man contribute more to the world
，英语提高，英语表达能力的提升
正方(Affirmative)：Men contribute more to the society than women （成员：苏懿涵、李源、林文芝、郭丽玲）
反方(Negative)：Women contribute more to the society than men （成员：叶娟、林国阳、李玲玲、林燕玲）
主持：王萍
【老戴备注】
这是2009－2010学年第二学期举行的第三次班级辩论赛，也是第一次完全由学生自主完成的英文辩论赛。如实记录下来，以勉其创新精神。愿这样的辩论能在同学们嘴边越来越流畅。
班级辩论赛主持人王萍：
Good morning everyone. I'm honored to be nominated as a master for today's debate. The topic is "men or women contribute more to the society”. As we all know , there are two kinds of people in the world , men and women .They play different roles in the society . But they are all indispensable .Even though I'm a girl, I have to admit that men make a huge contribute to the society. So it is really hard to say which
one(who) contribute(s) more to the society. But our debater(s) have their own viewpoints . We have 8 debaters today, 4 on each side. This is the affirmative
side(pointing to the affirmative),they believe that men contribute more to the society . This is the negative side(pointing to the negative), they hold that women contribute more to the society. Now, I'd like to introduce the procedure of today's debate. First, introduce their viewpoints. Second, free debate. Third, conclusion. As everybody is ready , now let's start the debate.
First ,welcome the affirmative side ,number one debater.
(正方)苏懿涵
Today, our topic is about who contributes more to the society, men or women. As we all know, for most of human existence, our society is man-dominated. At almost every pivotal historic moment, the people who navigated the direction of history are always males. This is beyond dispute. Those great ancient emperors and kings who create prosperous and powerful kingdoms, and those who desire to explore and discover our splendid nature, dedicated their lives to invent, to create the inventions that entirely changed the human world into highly advanced civilization, they are nearly all men. We can give countless illustrations such as emperor QinShihuang, scientist Newton, inventor Edison, thinker Marx, etc. All in all, we hold the view that men contribute more to the society.
主持人：Thank you, now it is the negative side's turn .
(反方)叶娟：
Our opinion is that “Women contribute more to society than men”. If you look up
in a dictionary, you will find what the word “contribute” means. The definition in the dictionary is: to give money, help, ideas, experience etc to something that a lot of other people are involved in. According to the definition, we can see obviously that women contribute more to society than men. My reasons may be as follows:
First, the role they play in family. As we all know that women are in charge of the whole family’s daily life, make meals, wash clothes, clean houses, bore children and then take care of children. All the things above are basic element to make a family run normally and happily. And we all know that society is made up of all families. So, at the role women play well, the family will be more harmonious, and then there’s no doubt the society will be more harmonious, too.
Second, the role they play in society. In the past, women are fettered by cultural effects and by the tradition idea of family. But now, things changed. As it’a a society call for women’s liberation, nowadays, there are an increasingly large amount of women who go out and make their own career. In this process, women make their own contributions to the society, aren’t there more and more Business Superwoman in society, and at the same time women aloso have to take care of the whole family’s daily life. So how can you say that women are less contributory, how can you say that men contribute more to the society.
Finally, the characters they are born with. It’s know to everbody that men are bellicose and impatient. On the contrary, women are always peacefull and patient. According the the history, men’s shortcomings in ch aracters have cause many disasters. For examples, Emperor Qin Shi Huang who burn the books and bury the scholars alive, and Adolf Hitler who was regarded as one of the initiators who lead to the World War 1.
With the reasons above, we have enough evidence to say that women contribute more to society than men.
主持人：
They all express their viewpoints clear and perspicuous. Let's move on to the free debate part.
(正方)李源：
My dear friend, do you mean “women hold up half the sky”. But could you tell us why people always emphasize the important of the half sky held up by women instead of the half sky held up by men?
In the ancient times, a woman without talent is virtuous（善良的，有道德的）. In general, woman’s knowledge level is lower than that of man. What’s more, woman is weaker than man in physiology. There is no doubt that at that time most of the contribution to the society was made by men. But with the development of the society, women can hold up half of the sky. But, we all know just half of it, which means women are still helping men to hold up the sky. Man is still taking the leader role. Even though, many successful women have proved sometimes women can do as well as men. But what’s the actual situation? In all the social classes, the top leaders are always men. For example, we have so many men presidents instead of women
presidents. Granted that（即使，假定）women do have the ability to contribute, but base on the fact, women didn’t do contribution as much as men.
(反方)林燕玲：
Women's contributions are usually behind-the-scenes, while men often say work comes first, women have no choose to sacrifice(牺牲) themselves to take care of the elder and the child. What is more, they sometimes go to work too. They devote a lot
to the family, and play an important role in making the family's happiness and harmony. As long as family is the foundation of the society, they do a lot to the society's harmony.
There is a saying that every succeed man need a woman behind him to support him. Why? Because women often do the most complicated work, such as washing, cooking, and caring. They carry the obstacles for men to become succeed. Without women, men can do little contribution.
Women are more careful and tender, which is useful and helpful to child's growing. Most kindergarten teachers and nurses are women. They do a lot to the society's future.
(正方)苏懿涵：
Yes, you got it! I quite agree with you. I admit that a woman means so much to a man. Men can never live well without women. But please remember our topic, women sacrificed much to men, and men contribute more to the society. Quite right! (驳燕玲) (正方)郭丽玲
Firstly，it’s incorrect to claim women play a more important role by emphasizing the minority women who make enormous contributions. Take Soong May-ling and Madame Curie for example, which just tell us that women are capable to do the same thing as men do. But, the fact is that most women didn’t choose to do that despite of their having capabilities or intelligence. And thus the development of our society is pushed by countless men except for women who are few and far between. The contributions made by men are far beyond women’s whether in quality or quantity. When it comes to the importance of domestic happiness, I have to acknowledge that women have more impacts on men then men have on themselves. Although woman seldom devote to diplomacy and internal affairs, they definitely create a good living environment for men. However, what we discuss today is who makes more contributions to society rather than who makes more contributions to men. So, compared with women, men contribute more to the society.
As y ou’ve said, there are some men that, indeed, have brought disasters to the society; yet, we can’t deny the contributions made by men. Our task today is to work out men or women who make more contributions, not to compare the difference after merits offset faults.
Our society has always been run by men and men are more powerful. Furthermore most of the contributions towards our society have been made by men. Men are the head of families and controlled the means of the production, and women played a secondary and supportive role as opposed to a leadership one.
