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公制螺纹与英制螺纹的区别
1.英制螺纹和公制螺纹的区别。 扣轨分为两种，一种是英制一种为公制。将螺纹与扣轨对比，那个吻合就属于那种螺纹。公制螺纹的分度号：0.75、1、1.25、1.5、2.0等等；英制螺纹的分度号：11、14、19、28等等。他代表的意思不一样。公制螺纹的数字表示螺纹的距离。英制螺纹的数字代表每英寸的牙数。 2.公制英制螺纹的表示方法： 公制：例如M27X2 （27代表螺纹的外径，2代表扣轨的螺距） 英制：例如1/2NPT （1/2代表每英寸内的牙数是14，大径20.955、中径19.793、小径18.631。 英制螺纹对照表：
NPT，PT，G都是管螺纹． NPT 是National (American) Pipe Thread 的縮寫，屬於美国標准的60 度锥管螺纹，用於北美地區．国家標准可查阅GB/T12716-1991 PT 是Pipe Thread 的縮寫，是55 度密封圓锥管螺纹，屬惠氏螺紋家族，多用於欧洲及英联邦国家．常用於水及煤气管行业，锥度規定为1:16．国家標准可查阅GB/T7306-2000 G 是55 度非螺纹密封管螺纹，屬惠氏螺紋家族．标记为G 代表圓柱螺紋．国家標准可查阅GB/T7307-2001 另外螺纹中的1/4、1/2、1/8 标记是指螺紋尺寸的直徑，單位是英吋． 行內人通常用分來稱呼螺紋尺寸，一吋等於８分，1/4 吋就是２分，如此類推G 好像就是管螺纹的统称(Guan)，55，60度的划分属于功能性的，俗称管圆。即螺纹由一圆柱面加工而成。 ZG俗称管锥，即螺纹由一圆锥面加工而成，一般的水管接头都是这样的，老国标标注为Rc 公制螺纹用螺距来表示，美英制螺纹用每英寸内的螺纹牙数来表示，这是它们最大的区别， 公制螺纹是60度等边牙型，英制螺纹是等腰55度牙型，美制螺纹60度。 公制螺纹用公制单位，美英制螺纹用英制单位。 管螺纹主要用来进行管道的连接，其内外螺纹的配合紧密，有直管与锥管两种。公称直径是指所连接的管道直径，显然螺纹大径比公称直径大。 1/4，1/2，1/8是英制螺纹的公称直径，单位是英寸。 以常见的三角螺纹为例： 公制中主要分为普通螺纹和管螺纹， 其中普通螺纹的牙型角=60度，其表示方法为：粗牙（ex. M24）和细牙（ex. M24*1.5)
公制英制美制螺纹标准叫法
公制英制美制螺纹标准叫法 编辑:信耐精密工具 ＢＳＰT/NPT ？ ＢＳPＴ就是英制圆锥管螺纹标准:指螺纹得牙型角为５5°、螺纹具有1:１6得锥度 1、ＢSP BＳP就是英制管螺纹。不过,有BSP。Tr。, BSＰ、PＩ、, BＳP。F。之分。 BSＰ。Ｔr.就是锥管螺纹,用于密封接合。ＢSＰ。PI.就是平行管螺纹,用于密封接合,只有内螺纹,与BSP.Ｔr.得外螺纹嵌合。 BＳP。F。为平行管螺纹,用于一般得接合、 光知道BSP,可不能乱加工。最好再做详细确认。要不然漏了油或者煤气什么得,麻烦大了。 2、G/BSＰP 螺紋Ｇ與螺紋BＳPP一样,均为英制圆柱管螺纹代号牙型角55° 3、英制螺纹有几种？ＢSP螺纹得特点及表示法？ 两种,BSPＰ(管螺纹)与BＳPT(55度角锥管螺纹,与美制60度角锥管螺纹ＮPT相对,互不兼容) 4、 G螺纹与Ｒｐ螺纹对比,哪些地方相同,哪些地方不同,两者在用途上有区别不？能否通用? G螺纹与Ｒｐ螺纹都就是55°圆柱管螺纹。只就是国别(组织)不同而产生了不同得代号而已。 G就是中国、法国、前苏联、日本得代号; PF就是日本得代号; BSP、BＳPＰ就是英国得代号; R、Ｋ就是德国得代号(R就是内螺纹、K就是外螺纹); TPＹБ就是前苏联得代号; Rp就是ISO得代号。 -－——--－-—-－－——－--——-－-－—-－－ BSPT与BSP 就是英国规格得锥度螺纹。 NPT 就是美国规格得锥度螺纹。 PT 就是日本得旧JIS规格锥度螺纹,相当于ISO规格得R,Ｒc、 代号前面得数字表示每一英寸(2５、4mm)得螺纹数、 ＤIＮ2９9９就是欧洲主要就是德国得管道用螺纹。 一、NPT牙 NPT就就是一般用途得美国标准锥管螺纹、 其中N表示Nationaｌ (American)美国国家标准,P表示PIPE管子,T表示TAPER锥形,牙型角为６0°、 这种管螺纹在北美地区常用,或在使用ANＳI规范中经常瞧到。国家标准可查阅ＧB／T１2716-1991 我必须注意:在做ANSI规范中须使用ＮPT牙哦！ 二、PT牙 PＴ牙为英制锥螺纹,牙型角为55°,密封中最常用、多用在欧洲与英联邦国家,其实在台湾日本JIS规范也走英制规范,而中国其实也就是使用英制螺牙。属惠氏螺纹家族、国家标准可查阅GB/Ｔ7306—２000、 英制管螺纹就是细牙螺纹,因为粗牙螺纹得牙深大,会严重得降低所切螺纹外径管子得强度。
