conduct and make use of human’s nature. Westerners respect the individual freedom and wealth, do their best to provide a fair competition environment, and encourage individual to earn material wealth as much as possible, they think a strong nation is built on competent individuals.
3.4 The different thought patterns
The thought pattern influences people how to treat others. The main feature of rastern people’s thought is synthetic and holistic. Eastern people prefer to think problems from perspective of the overall analysis. This thought pattern is synthetic th inking, which involves all the factors. In contract, westerners’ thought pattern is analytic. It is firmly believed that each part in independent. Western people prefer to separate things into parts in order to understand them accurately. They put their own concerns in the first place.
4.What we should do when we face the problems
4.1Being understanding
The biggest mistake in the process of cross-cultural communication is people think foreigners are nothing different from themselves. Thus, if people can understand what they done is what their culture, people will not get annoyed easily by the foreigners’ behavior.
4.2 Overcoming the stereotype
During a personal life, although one may not conduct international communication in reality, more or less, he has an impression of people in a different cultural group. That is stereotype which sometimes may hinder communications. The stereotype should be a limit in developing friendship between eastern and western.
4.3.accepting the differences of interpersonal relationships between eastern and western
People should accept and admit the differences. People can acquire the diversity through reading books, watching films. They can also accept the differences from their hearts, reducing uncomfortable feeling in real life when they communicate with foreigners.
5.Conclusion
The interpersonal relationship is a complicated topic, especially when it is put in the intercultural background. Interpersonal relationships play a vital role in cross-cultural communication. The differences of interpersonal relationship between eastern and western are enough to change the meaning of interacting activities. Having a good ideal of differences of interpersonal relationships can enhance the chance to understand and accept foreigners. It can avoid unnecessary conflict in the progress. Therefore, it is important for people to conduct fruitful communication in the cross-cultural interaction.
Bibliography
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美国社会与文化常俊跃赵永青出版社：北京大学出版社2009年09
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Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.
西南交通大学研究生 科技英语翻译 期末复习题
科技英语翻译联系200句 1.To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy. 传送电磁波需要能量 2.Chemical control will do most of things in pest control. 化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。 3.It is not until wires are connected that the path is completed. 直到导线接上以后，此电路才接通。 4.The odds are heavily against any man being able to do the work in the field of abstract theory that Einstein is doing. 对任何能从事爱因斯坦正在进行的抽象理论研究的人来说，条件都是极为不利的。 5.Oscillator design is of an art rather than an exact science. 与其说振荡器的设计是一门严谨的科学，不如说它是一门艺术。 6.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到（了）1/7。 7.Birds and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all,so they cannot see colors. 凡是夜间觅食的飞禽走兽，因为眼睛中的视维细胞数量极少或根本没有，所以不能辨别颜色。 8.Tsunami is sometimes powerful enough to destroy a coastwise building it strikes. 海啸有时威力很大，足可摧毁它所冲击的沿岸的建筑物。 9.Not everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved. 并非每个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能免于坍塌。 10.Every crane has a certain hitting capacity, ranging from a few tons to many hundreds of tons. 每台起重机均有一定的起重力（量），该起重力（量）从几吨到几百吨不等。 11.The best solution is continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmousphere. 最好的方法是继续减少影响大气层的各种污染物。 12. Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。 13.It is these drawbacks which need to be eliminated and which have led to the search for new processes. 正是因为这些缺点需要消除，才导致了对新方法的探求。 14.Real-time systems often need extraordinary precautions to guard against possible break down of computer. 实时系统往往需要特别小心，以防止计算机可能发生故障。 15.The steam engine uses a fire in a boiler rather than inside the engine. 蒸汽机所利用的是锅炉中的火，而不是发动机里边的火。 16.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。17.Our primary purpose in studying fatigue is to understand why failures occur so that we can guard against them in an optimum manner. 我们研究疲劳的主要目的在于了解产生失效的原因，以便能以最佳的方式加以预防。 18.This system will build on the knowledge and experience gained in developing the existing suite of software products. 这个系统的基础是从开发现有的成套软件产品中所获得的知识和经验。 19.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. 并非所有的金属的导电性能都同样好。20.It means that the mass of the comet cannot have amounted to as much as one ten-thousandth of that of the earth. 这表明这颗彗星的质量甚至不到地球质量的万分之一。 21.Inspection programs help to determine when to replace parts. 检验计划有助于确定更换零件的时间。
科技英语翻译课后答案
科技英语翻译课后答案 High quality manuscripts are welcome to download
科技英语翻译翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
科技英语翻译课程练习三
《科技英语翻译》课程练习三答案 一、词义选择 二、词义引申 1. 具体化引申 1) High-speed grinding does not know this disadvantage. 译文：高速磨削不存在此不足。 2) The casting takes both the size and the shape of mould. 译文：铸件的体积和形状随铸型而异。 3) Alloy belongs to a half-way house between mixtures and compounds. 译文：合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。 4) This new crucible furnace is a fuel-efficient model. 译文：这种新型坩锅炉是节油型锅炉。 5) This shows that a vacuum, which is the absence of matter, cannot transmit sound. 译文：这表明真空，即没有空气的状态下，不能传播声音。 6) The bridge was so well built that it lasted for a hundred years. 译文：这座桥建造非常牢固，已使用了百年。 2. 抽象化引申 1) They reach their programmed positions within a few seconds of each other and detonate. Anything nearby is a goner. 译文：导弹相继以几秒之差到达程序制导目标引爆。附近的一切顷刻覆灭。(原文中的goner，本义是“无可挽救的人(或物)”，意义很具体，但如果按照这种直译则文理不通，因此基于goner的内涵及联想意义，作抽象化引申为“顷刻覆灭”。) 2) The major contributors in component technology have been in the semi — conductors. 译文：元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。(contributors一词本义指“贡献者”，表示具体的人，如直接翻译为“主要贡献者”则不符合汉语的语言习惯，因此将该词作抽象化引申，译为“起主要作用”。) 3) These gases trap the sun’s heat whereas sulphur dioxide cools the atmosphere. 译文：这些气体留住了阳光中的热量，而二氧化硫使空气冷却。(从该词与句中宾语的逻辑匹配关系看，若直译为“设陷阱捕捉”，显然文句不顺。因此，抽象化引申为“留住”。)