（反方）林国阳(2010-5-31补全）：
As for that point, your argument is totally untenable. Ladies and gentlemen, we are no longer in the primitive stage of slash and burn cultivation when bigger muscles implied more agricultural productivity. We are in an age of mechanism and automation, in which more significance is attached to intelligence and wits. And it’s intelligence and wits that makes us men, not muscles. Even when muscles can be of some avail in sports undertakings, men did not live up to our expectation as women did. To illustrate, take Beijing Olympic Games for example, among the 100 medals that we had won, women won 27 gold medals, men 24; women won 11 silver medals, men 10; women won 19 bronze medals, men 8. Altogether women won 57 medals, while men 42(The last one was shared by both men and women.). Another example is Chinese football. The best ever record of Chinese male football team was made in 2002 Japan/South Korea World Cup, when Chinese male football team broke through the elimination round, making the so-called historic record. Take a look at the Chinese female football team. They had won the champion of 6th and 7th Asian Cup in 1986 and 1989. They were the sliver winner of Atlanta Olympic in 1996 and Women World Cup in 1999. In addition, Sun Wen was n amed the women’s world player of the year in 1999. It’s so hard for us to expect a men’s world player of the year while the Chinese football fans were still waving homemade signs which read “Chinese football, rush out of Asia!”
(正方)苏懿涵：
Yes, in a way. But haven’t you realized what you said can just indicate that people of either sex are capable of doing the same job well. And the fact is, many women have abilities to create their own career, but they didn’t do it. Perhaps the opportunity this man-dominating society offered to women is so rare. Any way, their contribution is very limited. (驳国阳)
(正方)林文芝：
1.In human history, there are many great statesmen; scientists are women, such as Sung Mei-ling, Madame Curie and so on. But I think these are a few examples that women make great contributions to the society. And they just indicate that women can also do the things that men always do. We must declare that although women can also many jobs that men always do, they don't do them. So from the history, we can know that men who make progress in society are countless, but women are rare.
2 even though women do more contribution to our family, and someone may say that, it's women behind the men, but who is over the women or behind or protector of women? the answer is men. And today's topic is that who contributes more to the society, not women contributes more to men.
3 In our history, there are also many instances that men bring many disasters to our society. For example Qin Shihuang, Adolf Hitler. But I think that even though a few men bring bad effort to our society, much more men do help to our society's progress, such as Mao Zedong, Newton and so on. And if we say that men bring disasters to our society, women also do it, the most famous women as CiXi, Lvzhi.
4 Men are stronger than women in many aspects such as physical strength. Men play an very important role in our society development .They are the organizers, the workers and so on. Take a look at our government and politics 90% of the position is
being taken by the men. So men is more in contributing towards the society. Even though today there are some women have a higher salary than most of the men. but this is just a small number!At the top of society we can see men everywhere: most world rulers, presidents, prime ministers, most members of Congress and parliaments, most CEOs of major corporations, and so forth — these are mostly men.
5 Because of the discrimination to the female, women can't make great contribution to our society?
We all know that in the development of the human history, first appeared the matriarchal society. In that society, women had the power to do everything they want to do, they was not discrimination to them. And in contrast, at that time men did not have any social status. But did the women make great contribution to the society development? I think the answer is no. In the end, the matriarchal society was replaced by patrilinea（父系的）society . From that time, males make the human society develop fast. Why did it happen? Why did not "women's world" last longer than the "men's world"? Can this manifest that the society was eliminated because human society development needs higher advanced civilization.
(反方)叶娟：
Although both men and women contribute to society, as to contributions to the society, I would definitely stand with the opinion that women contribute more to the society than men.
（反方）林国阳：
Only a woman can carry in her body an eternal being which bears the very image of God. Only she is the recipient of the miracle of life. Only women can conceive and nurture this life using her own flesh and blood, and then deliver a living soul into this world. God has bestowed upon her alone a genuine miracle---the creation of life, and the fusing of an eternal soul with mortal flesh. This fact alone established the glory of motherhood, and also the glory of women.
(正方)李源：
Contribution to the society includes material contribution and spiritual contribution. First of all, men do more material contribution. According to a survey conducted in 1990, the average monthly incomes for male and female workers in urban areas were 193.15 yuan and 149.60 yuan respectively, with women receiving only 77.4 percent of the pay given to men. In rural areas, the average annual incomes for men and women were 1,518 yuan and 1,235 yuan respectively, with women getting 81.4 percent of the earnings of men.
Moreover, men do more spiritual contribution:
When some disasters happen, man can always keep a clear mind and does something really helpful. Did you still remember the earthquake took place in Qinghai province? Aid workers are in a race against time to save thousands of earthquake victims stranded near the epicenter. Chinese soldier went to the earthquake-stricken area at top speed for succoring the injured person. Most of the soldiers are men, right? They served the public with dedication and integrity. Their selfless dedication and bravery do ever lasting spiritual contribution to the society.
We always say “teachers are engineers of soul”. Teachers make notable spiritual contribution to the society. The survey given by China Education Yearbook in 1992
showed that only 14.6% of the graduate student tutors are women. It’s clear that men do more contribution to the higher education, which is a part of men’s spiritual contribution.
The education level of women is lower than men. In 2002, the female students in college are only 40.98% of all the college students. Then we can conclude men have higher comprehensive quality, which can help them to do more spiritual contribution. So according to the analysis of material contribution and spiritual contribution, we can safely come to the conclusion that men contribute more to the society than women.
主持人：
Wow , what a wonderful debate . Now, conclusion part. Let's see if any of them can give a strong support for their topic.
(反方)林国阳：
Well, ladies and gentlemen, women, from biological point of view, are bestowed with a unique ability to conceive, to give birth, to nurture and educate their children. They also had to suffer the sickness of being pregnant, they dare not take pills because they take the health of the baby into serious consideration, they had to bear the sharp pain of delivery, they had to feed the baby in the depth of night, they had to try desperately to keep a slim figure to prevent any possibility of their husband’s abandonment just because of their changed, sacrificed figure for delivery. While at the same time, they burden themselves with most of the domestic affairs, they refuse to give up their dreams; they work as teachers, policemen, engineers, scientists, doctors, journalists, coal miners or what not. You have no idea or you have always been neglecting the enormity of the contribution that women have made and would have made. All in all, ladies and gentlemen, the victory of this debate alone is not the thing that my teammates and I are seeking for. We just wan to convince you when everything is said and done, women still contribute more than men.
(正方)李源：
We have long been debating on the topic. Indeed, we are so impressed by the eloquence of our fellow debaters. But on another thought, however, it is not hard to find some mistakes in your argument. For example, you have evaded definitions. What we are talking about is the contribution to the society instead of contribution to the family. So we would like to reiterate our viewpoint that men contribute more to the society than women. Let’s conclude our opinion as follows:
On the one ha nd, let’s talk about the subject condition.
First, man’s physical strength is enormous. If a man and a woman have the same knowledge background and skills, man can do better and do more contribution. Second, on the mental aspect, we always hold the opinion that woman is emotional, while man can always make decisions swiftly. The different can be noticed when people are dealing with some emergencies. Just think about, who make the decision that we must press ahead with the reform and opening up policy. The answer is man, right?
So, on the subject condition, we can reach the conclusion that woman has less ability than man to do contribution to the society.
On the other hand, let us down to the objects condition.
First, the public opinion makes people believe men should do more contribution than women do, and even make women themselves believe that they do not have duty or ability to do contribution.