英制螺纹对照表-螺纹小知识
一、英制螺纹 英制螺纹是螺纹尺寸用英制标注，按外形分圆柱、圆锥两种；按牙型角分55°、60°两种。螺纹中的1/4、1/2、1/8 标记是指螺纹尺寸的直径，单位是英寸。一寸等于8分，1/4 寸就是2分，如此类推。 一、国外常用英制螺纹的代号名称和标准号
二、ANSI B1.1 螺距对照表
ZG表示锥管螺纹，3/4"表示英寸的标注,就是3/4寸圆锥管螺纹，《五金手册》上有。 现在的国标规定ZG 3/4〃螺纹大径是26.44毫米。可参考《公制、美制和英制螺纹标准手册(第三版)》。 它的表示方法应该是：ZG 3/4〃。其中（〃）是英寸的代表符号。 一英寸等于8英分。3/4的来历是6/8=3/4。俗称6分。 同样ZG 1/2〃螺纹大径≈21毫米。俗称4分。 ZG 1〃螺纹大径≈33毫米。俗称1寸。 ZG 1 1/2〃螺纹的管子内径≈48毫米。俗称1寸半。 锥管螺纹只用于液压系统连接；而管螺纹G3/4〃只用于水管连接。锥管螺纹与管螺纹极为相似，区别只在锥度上。注意区分管螺纹和普通螺纹的基本尺寸不同。 DN是公称直径 测量方法 ①螺纹夹角的测量 螺纹夹角也叫牙型角。螺纹夹角的测量可通过测量侧面角来实现，螺纹侧面角是螺纹侧面与螺纹轴线的垂直面之间的夹角。螺纹牙的近似轮廓在螺纹两侧直线段采样，对采样点进行直线最小二乘拟合。 ②螺距的测量 螺距是指螺纹上某一点至相邻螺纹牙上对应点之间的距离。测量时必须平行于螺纹轴线。 ③螺纹中径的测量 螺纹中径是中径线沿垂直于轴线距离，中径线是一个假想的线。 采用机器视觉技术，设计螺纹参数测量自动检测系统，并对标准螺纹试样的螺纹夹角、螺距和中径等参数进行测量。测量结果表明，螺纹参数在规定的误差范围之内。由于视觉检测具有高效和可靠的特点，经过进一步考察，认为可用于生产实践中。 在通过螺丝螺纹轴线的剖面上，螺纹的轮廓形状称为牙型。相邻两牙侧面间的夹角称为牙型角。常用普通螺纹的牙型为三角形，牙型角为60°。 牙型要素 牙型 在通过螺丝螺纹轴线的剖面上，螺纹的轮廓形状称为牙型。相邻两牙侧面间的夹角称为牙型角。常用普通螺纹的牙型为三角形，牙型角为60°。 直径 大径小径中径 大径:是指和螺丝外螺纹的牙顶、内螺纹的牙底相重合的假想柱面或锥面的直径，外螺纹的大径用d表示，内螺纹的大径用D表示。 小径:是指和外螺纹的牙底、内螺纹的牙顶相重合的假想柱面或锥面的直径，外螺纹的小径用d1表示，内螺纹的小径用D1表示。 中径:在大径和小径之间，设想有一柱面(或锥面)，在其轴剖面内，素线上的牙宽和槽宽相等，则该假想柱面的直径称为中径。 线数 形成螺纹的螺旋线的条数称为线数。有单线和多线螺纹之分，多线螺纹在垂直于轴线的剖面内是均匀分布的。 螺距 相邻两牙在中径线上对应两点轴向的距离称为螺距。同一条螺旋线上，相邻两牙在中径线上对应两点轴向的距离称为导程。线数n、螺距P、导程S之间的关系为：S=n·P
高中数学学案条件概率
2．2．1条件概率 教学目标： 知识与技能：通过对具体情景的分析，了解条件概率的定义。 过程与方法：掌握一些简单的条件概率的计算。 情感、态度与价值观：通过对实例的分析，会进行简单的应用。 教学重点：条件概率定义的理解 教学难点：概率计算公式的应用 授课类型：新授课 课时安排：1课时 教具：多媒体、实物投影仪 教学设想：引导学生形成“自主学习”与“合作学习”等良好的学习方式。 教学过程： 一、复习引入： 探究: 三张奖券中只有一张能中奖,现分别由三名同学无放回地抽取,问最后一名同学抽到中奖奖券的概率是否比前两名同学小. 若抽到中奖奖券用“Y ”表示，没有抽到用“Y”，表示，那么三名同学的抽奖结果共有三种可能：Y Y Y，Y Y Y和Y Y Y．用B 表示事件“最后一名同学抽到中奖奖券”, 则B 仅包含一个基本事件Y Y Y．由古典概型计算公式可知，最后一名同学抽到中奖奖券 的概率为 1 () 3 P B=. 思考:如果已经知道第一名同学没有抽到中奖奖券，那么最后一名同学抽到奖券的概率又是多少？ 因为已知第一名同学没有抽到中奖奖券，所以可能出现的基本事件只有Y Y Y和Y Y Y．而“最后一名同学抽到中奖奖券”包含的基本事件仍是Y Y Y.由古典概型计算公式 可知．最后一名同学抽到中奖奖券的概率为1 2 ，不妨记为P（B|A ) ，其中A表示事件“第 一名同学没有抽到中奖奖券”. 已知第一名同学的抽奖结果为什么会影响最后一名同学抽到中奖奖券的概率呢？ 在这个问题中，知道第一名同学没有抽到中奖奖券，等价于知道事件A 一定会发生，导致可能出现的基本事件必然在事件A 中，从而影响事件B 发生的概率，使得P ( B|A ）≠P ( B ) . 思考:对于上面的事件A和事件B，P ( B|A）与它们的概率有什么关系呢？ 用Ω表示三名同学可能抽取的结果全体，则它由三个基本事件组成，即Ω=｛Y Y Y, Y Y Y,Y Y Y｝．既然已知事件A必然发生，那么只需在A={Y Y Y, Y Y Y}的范围内考虑
条件概率公式
条件概率（conditional probability）就是事件A在另外一个事件B已经发生条件下的发生概率。条件概率表示为P（A|B），读作“在B条件下A的概率”。 联合概率表示两个事件共同发生的概率。A与B的联合概率表示为或者或者。 边缘概率是某个事件发生的概率。边缘概率是这样得到的：在联合概率中，把最终结果中不需要的那些事件合并成其事件的全概率而消失（对离散随机变量用求和得全概率，对连续随机变量用积分得全概率）。这称为边缘化（marginalization）。A的边缘概率表示为P（A），B的边缘概率表示为P（B）。 需要注意的是，在这些定义中A与B之间不一定有因果或者时间序列关系。A可能会先于B发生，也可能相反，也可能二者同时发生。A可能会导致B的发生，也可能相反，也可能二者之间根本就没有因果关系。 例如考虑一些可能是新的信息的概率条件性可以通过贝叶斯定理实现。 换句话说，如果A与B是相互独立的，那么A在B这个前提下的条件概率就是A自身的概率；同样，B在A的前提下的条件概率就是B自身的概率。 考虑概率空间Ω(S, σ(S))，其中σ(S)是集S上的σ代数，Ω上对应于随机变量X的概率测度（可以理解为概率分布）为PX；又A ∈σ(S)，PX(A)≥0（这里可以理解为事件A，A不是零测集）。则?E∈σ(S)，可以定义集函数PX|A如下： PX|A(E)=PX(A∩E)/PX(E)。 易知PX|A也是Ω上的概率测度，此测度称为X在A下的条件测度（条件概率分布）。
独立性：设A，B∈σ(S)，称A，B在概率测度P下为相互独立的，若P(A∩E)=P(A)P(E)。 若想分辨某些个体是否有重大疾病，以便早期治疗，我们可能会对一大群人进行检验。虽然其益处明显可见，但同时，检验行为有一个地方引起争议，就是有检出假阳性的结果的可能：若有个未得疾病的人，却在初检时被误检为得病，他可能会感到苦恼烦闷，一直持续到更详细的检测显示他并未得病为止。而且就算在告知他其实是健康的人后，也可能因此对他的人生有负面影响。
英制螺纹标准对照表
英制螺纹标准对照表 英制螺纹标准JIS B 0203,JIS B 2301 (mm) #0 1.52 #1 1.85 #2 2.18 #3 2.51 #4 2.84 #5 3.18 #6 3.51 #7 3.84 #8 4.17 #10 4.83 #12 5.48 1/4 6.35 UNS 是英制普通粗牙螺纹; UNF 是英制航空 标示皆将分母为8, 再直接称分子之番号. Ex: 1/8 x 0.50 –PPB: 1 分牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB Ex: 5/16 x 0.50 –PPB = 2.5/8 x 0.50-PPB : 2 分半牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB Ex: 5/32 x 0.50 –PPB =1.25/8 x 0.50-PPB: 1 分2 厘半螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB Ex: 1/4 x 0.50-PPB= 2/8 x 0.50-PPB: 2 分牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB 注: 有时会标示粗牙或细牙. UNF: 细牙 :电子业较常用. UNC:粗牙: 重机械结构较常用. Ex: 3/8 x 0.50 ,UNF –PPB: 3 分细牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB. C-2: Length Code: 为英寸标示, 须乘以25.40 换算为mm. 用扣规量，与公制牙型吻合是公制螺纹，与英制螺纹吻合是英制螺纹。 也可以用卡尺量螺纹的外径，和螺距。 公制螺纹外径是以毫米为单位，如6，8，10，12，18，20毫米等等螺距也是以毫米为单位，如 0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,3,等等 英制螺纹外径是以英寸为单位，（每英寸等于25.4 毫米）如3/16,5/8,1/4,1/2,等等所以用公制卡尺量外径 读数常带不规则的小数。 英制螺距是用每英寸含多少个牙表示。把卡尺定在25.4毫米，把一个尺尖对齐螺纹牙尖，另一个尺尖如对 齐螺纹牙尖就是英制螺纹，如对不齐螺纹牙尖应该是公制螺纹。 测量螺距时最好把螺纹的牙尖倒印在白粉笔上，粉笔上的印比较清晰，便于测量。测公制螺距应该测量一 段长度，如10，15，20，毫米等等，数一下含多少牙，算出螺距 用英寸为单位规定螺纹规格的为英制螺纹，如：G1"。用公制单位毫米规定螺纹规格的为公制螺纹。如： M30。
条件概率公式
条件概率 示例：就是事件A在另外一个事件B已经发生条件下的发生概率。条件概率表示为P(A|B)，读作“在B条件下A的概率”。 若只有两个事件A，B，那么，P(A|B) = P(AB)/P(B)。 条件概率示例：就是事件A在另外一个事件B已经发生条件下的发生概率。条件概率表示为P(A|B)，读作“在B条件下A的概率”。 联合概率：表示两个事件共同发生的概率。A与B的联合概率表示为P(AB) 或者P(A,B),或者P（A∩B）。 边缘概率：是某个事件发生的概率，而与其它事件无关。边缘概率是这样得到的：在联合概率中，把最终结果中不需要的那些事件合并成其事件的全概率而消失（对离散随机变量用求和得全概率，对连续随机变量用积分得全概率）。这称为边缘化（marginalization）。A的边缘概率表示为P(A)，B的边缘概率表示为P(B)。 需要注意的是，在这些定义中A与B之间不一定有因果或者时间顺序关系。A可能会先于B发生，也可能相反，也可能二者同时发生。A可能会导致B的发生，也可能相反，也可能二者之间根本就没有因果关系。条件概率公式例如考虑一些可能是新的信息的概率条件性可以通过贝叶斯定理实现。 定理1
设A，B 是两个事件，且A不是不可能事件，则称 为在事件A发生的条件下，事件B发生的条件概率。一般地，，且它满足以下三条件： （1）非负性；（2）规范性；（3）可列可加性。 定理2 设E 为随机试验，Ω为样本空间，A，B 为任意两个事件，设P(A)>0，称 为在“事件A 发生”的条件下事件B 的条件概率。 上述乘法公式可推广到任意有穷多个事件时的情况。 设A1，A2，…An为任意n 个事件（n≥2）且P（A1A2…An-1）>0，则P（A1A2…An）=P（A1）P（A2|A1）…P（An|A1A2…An-1）定理3(全概率公式1) 设B1，B2，…Bn是一组事件,若（1）BiBj≠j，i≠j，i，j=1，2，…，n;（2）B1∪B2∪…∪Bn=Ω则称B1，B2，…Bn样本空间Ω的一个部分，或称为样本空间Ω的一个完备事件组。 定理4(全概率公式2) 设事件组B1，B2是样本空间Ω的一个划分，且P（Bi）>0（i=1，2，…n），则对任一事件B，有
公制螺纹英制螺纹规格一览表