Second, the fact of life gives women few chances to make contribution. The
unemployed women are much more than unemployed men.
Looking back to history and our daily life, we can find the men who help us to
make progress in society are countless. But women who make a big contribution are rare as the phoenix. So base on the reasons we mentioned above, we cherish the
unshakable belief that men contribute more to the society than women.
Thank you.
主持人结语：
Thank you. Both teams have showed great debate ability in today's fierce debate. And
I think all debaters need to congratulate themselves for their outstanding effort.
Women and the world economy
A guide to womenomics
The future of the world economy lies increasingly in female hands
Apr 12th 2006 | from the print edition
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“WHY can't a woman be more like a man?” mused（沉思）He nry Higgins in “My Fair Lady”. Future generations might ask why a man can't be more like a woman. In rich countries, girls now do better at school than boys, more women are getting
university degrees than men are and females are filling most new jobs. Arguably, women are now the most powerful engine of global growth.
In 1950 only one-third of American women of working age had a paid job. Today two-thirds do, and women make up almost half of America's workforce (see chart 1).
Since 1950 men's employment rate has slid by 12 percentage points, to 77%. In fact, almost everywhere more women are employed and the percentage of men with jobs has fallen—although in some countries the feminisation of the workplace still has far to go: in Italy and Japan, women's share of jobs is still 40% or less.
The increase in female employment in developed countries has been aided by a big shift in the type of jobs on offer. Manufacturing work, traditionally a male preserve, has declined, while jobs in services have expanded. This has reduced the demand for manual labour and put the sexes on a more equal footing.
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In the developing world, too, more women now have paid jobs. In the emerging East Asian economies, for every 100 men in the labour force there are now 83 women, higher even than the average in OECD countries. Women have been
particularly important to the success of Asia's export industries, typically accounting for 60-80% of jobs in many export sectors, such as textiles and clothing.
Of course, it is misleading to talk of women's “entry” into the workforce. Besides formal employment, women have always worked in the home, looking after children, cleaning or cooking, but because this is unpaid, it is not counted in the official statistics. To some extent, the increase in female paid employment has meant fewer hours of unpaid housework. However, the value of housework has fallen by much less than the time spent on it, because of the increased productivity afforded by dishwashers, washing machines and so forth. Paid nannies and cleaners employed by working women now also do some work that used to belong in the non-market economy.
Nevertheless, most working women are still responsible for the bulk of chores in their homes. In developed economies, women produce just under 40% of official GDP. But if the worth of housework is added (valuing the hours worked at the average wage rates of a home help or a nanny) then women probably produce slightly more than half of total output.
The increase in female employment has also accounted for a big chunk of global growth in recent decades. GDP growth can come from three sources: employing more people; using more capital per worker; or an increase in the productivity of labour and capital due to new technology, say. Since 1970 women have filled two new jobs for every one taken by a man. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the employment of extra women has not only added more to GDP than new jobs for men but has also chipped in more than either capital investment or increased productivity. Carve up the world's economic growth a different way and another surprising conclusion emerges: over the past decade or so, the increased employment of women in developed economies has contributed much more to global growth than China has.
Girl power
Women are becoming more important in the global marketplace not just as workers, but also as consumers, entrepreneurs, managers and investors. Women have traditionally done most of the household shopping, but now they have more money of their own to spend. Surveys suggest that women make perhaps 80% of consumers' buying decisions—from health care and homes to furniture and food.
Kathy Matsui, chief strategist at Goldman Sachs in Tokyo, has devised a basket of 115 Japanese companies that should benefit from women's rising purchasing power and changing lives as more of them go out to work. It includes industries such as financial services as well as online retailing, beauty, clothing and prepared foods.
Over the past decade the value of shares in Goldman's basket has risen by 96%, against the Tokyo stockmarket's rise of 13%.
Women's share of the workforce has a limit. In America it has already stalled. But there will still be a lot of scope for women to become more productive as they make better use of their qualifications. At school, girls consistently get better grades, and in most developed countries well over half of all university degrees are now being awarded to women. In America 140 women enrol in higher education each year for every 100 men; in Sweden the number is as high as 150. (There are, however, only 90 female Japanese students for every 100 males.)
In years to come better educated women will take more of the top jobs. At present, for example, in Britain more women than men train as doctors and lawyers, but relatively few are leading surgeons or partners in law firms. The main reason why women still get paid less on average than men is not that they are paid less for the same jobs but that they tend not to climb so far up the career ladder, or they choose lower-paid occupations, such as nursing and teaching. This pattern is likely to change.
The fairer and the fitter
Making better use of women's skills is not just a matter of fairness. Plenty of studies suggest that it is good for business, too. Women account for only 7% of directors on the world's corporate boards—15% in America, but less than 1% in Japan. Yet a study by Catalyst, a consultancy, found that American companies with more women in senior management jobs earned a higher return on equity than those with fewer women at the top. This might be because mixed teams of men and women are better than single-sex groups at solving problems and spotting external threats. Studies have also suggested that women are often better than men at building teams and communicating.
To make men feel even worse, researchers have also concluded that women make better investors than they do. A survey by Digital Look, a British financial website, found that women consistently earn higher returns than men. A survey of American investors by Merrill Lynch examined why women were better at investing. Women were less like ly to “churn” their investments; and men tended to commit too much money to single, risky ideas. Overconfidence and overtrading are a recipe for poor investment returns.
Despite their gains, women remain perhaps the world's most under-utilised resource. Many are still excluded from paid work; many do not make best use of their skills. Take Japan, where only 57% of women work, against 65% in America (see chart 2). Greater participation by women in the labour market could help to
offset the effects of an ageing, shrinking population and hence support growth. Ms Matsui reckons that if Japan raised the share of working women to American levels, it would boost annual growth by 0.3 percentage points over 20 years.
The same argument applies to continental Europe. Less than 50% of Italian women and only 55-60% of German and French women have paid jobs. But Kevin Daly, of Goldman Sachs, points out that among women aged 25-29 the participation rate in the EU (ie, the proportion of women who are in jobs or looking for them) is the same as in America. Among 55- to 59-year-olds it is only 50%, well below America's 66%. Over time, female employment in Europe will surely rise, to the benefit of its economies.
In poor countries too, the under-utilisation of women stunts economic growth. A study last year by the World Economic Forum found a clear correlation between sex equality (measured by economic participation, education, health and political empowerment) and GDP per head. Correlation does not prove the direction of causation. But other studies also suggest that inequality between the sexes harms long-term growth.
In particular, there is strong evidence that educating girls boosts prosperity. It is probably the single best investment that can be made in the developing world. Not only are better educated women more productive, but they raise healthier, better educated children. There is huge potential to raise income per head in developing countries, where fewer girls go to school than boys. More than two-thirds of the world's illiterate adults are women.
It is sometimes argued that it is shortsighted to get more women into paid employment. The more women go out to work, it is said, the fewer children there will be and the lower growth will be in the long run. Yet the facts suggest otherwise.