公制螺纹/英制螺纹规格一览表 外螺纹大径（单位mm）－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－-内螺纹小径（单位mm）－－－－－－－－ －－－－－－－－- 序号规格型号最大最小公差最大最小公差1M10*19.9749.7940.1809.1578.9170.240 2M12*1.511.96811.7320.23610.67610.3760.300 3M14*1.513.96813.7320.23612.67612.3760.300 4M16*1.515.96815.7320.23614.67614.3760.300 5M18*1.517.96817.7320.23616.67616.3760.300 6M20*1.519.96819.7320.23618.67618.3760.300 7M22*1.521.96821.7320.23620.67620.3760.300 8M24*1.523.96823.7320.23622.67622.3760.300 9M26*1.525.96825.7320.23624.67624.3760.300 10M27*1.526.96826.7320.23625.67625.3760.300 11M30*1.529.96829.7320.23628.67628.3760.300 12M27*226.96226.6820.28025.21024.8350.375 13M30*229.96229.6820.28028.21027.8350.375 14M33*232.96232.6820.28031.21030.8350.375 15M36*235.96235.6820.28034.21033.8350.375 16M42*241.96241.6820.28040.21039.8350.375 英制螺纹规格一览表
条件概率
条件概率 1.从1, 2, 3,…, 15中,甲、乙两人各任取一数(不重复),已知甲取到的数是5的倍数,求甲数大于乙数的概率. 解.设事件A表示“甲取到的数比乙大”,设事件B表示“甲取到的数是5的倍数”. 则显然所要求的概率为P(A|B).根据公式而P(B)=3/15=1/5 , ∴P(A|B)=9/14. , 2. 掷三颗骰子,已知所得三个数都不一样,求含有1点的概率. 解.设事件A表示“掷出含有1的点数”,设事件B表示“掷出的三个点数都不一样”. 则显然所要求的概率为P(A|B).根据公式 ∴P(A|B)=1/2. , , 3.袋中有一个白球和一个黑球,一次次地从袋中摸球,如果取出白球,则除把白球放回外再加进一个白球,直至取出黑球为止,求取了N次都没有取到黑球的概率. 解.设事件A i表示“第i次取到白球”.(i=1,2,…,N)则根据题意P(A1)=1/2 , P(A2|A1)=2/3, 由乘法公式可知: P(A1A2)=P(A2|A1)P(A1)=1/3.而P(A3|A1A2)=3/4 , P(A1A2A3)=P(A3|A1A2)P(A1A2)=1/4 . 由数学归纳法可以知道P(A1A2…A N)=1/(N+1). 4. 甲袋中有5只白球, 7 只红球;乙袋中有4只白球, 2只红球.从两个袋子中任取一袋, 然后从所取到的袋子中任取一球,求取到的球是白球的概率. 解.设事件A表示“取到的是甲袋”, 则表示“取到的是乙袋”, 事件B表示“最后取到的是白球”. 根据题意: P(B|A)=5/12 , , P(A)=1/2. ∴ 5.有甲、乙两袋,甲袋中有3只白球,2只黑球;乙袋中有4只白球,4只黑球.现从甲袋中任取2个球放入乙袋,然后再从乙袋中任取一球,求此球为白球的概率 解.设事件A i表示“从甲袋取的2个球中有i个白球”,其中i=0,1,2 . 事件B表示“从乙袋中取到的是白球”. 显然A0, A1, A2构成一完备事件组,且根据题意 P(A0)=1/10 , P(A1)=3/5 , P(A2)=3/10 ; P(B|A0)=2/5 , P(B|A1)=1/2 , P(B|A2)=3/5 ; 由全概率公式 P(B)=P(B|A0)P(A0)+P(B|A1)P(A1)+P(B|A2)P(A2)=2/5×1/10+1/2×3/5+3/5×3/10=13/25. 6.袋中装有编号为1, 2,…, N的N个球,先从袋中任取一球,如该球不是1号球就放回袋中,是1号球就不放回,然后再摸一次,求取到2号球的概率. 解.设事件A表示“第一次取到的是1号球”,则表示“第一次取到的是非1号球”; 事件B表示“最后取到的是2号球”.