Chart 3 shows that countries with high female labour participation rates, such as Sweden, tend to have higher fertility rates than Germany, Italy and Japan, where fewer women work. Indeed, the decline in fertility has been greatest in several countries where female employment is low.
It seems that if higher female labour participation is supported by the right policies, it need not reduce fertility. To make full use of their national pools of female talent, governments need to remove obstacles that make it hard for women to combine work with having children. This may mean offering parental leave and child care, allowing more flexible working hours, and reforming tax and social-security systems that create disincentives for women to work.
Countries in which more women have stayed at home, namely Germany, Japan and Italy, offer less support for working mothers. This means that fewer women take or look for jobs; but it also means lower birth rates because women postpone childbearing. Japan, for example, offers little support for working mothers: only 13% of children under three attend day-care centres, compared with 54% in America and 34% in Britain.
Despite the increased economic importance of women, they could become more important still: more of them could join the labour market and more could make full use of their skills and qualifications. This would provide a sounder base for
long-term growth. It would help to finance rich countries' welfare states as populations age and it would boost incomes in the developing world. However, if women are to get out and power the global economy, it is surely only fair that men should at last do more of the housework.
from the print edition | Finance and economics
Mind Wikipedia's Gender Gap: Men Contribute More Than Women\\
It is widely believed that the numbers gap between men and women in public opinion forums（论坛） results from women's hesitancy - be it culturally imbued（灌输） or inherent（遗传的） - to assert themselves in venues （场地场馆） traditionally dominated by men. But this theory of the gender gap is experiencing a complication: As it turns out, women shy away even from asserting themselves anonymously.（化名的） Despite the fact that Wikipedia is a young forum with no patriarchal tradition, and despite contributor anonymity, a study carried out by the Wikimedia Foundation last year found that a mere 13 percent of contributors to the crowd-sourced encyclopedia are women.
Sue Gardner, the executive director of the foundation, told the New York Times that the contributor gender breakdown has produced a noticeable （显而易见的） bias in the encyclopedia toward topics likely to be of greater interest to men. For example, friendship bracelets（手镯，手链）, Sex and the City, and Mexican feminist（主张男女平等的） writers all get short-changed（故意少给顾客找钱） by the website in comparison to its articles on baseball cards, The Sopranos（黑道家族电视剧）, and characters in The Simpson's, respectively. Thus Gardner believes increasing the number of female contributors is a necessity: the quality of Wikipedia is suffering without them.
Gardner and the Wikimedia board of directors have set the goal of upping the female contribution to 25 percent by 2015; before tackling（抓住）the question of how to do it, though, they must first figure out why the numbers are what they are in the first place.
According to the OpEd Project, a New York-based organization that monitors （监视器）gender gaps, the Wikipedia gender gap is similar in degree to that of other "public thought-leadership forums." A man/woman ratio of 85-to-15 is common in government bodies and in newspaper op-ed columns, for example. But in an open-ended forum where loud, aggressive, or competitive men cannot be blamed for shutting women out, why should a gender gap exist? Why are women staying quiet on Wikipedia?
研究生自然辩证法考试题目及答案
自然辩证法复习题及答案 一、填空题 1、科学的三种类别。3′ 自然科学，社会科学，人文科学 2、科学技术的三种哲学反思。3′ 对科学进行辩护-捍卫科学；对科学进行批判-质疑科学；对科学进行审度-必要的转换 3、《自然辩证法》的学科内容和知识体系。4′ （1）自然观是人们对自然界的总体看法。它是从整体上研究自然界的本质及其发展规律的根本观点。 （2）科学技术观是人们对科学技术的总体看法。它是从整体上概括科学技术及其发展规律的根本观点。 （3）科学技术方法论是人们对科学技术所运用的认识和实践方法的哲学概括。它是关于科学技术研究中常用的一般方法的规律性理论。 （4）科学技术社会论是人们对科学技术的哲学反思。它是关于科学技术性质、作用（正、负）及其发展规律以及科学技术与社会的关系的总观点。 4、《自然辩证法》的学科由来和学科性质。2′ （1）由来：自然辩证法的历史源远流长，其萌芽形态可以上溯到古希腊的自然哲学，但作为一门独立学科则是由马克思和恩格斯在19世纪下半叶共同创立的。自然辩证法是近代自然科学的历史发展及其基本成就的科学总结，特别是十九世纪中后期自然科学最新发展和最新成就的科学总结，同时也是恩格斯本人多年刻苦学习和精心研究自然科学的科学总结。有关《自然辩证法》的材料是恩格斯1873─1886年这一时期写成的。整部著作没有写完，并且在恩格斯生前没有发表过。 （2）性质：自然科学、社会科学和思维科学相交叉的哲学性质的马克思主义理论学科 5、马克思主义自然观的三种类型。3′ 系统层次观，进化历史观，持续发展观 6、系统的基本特点。4′