公制美制英制螺纹对照表
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英制螺纹尺寸
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高一学生知识上已经掌概率的概念，但对知识的理解和方法的掌握上不完备，反应在解题中就是思维不严密，过程不完整；能力上具备了一定的观察、类比、分析、归纳能力，但知识整合和主动迁移的能力较弱，数形结合的意识和思维的深刻性还需进一步培养和加强，通过让学生“设问、尝试、归纳、总结、运用”，重视学生的主动参与，注重信息反馈，通过引导学生多思、多说、多练，使认识得到深化。 五、[教学过程] （一）复习旧知、导入新课 为了让学生更好的进入本节课，我先让学生复习前面所学习什么是随机变量、离散型的随机变量以及分布列，这样设计既巩固了前面相关知识的学习，也为本节课的学习奠定了良好的知识基础。有利学生理解本节课的知识。 （二）主动探索，获取新知 通过具体的例子讲解，让学生理解什么是条件概率。例如，投掷一均匀骰子，并且已知出现的是偶数点，那么对试验结果的判断与没有这一已知条件的情形有所不同. 一般地，在已知另一事件B发生的前提下，事件A发生的可能性大小不一定再是P(A). 任一个随机试验都是在某些基本条件下进行的，在这些基本条件下某个事件A的发生具有某种概率. 但如果除了这些基本条件外还有附加条件，所得概率就可能不同.这些附加条件可以看成是另外某个事件B发生. 条件概率这一概念是概率论中的基本工具之一. 给定一个概率空间，并希望知道某一事件A发生的可能性大小. 尽管我们不可能完全知道试验结果，但
高二数学条件概率综合测试题
条件概率练习题 一、选择题 1．下列式子成立的是( ) A ．P (A | B )＝P (B |A ) B ．0
公制螺纹、英制螺纹、美制螺纹区别
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英制螺纹规格
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公制 美标 英制螺纹
螺纹知识 GB—中国国家标准（国标）ANSI—美国国家标准（美标） DIN—德国国家标准（德标）ASME—美国机械工程师协会标准 JIS—日本国家标准（日标）BSW—英国国家标准 GB（强制性标准），我们平常看到的像GB30，GB5783等等都是强制性的标准。 GB/T（推荐性标准） GBn（国家内部标准）等。 GB、DIN、JIS等的螺纹都有是以MM（毫米）为单位，统称为公制螺纹。牙尖角为60度。ANSI、ASME等的螺纹是以英寸为单位的称为美标螺纹。牙尖角也是60度。 BSW—英制标准,其螺纹也是以英寸为单位，俗称惠氏螺纹。牙尖角为55度。 例如像M16-2X60表示的就是公制的螺纹，他的具体意思是表示该螺丝的公称直径为16MM，牙距为2MM，长度为60MM。 又如：1/4—20X3/4表示的就是英制的螺纹，他的具体意思是该螺丝的公称直径为1/4英寸（一英寸=25.4MM），在一英寸上有20个牙，长度为3/4英寸。 另外要表示美制螺丝的话一般会在表示英制螺丝的后面加上UNC以及UNF，以此来区别是美制粗牙或是美制细牙。 公制螺纹用螺距来表示，美英制螺纹用每英寸内的螺纹牙数来表示； 公制螺纹是60度等边牙型，英制螺纹是等腰55度牙型，美制螺纹为等腰60度牙型； 公制螺纹用公制单位（如mm），美英制螺纹用英制单位（如英寸）； “行内人”通常用“分”来称呼螺纹尺寸，一英寸等于8分，1/4英寸就是2分，以此类推。 另外还有：ISO—公制螺纹标准60度；UN—统一螺纹标准60度；API—美国石油管螺纹标准60度；W—英国惠氏螺纹标准55度。 NPT，PT，G都是管螺纹． NPT是属于美国标准的 60 度锥管螺纹，用于北美地区．国家标准可查阅GB/T12716-1991 PT是 Pipe Thread 的缩写，是 55 度密封圆锥管螺纹，属惠氏螺纹家族，多用于欧洲及英联邦国家．常用于水及煤气管行业，锥度规定为 1:16．国家标准可查阅GB/T7306-2000 G是 55 度非螺纹密封管螺纹，属惠氏螺纹家族．标记为 G 代表圆柱螺纹．国家标准可查阅GB/T7307-2001 另外螺纹中的1/4、1/2、1/8 标记是指螺纹尺寸的直径，单位是英吋．行内人通常用分来称呼螺纹尺寸，一英吋等于8分，1/4 吋就是2分，如此类推．G 就是管螺纹的统称(Guan)，55，60度的划分属于功能性的，俗称管圆。即螺纹由一圆柱面加工而成。 ZG俗称管锥，即螺纹由一圆锥面加工而成，一般的水管接头都是这样的，国标标注为Rc 公制螺纹用螺距来表示，美英制螺纹用每英寸内的螺纹牙数来表示，这是它们最大的区别，公制螺纹是60度等边牙型，英制螺纹是等腰55度牙型，美制螺纹60度。 公制螺纹用公制单位，美英制螺纹用英制单位。 管螺纹主要用来进行管道的连接，其内外螺纹的配合紧密，有直管与锥管两种。公称直径是
英制螺纹规格直径表
英制螺纹规格直径表
英制螺纹标准JIS B 0203,JIS B 2301 (mm) #0 1.52 #1 1.85 #2 2.18 #3 2.51 #4 2.84 #5 3.18 #6 3.51 #7 3.84 #8 4.17
#10 4.83 #12 5.48 1/4 6.35 UNS：英制普通粗牙螺纹; UNF：英制航空 标示分母皆为为8, 再直接称分子之番号. Ex: 1/8 x 0.50 –PPB: 1 分牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB Ex: 5/16 x 0.50 –PPB = 2.5/8 x 0.50-PPB : 2 分半牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB Ex: 5/32 x 0.50 –PPB =1.25/8 x 0.50-PPB: 1 分2 厘半螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB Ex: 1/4 x 0.50-PPB= 2/8 x 0.50-PPB: 2 分牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB 注: 标示也分粗牙或细牙. UNF: 细牙-电子业较常用. UNC:粗牙-重机械结构较常用. Ex: 3/8 x 0.50 ,UNF –PPB: 3 分细牙螺丝x 0.50”长, PPB. C-2: Length Code: 为英寸标示, 须乘以25.40 换算单位mm. 可用扣规量，与公制牙型吻合是公制螺纹，与英制螺纹吻合是英制螺纹。 也可以用卡尺量螺纹的外径，和螺距。 公制螺纹外径是以毫米为单位，如6，8，10，12，18，20毫米等等螺距也是以毫米为单位，如0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,3,等等 英制螺纹外径以英寸为单位，（每英寸等于25.4 毫米）如3/16,5/8,1/4,1/2, 等等所以用公制卡尺量外径读数常带不规则的小数。 英制螺距：是用每英寸含多少个牙表示。将卡尺定在25.4毫米，用一个尺尖对
条件概率公式
条件概率公式 条件概率： 设A、B是两个事件，在A事件发生的条件下，B事件发生的概率，其中P（A）>0。说明A事件发生的概率大于0,表示A事件是必然发生的。记为：P(B|A)=P(AB)/P(A) 。 注意事件A作为条件，分母必定是条件概率，所以A事件的概率必定在分母上，分子P(AB)表示事件A与B相交的概率，记作P(A∩B)。 举例说明：将一枚硬币抛两次，观察正反面，正面记H,反面记T. 样本空间Ω=（HH, HT,TH,TT） 设事件A：至少一次为正面，即事件A=（HH,HT,TH） 设事件B：两次为同一面，即事件B=（HH,TT） 求事件A发生条件下，事件B发生的概率？即求P(B|A)。 （例子来自浙大版概率与统计第四版） 从已知条件可知，总样本Ω为4个，A事件有3个，B事件有2个。 所以可以直接求出A的概率与B的概率。即P(A)=3/4 , A事件与B事件相交事件只有一个即HH。 即P(AB)=1/4.有公式1可知 P(B|A)=P(AB)/P(A)=（1/4）/（3/4）=1/3. 1.2 乘法公式：把式1条件概率公式P(B|A)=P(AB)/P(A)