整体性；层次性；有序性；动态性 7、“可持续发展”的概念。 既满足当代人的需求，又不对后代人满足其自身需求的能力构成危害的发展。 8、科学和技术的本质特征。2′ 科学：人对自然的理论关系、一般生产力。 技术：人对自然的实践关系、直接生产力。 9、四大产业体系的分类。4′ （1）第一产业体系（农、林、牧、畜、渔）； （2）第二产业体系（制造、采掘、建筑、运输）； （3）第三产业体系（通信、商业、金融、医疗、饮食、公共服务）； （4）第四产业体系（科学、文化、教育、咨询） 10、科学的五大解释。5′ （1）知识体系：发展着的认识 （2）认识活动：科学研究活动 （3）社会建制：科学家共同体 （4）思维方式：科学方法 （5）精神气质：科学精神 11、作为知识体系的科学的内容。4′ 科学事实、科学定律、科学假说、科学理论 12、科研选题的四个原则。4′ 需要性原则，创造性原则，科学性原则，可行性原则 13、获取科学事实的主要方法。2′ 科学观察方法；科学实验方法 14、科学实验的主要方法。4′ （1）纯化和简化研究对象（减法实验）：与隔离有关。 （2）强化和激化研究对象（加法实验）。 （3）再现和重演自然过程（过程模拟实验，乘法实验1）。 （4）替代物理过程和数学关系（结构模拟实验，乘法实验2） 15、整理科学事实的主要方法。4′
古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文
晋灵公不君（宣公二年） 原文： 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之，寘诸畚，使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手，问其故而患之。将谏，士季曰：“谏而不入，则莫之继也。会请先，不入，则子继之。”三进及溜，而后视之，曰：“吾知所过矣，将改之。”稽首而对曰：“人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。诗曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’夫如是，则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终，则社稷之固也，岂惟群臣赖之。又曰：‘衮职有阙，惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过，衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏，公患之，使鉏麑贼之。晨往，寝门辟矣，盛服将朝。尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，叹而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。贼民之主，不忠；弃君之命，不信。有一于此，不如死也！”触槐而死。 秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之，趋登曰：“臣侍君宴，过三爵，非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰：“弃人用犬，虽猛何为！”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初，宣子田于首山，舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿，问其病。曰：“不食三日矣！”食之，舍其半。问之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否。今近焉，请以遗之。”使尽之，而为之箪食与肉，寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。问何故，对曰：“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居，不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑，赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰：“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰：“不然。”对曰：“子为正卿，亡不越竟，反不讨贼，非子而谁？”宣子曰：“呜呼!‘我之怀矣，自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。赵宣子，古之良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，越竞乃免。” 译文： 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人，然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌，没有炖熟，晋灵公就把他杀了，把他的尸体装在草筐中，让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂，询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏，士季说：“如果您去进谏而君王不听，那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧，不行的话，您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回，行了三回礼，一直到屋檐下，晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说：“我知道我的过错了，我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道：“谁能没有过错呢？有过错而能改掉，这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说：‘没有人向善没有一个开始的，但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样，那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善，那么江山就稳固了，不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。
自然辩证法考试答案
自然辩证法 1.自然辩证法的性质、内容与方法 性质：自然辩证法是马克思主义的重要组成部分。 它的研究对象与研究范围：自然界-科学-技术-社会。 主要内容：自然观-科学观-技术观-科学技术与社会 研究方法： （1）科学问题的提出 （2）（2）科学事实的获取—观察与实验 （3）科学假说的形成 （4）科学理论的创立 科学思维方法—非演绎方法 ①分析与综合②归纳与概括③类比与联想④思想模型 2.近代唯物主义自然观的特点 (1)直观性：从某种有形的、直观的东西去寻求自然现象多样性的统一。用猜测和想象去说明自然现象； （2）辩证性：把自然界看成一幅由种种联系和过程交织起来的画面。 3.系统自然观、生态自然观的基本思想 系统自然观的基本思想 （1）自然界是一个系统.系统是由若干具有特定属性的组成元素经过特定联系而构成的、与周围环境相互联系的、具有特定的结构和功能的整体. （2）系统整体与部分的关系 系统的整体与部分之间的关系可以概括为两个方面： ①整体与部分相互依赖.整体是由部分组成的,整体不能脱离部分而独立存在. ②整体不等于部分之和.其具体表现在：整体大于部分之和（即所谓“三个臭皮匠,赛过一个诸葛亮”）；整体小于部分之和（即所谓“一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝”）. 生态自然观的基本思想 1）自然界是人类生存与发展的前提和基础,人是自然界发展的产物,人是自然界的一部分,人类的生存与发展依赖于自然界. 2）自然环境创造人,人也创造环境.人类的创造必须把改造自然与美化自然有机地结合起来,这样才是合乎人性的行为. 3）人要与自然和谐相处,自然环境与社会环境相统一.人要按自然规律办事,自然才会朝着有利于人类社会的方向发展否则,人类就会遭到自然的报复. 4）改革不合理的社会制度,是实现人与自然协调发展的重要途径,只有在共产主义社会才能真正实现人与自然的和谐统一.马克思主义关于“自然主义、人道主义、共产主义”相统一的生态思想揭示了生态自然观的本质. 5）可持续发展是既满足当代人的需要,又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展.它具有整体性、公平性和正义性等特点.人类是一个整体,可持续发展要求超越不同国家的文化和意识形态的差异,并采取联合的共同行动.生态文明所
人教版高中英语选修七单词辅助第一单元