把P(AB)相交概率移到式子左边，把P(B|A)条件概率移动式子右边。即得到乘法公式。如式P(AB)=P(B|A) P(A)。 全概率公式： 在条件概率中引入(A∩B)积事件的概念。积事件概率表示相交事件的概率只有在A与B事件同事发生情况下才会发生。P(A∩B)表示A和B相交的概率。而在全概率公式中将引入∪和事件概念. 有个小窍门，其实可以把积事件理解为数字电路的与门、把和事件理解为数字电路的或门。比如样本空间S，可以划分样本B1，B2...B6组成，即S=（B1∪B2∪ (6)
英制美制米制螺纹标准简表
英制、美制、米制螺纹标准简表 一、英制螺纹（螺纹牙型角55度）Thread of British standard ( Thread pitch shape angle 55°) BSW－－－－英国标准惠氏螺纹（粗牙）British Standard Whitworth Thread ( Coarse ) BSF－－－－英国标准惠氏螺纹（细牙）British Standard Whitworth Thread ( Fine ) G－－－－直管螺纹（外螺纹分A、B两面级、丝锥分G、G－D）Straight pipe thread ( Outside ) thread in A\B: taps in G、G－D ) R－－－－锥管外螺纹（旧代号ZG;KG）Outside paper pipe thread ( Old thread code ZG,KG ) RC－－－－锥管内螺纹（旧代号ZG;KG）Inside taper pipe thread ( Old thread code ZG,KG ) 二、美制螺纹（螺纹牙型角60度）Thread of American standard ( Thread pitch shape angle 60°) UNC－－－－统一制粗牙螺纹（代替NC）Unified coarse pitch thread ( Instead of NC ) UNF－－－－统一制细牙螺纹（代替NF）Unified fine pitch thread ( Instead of NF ) UNEF－－－－统一制超细牙螺纹Unified superfine pitch thread UN－－－－－统一制不变螺距螺纹Unified thread UNS－－－－统一制特殊螺纹Unified Special thread NPT－－－－一般用途锥管螺纹（旧代号Z;K）Taper pipe thread for general purpose ( Old thread code Z,K ) NPSC－－－－管接头直管内螺纹Internal straight pipe thread for connection NPSM－－－－设备上自由配合，机械连接用直管螺纹Straight pipe thread for general purpose NPTF－－－－干密封锥管螺纹Dryseal taper pipe thread NPSF－－－－干密封燃油直管螺纹Dryseal straight pipe internal thread NGT－－－－气瓶用锥螺纹Special thread for gas cylinder 三、米制螺纹Metric thread ZM－－－－－米制锥管螺纹Metric taper pipe thread 四、其它螺纹Other threads SM－－－－缝纫机螺纹Thread for sewing machine PZ－－－－气瓶用锥螺纹Special thread for gas cylinder 5V1－20V1－气门芯螺纹5V1－20V1－Tyre valve thread 螺纹代号说明示例：Explanation of thread code. e. g. 1/4－20UNC 1/4－公称直径1/4" nominal dia. 1/4"