1、 Blindness is a very serious disability. 失明是非常严重的残疾。 2、 Though he is disabled, he is a gifted artist. 尽管身残疾 (的 )，他是一个有天赋的艺术家。 3、 person with a hearing and eyesight disability misses many things. 一位听力和视力残疾的人会错过很多东西。 4、 Beware of the love syndrome.当心恋爱综合症。 5、 Rosalyn had been there frequently in past years for treatment for infantile paralysis. 罗莎琳在过去的几年中频频来这里治疗小儿麻痹。 6、 Harris went on top in the last lap. 哈里斯在最后一圈跑到了最前面。 7、 He had a high ambition to be a headmaster. 他的抱负是想成为一名校长。 8、 I will love the ambitious for they can inspire me!我爱雄心壮志的人，因为他们能激励我！ 9、 We will have dictation today.我们今天要听写了。 10、 I wrote the letter at Sally's dictation . 我照萨利的口述写信。 11、 The campus is noisy today.今天校园里很吵。 12、 Do believe there is no best man, only much suitable one. 要相信没有最好男人，只有更适合的。 13、 Trees hid the entry of the cave. 洞穴的入口被树丛遮掩。 14、 Fresh air is beneficial to people's health. 新鲜空气对人的健康有好处。 15、 In other words, a classic fudge. 总之一句话，一派胡言。 16、 Mother reproached me for being too clumsy. 母亲责备我笨手笨脚。 17、 He used to be quiet, but now he is very outgoing. 他以前性格沉默少言，但现在很外向。 18、 How do you adapt to this new environment? 你要怎样适应这种新环境呢?。 19、 The bench often does duty for a table. 这条长凳经常当桌子用。 20、 The doctor told me to cut out meat for my fat. 由于肥胖，大夫叫我停止吃肉 21、 He applied his eye to the microscope. 他把眼睛贴近显微镜。 22、 She was out of breath from climbing the stairs. 爬楼梯使她上气不接下气的。 23、 A servant is known by his master's absence.主人不在就可以看出仆人的品行来。 24、 You are a milk-livered fellow!你真是一个胆小的家伙！ 25、 Thank you, my fellow colleagues. 谢谢，同事们。 26、 No joy without annoy. 没有无烦恼之快乐。 27、 I am really very annoyed about it. 我对此事真是很生气。 28、 I felt annoyance at being teased.我恼恨“别人”取笑我。 29、 I let go of all annoyance. 我放下所有烦恼。 30、 He has his faults, but all in all , he is a good guy. 他有缺点，但总的来说，他是不错的人。 单词拼读举例:Di sa bi li ty di sa bled syn drome in fan tile pa ra ly sis am bi tion am bi tious
2017自然辩证法考试试题及答案
1.什么是技术创新？它有哪些机制？ 技术创新 技术创新不同于技术发明，它主要是指技术成果在商业上的首次成功应用。技术创新包含技术成果的商业化和产业化，它是技术进步的基本形式。原始创新和集成创新是当前我国科技界和产业界关注的焦点所在，国家创新系统是市场经济架构下企业从事技术创新活动的环境。 技术创新的机制 技术创新的机制分为两个层次：国家层次是指国家创新体系，它主要是从国家竞争力考虑；企业层次主要是指，企业在其内部和外部各种因素的影响下，通过创新建立相应的组织结构，并对社会经济发挥作用的机理和原理，它主要是从企业竞争力考虑。 2.怎样正确地理解人与自然之间的矛盾和关系，谈谈你对中国可持续发展之路 的想法。 （1）人与自然的三重矛盾关系 自然资源和生态环境承载力的有限性与人民日益增长的物质文化需要的矛盾关系；尊重自然的价值与尊重人类发展权利的矛盾关系；技术开发与自然保护的矛盾关系。 （2）人与自然的关系 世界上的任何事物都是矛盾的统一体。我们面对的现实世界，就是由人类社会和自然界双方组成的矛盾统一体，两者之间是辩证统一的关系。一方面，人与自然是相互联系、相互依存、相互渗透的，人类的存在和发展，一刻也离不开自然，必然要通过生产劳动同自然进行物质、能量的交换。与此同时，人与自然之间又是相互对立的。人类为了更好地生存和发展，总是要不断地否定自然界的自然状态，并改变它；而自然界又竭力地否定人，力求恢复到自然状态。人与自然之间这种否定与反否定，改变与反改变的关系，实际上就是作用与反作用的关系，如果对这两种″作用″的关系处理得不好，极易造成人与自然之间失衡。 中国和世界正处在关键的十字路口。随着中国经济的快速发展，资源消耗以及随之产生的废物也大幅度增长，为了取得长期的经济增长，中国必须找到一条可持续发展之路。中国的环境恶化很严重，加上庞大的人口和前所未有的经济发展，这些都对中国走向可持续发展形成了重大障碍。这些都导致中国可持续发展的必然性：（一）人口方面的挑战（二）资源方面的挑战（三）生态环境方面的1、自然生态环境破坏日趋严峻2、自然生态环境污染日趋严峻：（1）水污染严重2)大气污染严重(3)土地污染严重(4)固体废物问题严重(5)噪声污染(6)电磁污染(7)光污染(8)热污染 在我国实施可持续发展必须做好以下几方面工作：首先要改变观念，科学认识自然，掌握自然规律，顺应自然发展，科学地协调、改造自然，善待自然，改变过去那种“先发展，后治理”的老路；其次要珍惜资源，节约资源；最后要唤起公众可持续发展意识，帮助人们树立正确的自然观。 中国走可持续发展道路是中国的必然选择，但这条道路同时是十分艰难的，首先经济实力薄弱是一大障碍，其次实现可持续发展需要科学技术特别是高新科学技术的支持，要达到这一点尚需长期努力，最后是地区发展的不平衡，尤其是西部地区水土流失等生态恶化现象更加严重。虽然有上述不足，但我们同时要看到，只要中国政府坚持发挥主导作用，充分运用科技力量，最广泛地动员公众参与，再加上国际社会的有力支持，随着经济体制改革、增长方式转变和科技进步的支持，中国可持续发展的前景是光明的 3.什么是科学精神？举例说明它的重要性。 科学精神是指从科学研究的过程和成果中所显示出来的科学本身所独有的一种精神气质，以及与之相应的科学思想、科学方法。它是科学价值的核心。科学精神有广泛而深刻的涵义，主要包括以下几个方面内容：
如何翻译古文
如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如： 原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》） 译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》） 原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》） 译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》） 上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如： 原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》） 译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。
自然辩证法考试答案
自然辩证法题库 1.谈谈你对生态文明社会建设的具体设想 21世纪初是中国社会主义生态文明建设的关键阶段。改革开放以来，中国的社会主义生态文明建设取得了巨大成就，但社会主义生态文明建设的任务依然沉重。基于中国社会主义生态文明建设面临的困境与挑战，中国们必须继续坚持以人为本，以人与自然和谐共存为主线，以经济发展为核心，以提高人民生活质量为根本出发点，以体制创新为突破口，推动整个社会走上生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。 一是加强生态教育，提高全民族的生态道德素质。生态道德意识是建设社会主义生态文明的精神依托和道德基础。只有大力培育全民族的生态道德意识，使人们对生态环境的保护转化为自觉的行动，才能解决生态保护的根本问题，才能为社会主义生态文明的发展奠定坚实的基础。因此，建设社会主义生态文明，必须把道德关怀引入到人与自然的关系中，树立起人对于自然的道德义务感，养成良好的“生态德性”。尤其要抓好学校教育的环节，特别要重视青少年生态道德意识的培育和提高，帮助学生树立环境生态观念、环境资源观念、环境道德观念。 二是改革生产方式，做强生态产业。对现行的生产方式进行生态化改造是推进社会主义生态文明建设的重要手段。现阶段发展生态产业的重点，是要建立起资源节约、环境少污染型的国民经济体系，走生态农业、生态工业的发展道路。要下决心关停并转那些能源消耗大、经济效益差、环境污染重的企业。发展生态农业，主要包括绿色农业食品和绿色食品原料，生态林业、草业、花卉业，生态渔业，观光农业，生态畜牧产品，生态农业手工业等方面。为此，要研究开发生态技术，防止土壤肥力退化，进行植物病虫害综合防治，实现生活用能替代和多能互补、废弃地复垦利用和陡坡地退耕还林，发展山地综合开发复合型生态经济、以庭院为主的院落生态经济，以及农村绿色产业和绿色产品，提高农业产业化水平，促进农村生态经济的发展。另外，还要重视生态旅游业和环保产业的发展。 三是实施生态工程，全面推进生态环境的保护和治理。生态工程是社会主义生态文明建设的重要组成部分。结合中国的自然、经济和社会特点，“十五”期间，应重点解决危害人民群众身体健康、社会最为关心的环境问题：一要加强城乡饮用水水源地保护，加强工业废水和城市污水的生态处理，抓好重点流域、区域、海域的污染防治工作；二要抓好退耕还林还草和植树造林工程，特别是北京地区风沙源治理、天然林保护和沿海防护林等生态工程建设；三要防治大中城市空气污染、危险废物污染，防止生态破坏； 四要加快自然保护区、环境优美城市和生态省（市、自治区）的创建工程；五要继续推进计划生育的基本国策，提高全社会的计划生育意识，确保控制人口数量，确保提高人口质量；六要在鼓励使用可再生资源的同时，控制可再生资源的利用率不能超过其再生和自然增长的限度，提倡少用或不用不可再生资源，防止资源骤减，力争全面推进生态环境的保护和治理。 四是完善社会主义生态文明建设的政策体系和法律体系。社会主义生态文明建设不仅需要道德力量的推动，也需要政府和权力机关出台必要的政策、制定相关法律法规来进行硬约束。要建立综合决策制度，用政府的权威保证生态环境免遭破坏。特别是在制定规划、计划及重大经济行为的拟议过程中，充分发挥政府综合决策的作用，把生态环境目标和经济发展目标结合起来、统筹考虑，以从源头上解决对生态的危害问题。要适时出台相关政策，用宏观调控手段引导生态建设的积极性。包括：引导生态型项目开发的扶
齐晋鞌之战原文和译文
鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，
自然辩证法考试参考答案
自然辩证法概论复习题 1、论技术创新：科学技术与经济的有效结合。 科技与经济相结合，就是强调科技发展要与经济发展相结合。“科学技术是第一生产力”是邓小平科技思想的核心，这一论断说明了科学技术决定着生产力发展的方向、规模和速度，要发展生产力就必须依靠科学技术。只有经济发展了，才可能有生产力的飞速发展。因此，科学技术进步和经济发展成为推动生产力发展的两大重要支柱，发展生产力需要科技与经济的有机结合。 自邓小平提出科技与经济结合这一论断开始，中国就在推进结合的过程中不断发展，几十年来也取得了一些成就，但是不能忽视结合的不彻底，以及存在的种种问题。如今，中国发展进入创新驱动的新阶段，科技与经济结合的问题再次成为焦点，要做好这项工作，必须以更符合创新规律的方式来推动。在对结合的认识上，不仅要加深对其重要性的理解，增强全民科技意识，将结合问题看作科技界的问题，也要看作经济界的问题，切实转变经济工作的根本理念，体现创新的重要性。我们更应该明确技术创新的经济属性，从产业链的高端位置入手，获得高价值。此外，现阶段我国的新产品主要应用者不能依赖于国外市场，应该发挥本国市场对自主创新活动的牵引作用，将市场应用作为自主创新实践不可或缺的环节。另外，资本市场对推动科技与经济结合也至关重要。硅谷的成功不仅仅因为有一流的技术，更是因为有一流的技术与资本对接的机制。从中国的现实来看，尽管开办了创业板，但真正对技术创新的支持还远远不够，短期利益导向严重阻碍了科技与经济结合。当前，在政府资金越来越充裕的条件下，应该下大力气引导投资市场关注科技与经济结合，关注创新型企业培育，形成鼓励创新的投资市场。 或者 社会经济对科学技术发展的影响？ 答：A社会的经济需求是科学技术发展的最重要的推动力量； B社会的经济支持是科学技术发展的最重要的物质基础； C社会的经济竞争是科学技术发展的最重要的刺激因素； D经济对科学技术的影响还集中体现在生产的影响上。 技术创新：技术创新是一个从产生新产品或新工艺的设想到市场应用的完整过程，它包括新设想的产生、研究、开发、商业化生产到扩散这样一系列活动，本质上是一个科技、经济一体化过程，是技术进步与应用创新共同作用催生的产物，它包括技术开发和技术应用这两大环节。 技术创新的主要原则： 1、技术上的新颖性或创造性。技术创新特征在技术上的体现就是“新颖”，它是指在一定时期和市场范围内，相对于原有技术的改进或创造。2、经济上的高风险性和高收益性。技术创新是一项充满风险的事业，但这并不妨碍人们去创新，这是因为创新存在极高的回报。3、技术创新的中介性或过渡性。作为科技发展与经济增长中间环节的创新具有中介性，是技术与经济。 2、从生态自然观的产生说明这种自然观是对辩证唯物主义自然观的丰富的发展？ （1）马克思、恩格斯的生态思想是现代生态自然观的直接的理论来源。马克思、恩格斯的生态思想：①自然界是人类生存和发展的前提和基础；②环境创造人，人也创造环境；③自然生产力是社会生产力的基础；④人要与自然和谐一致。⑤改革不合理的社会制度，是实现人与自然协调发展的重要途径。 （2）以生态科学为基础的生态自然观是当代人类对“生态危机”进行反思和对生态科学进行概括与总结的结晶。“生态危机”是指由于人类不合理的活动，在全球规模或局部区域导致生态过程即生态系统的结构和功能的损害、生命维持系统瓦解，从而危害人的利益、威胁人类生存和发展的现象。其表现为：人口激增、自然资源消耗、短缺、环境污染。 （3）生态自然观的基本思想： ①生态系统是生命系统；②生态系统具有显著的整体性；③生态系统是自组织的开放系统； ④生态系统是动态平衡系统；⑤生态系统是稳定性与变化性相统一的平衡。 生态自然观是对马克思、恩格斯生态思想的继承与发展，是在人类反思全球性“生态危机”的过程中和总结现代生态科学的最新思想成果的基础上形成的。 3、根据选题的基本原理，在你的专业上选一个题，并简述选题的过程和注意事项。 所谓科研选题,从狭义上来讲,是指选择和确定所要研究解决的课题,从广义上来说, 它包括确定研究方向和选择研究课题两个方面。研究课题是指科学技术领域中尚未解决的科学问题。—而研究方向是指研究者在一个较长时期内从事研究活动的领域。 选题的过程 (一)课题调研和实际考察。
《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)原文及翻译
《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译）原文及翻 译 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：余病[9]矣！张侯[10]曰：自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！缓曰：自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？然子病矣！张侯曰：师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未及死，吾子勉之[21]！左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通鞍，齐国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，
列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，郑丘是复姓。郤（x ）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是吃早饭的意思。这句话是成语灭此朝食的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。兵以鼓进，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。张是字，侯是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说子更亲切。 [14]苟：连词，表示假设。险：险阻，指难走的路。 [15]识：知道。之，代词，代苟有险，余必下推车这件事，可不译。 [16]师之耳目：军队的耳、目（指注意力）。在吾旗鼓：在我们
自然辩证法考试题及答案详解
1、什么是自然辩证法？你认为学习自然辩证法有什么意义？ 2、如何理解自然界的辩证运动？ 3、试述辩证唯物主义自然观的基本内容？ 4、系统自然观的主要内容是什么？举例说明学习系统自然观的意义？ 5、生态自然观的基本观点是什么？依据生态自然观的基本观点如何认识人与自然的关系？ 6、试述现代科学的本质与特征？ 7、科学研究的一般环节是什么？学习科学研究方法对你的研究工作有什么指导意义？ 8、试述技术的本质、特征与发展的动力什么？ 9、试述工程、产业的本质与特征？ 10、你如何理解科学技术是一把双刃剑？ 11、如何理解创新型国家建设？ 12、根据创新型人才的素质特点并结合个人专业谈谈如何才能成为创新型人才？ 1.什么是自然辩证法？你认为学习自然辩证法有什么意义？ 1、自然辩证法是马克思主义学说的一个分支，是马克思主义学说的组成部分，自然辩证法也是关于自然界辩证运动的整体认识。 2、自然辩证法强调的是对自然界总的认识而不是对细节的认识，所谓的自然界是广义的自然界，包括天然自然和人化自然（被科学所认识的自然）、人工自然（被技术改造的自然）、社会自然（被产业产出的自然）。自然界的辩证运动包括天然自然转化为人化自然地运动、天然自然（包括人化自然）转化为人工自然的运动、人工自然向社会自然的转化运动。 3、在转化过程中对科学、技术、工程、产业有了认识即科学指把天然自然转化成人化自然的手段；技术指把天然自然（包括人化自然）转化成人工自然的手段；工程指把天然自然（包括人化自然）转化成人工自然的另一种手段；产业指把人工自然转化成社会自然的手段。 学习自然辩证法的意义： ①学习自然辨证法对人的全面发展起到了很重要的作用。拓展了分析问题的视角，让我从以前的单面思 考问题转变成有了总观全局的意识。 ②有助于培养研究生的创新精神和创新能力； ③有助于培养研究生的科学素养和科学态度； ④有助于提高研究生的马克思主义理论水平； ⑤有助于研究生树立科学发展观 如何理解自然界的辩证运动？ 3个 试述辩证唯物主义自然观的基本内容？ 辩证唯物主义自然观分为运动自然观、系统自然观和生态自然观。 1、运动自然观的内容有以下3点： 自然界存在辩证运动，自然界指广义的自然界包括三大运动：天然自然向人化自然的转化，天然自然（包括人化自然）向人工自然的转化，人工自然向社会自然的转化。辩证运动是多维的。 自然界不仅是事物集合体也是过程集合体。要从天然自然向人化自然的转化中理解科学，从天然自然（包括人化自然）向人工自然转化中理解技术工程，从人工自然向社会自然转化中理解产业。 任何变化都在一定的社会制度下进行。共产主义建立在人工自然和天然自然统一的基础上，共产主义等于人道主义也等于自然主义。 2、系统自然观的内容: 1）自然界本身是一个系统。系统是由若干具有特定属性的组成元素经过特定联系而构成的、与周围环境相互联系的、具有特定的结构和功能的整体。系统与外界之间有物质、能量和信息的交流。 2）系统整体与部分的关系 系统的整体与部分之间的关系可以概括为两个方面：
《鞌之战》阅读答案附翻译
《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译） 《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译） 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传·成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：“余姑 翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢， 流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：“余病[9]矣！”张侯[10]曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮 朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？——然 子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以 病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未 及死，吾子勉之[21]！”左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周 华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、 士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通“鞍”，齐
国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，“郑丘”是复姓。郤（xì）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8]未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9]病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。“张”是字，“侯”是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。
自然辩证法考试分析题
1 DDT案例简介 二次世界大战期间，DDT的使用范围迅速得到了扩大，而且在疟疾、痢疾等疾病的治疗方面大显身手，救治了很多生命，而且还带来了农作物的增产。 但在上个世纪60年代科学家们发现滴滴涕在环境中非常难降解，并可在动物脂肪内蓄积，甚至在南极企鹅的血液中也检测出滴滴涕，鸟类体内含滴滴涕会导致产软壳蛋而不能孵化，尤其是处于食物链顶极的食肉鸟如美国国鸟白头海雕几乎因此而灭绝。1962年，美国科学家蕾切尔·卡逊（Rachel Carson）在其著作《寂静的春天》中怀疑，DDT进入食物链，是导致一些食肉和食鱼的鸟接近灭绝的主要原因。因此从70年代后滴滴涕逐渐被世界各国明令禁止生产和使用。滴滴涕还成为中国环境保护事业的催生婆。DDT的有毒人造有机物是一种易溶于人体脂肪，并能在其中长期积累的污染物。DDT已被证实会扰乱生物的荷尔蒙分泌，2001年的《流行病学》杂志提到，科学家通过抽查24名16到28岁墨西哥男子的血样，首次证实了人体内DDT水平升高会导致精子数目减少。除此以外，新生儿的早产和初生时体重的增加也和DDT有某种联系，已有的医学研究还表明了它对人类的肝脏功能和形态有影响，并有明显的致癌性能。 由于具有较低的急毒性和较长的持久性，也降低了有机氯杀虫剂的使用次数。然而，却也因此使此类的杀虫剂具有较长的持久性，长期累积下来造，成了生态环境的许多问题。 2 案例分析 历史上，DDT的使用，不仅能很好地治疗疟疾、痢疾等疾病，而且还能极大地提高农作物单位面积的产量。DDT的使用极大地促进了农业的发展，人类在自然面前取得了成功，但是自然反过来又开始报复人类，随着DDT进入生态链，它对人类的健康和生态系统造成严重破坏。类似DDT使用的现代生产活动从根本上改变了原始的自然生态环境系统，引起了人与自然的尖锐对立，时今至日，才认识到人既不是自然的奴隶也不是自然的主人，二是共存共荣的合作伙伴关系。人与自然的关系应该进入一个崭新的阶段——协调发展阶段。 首先，人类应该牢固树立人与自然是相互依存的有机统一体的观念。这是因为，人类为了生存和发展，不可避免地要与自然界进行物质和信息的交换，而这种交换又势必带来自然平衡的改变。人类使用DDT，就是为了从自然界得到更多的农作物，促进农业的发展，当初就是为了追求这种短期的效果而不顾可能造成的长远影响，造成了现在生态环境破坏、物种种类减少。因此人和自然应该建立一种建设性的、尽可能完善的、和谐的关系。 再次，要通过高度发展的科学技术来完善人类自身的认识能力和实践能力。人和自然矛盾的解决，与生产力的水平有很大的关系，低下的生产力水平根本无法协调人与自然的关系，只有高度发展的生产力，才能为人和自然关系的协调发
高中英语选修7_unit1_5词汇复习
模块7各单元词汇和短语复习 Unit 1 Living Well Part One 根据首字母或汉语提示写出完整的单词: 1. An unexpected accident made Sang Lan a girl with a physical d____________, but she never gave up. 2. We often observe the tiny cells with m______________ in our biology classes. 3. The production of iron and steel is the most important i______________ of the city. 4. Taiwan is part of China and not an i_______________ state. 5. I have passed all the exams and I am waiting to get the graduation c_______________. 6. A place is a______________ if it is possible to reach it. 7. I was not alone on the journey. Instead, I had so many c________________. 8. You can refer to old people in general as the _______________. 9. When something can help people or improve their lives, we say it is ______________ to people. 10. When the disabled meet with difficulty, we should do what we can to give them a___________. 11. One of his ________________ (志向) is to become a world-wide famous pop singer. 12. He was _____________(笨拙的) with a tool. 13. The patient’s _______________(呼吸) grew stronger and stronger. 14. Who took his place and controlled the company during his ________________ (不在) ? 15. I’m going to give some suggestions to this famous ________________(建筑师). 16. A man’s _______________（尊严）doesn’t depends on his wealth but on his character. Part Two 一、词形变换（用所给词的适当形式填空） 1. The ______________ is good at ______________ TV plays from the stories he reads about or hears. (adapt) 2. The country used to be _____________ on Britain in many ways, but now it has become absolutely_______________. (depend) 3. We have ___________ a lot from the co-operation and I’m sure it will continue to be ________ to both of us. (benefit) 4. Her _____________ lecture ____________ all of us. We won’t forget her ____________. (encourage) 5. ______________ people should be treated equally in spite of their ______________. (disability) 6. You were _____________ yesterday, Tom. Can you tell me the reason for you _____________? (absent) 7. The ______________ serving the passengers on the train is of good_______________. (conduct) 8. ________________ countries pay much attention to the development of ________________. (industry) 二、翻译句子 1. 应该给残疾人尽可能多的鼓励和援助。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. 换句话说，这些措施对我们的工业发展是有益的。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. 总之，在学校寄宿(board)能帮助学生学会独立。 ______________________________________________________________________________