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大学语言学考试1-7章 试题和答案

大学语言学考试1-7章 试题和答案
大学语言学考试1-7章 试题和答案

12maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. E.g. The correct syllabification of the word country should be //. It shouldn?t be // or // according to this principle.

第一章,填空

1. The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is called semantics.

2. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by

4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

5. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.

6. Chomsky defines“competence” as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

7. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.

8. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of ???

9. Language is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.

10. In linguistics research, both quantity and quality approaches are preferred.

判断:

11. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech,

thus there are still many languages in today's have no .... √

12. According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize.×

13. Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.×

14. Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to Saussure?s langue and parole.√

15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the“best authors”for language usage √

16. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons.√

17. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.×chochronic共时的

18. Langue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.F

19.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language. √

20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √

选择:

1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be descriptive

2. I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows that language has the design feature of displacement.

3.“Don?t end a sentence with a preposition.” this is an example of prescriptive rules.

4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of t he study of meaning in context.Pragmatics

5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.

6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called pragmatics.

7. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A??没照下图片arbitrary

8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

9.题目没照下来。答案为:principles-and-parameters theory

10. Chomsky uses the terms competence to refer to actual realization of a language user?s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic...

11.T ransformationl Generative Grammar was introduced by N.Chomsky in 1957.

12.题目没拍下来,答案morphology.

13. According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user?s internalized knowledge of his language.

14. The famous quotation from Shakespeare?s play “Romeo and Juilet”. “A ro se by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrate conventional nature

15.没拍到over various periods of time 历时diachronic

16. Linguistic is the scientific study of human language in genenral

17. Pragmatics is a study of _____ (D)

A: Language learning

B: Language acquisition

C: Language planning

D: Language in use

18. A linguist is interested in ____ (B)

A: What is said

B: What is right both in syntax and in semantics

C: What is grammatical

D: What ought to be said

19. _____ has been widely accepted as th e forefather of modern linguistics (B)

A: Chomsky

B: Saussure

20. The fact that the well-known Liu San Jie features a scence of “dui ge ” (song

dueling ) mostly for the sheer joy of playing on ____ function of language. (B) A: phatic communion

B. recreational

C: emotive

D: informative

21. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn?t it?” is ____. (B)

A: informative

B: phatic交流感情的

C: directive

D: performative

24. “Tree” in English, “arbre” in French and “木” in Japanese all refer to the same thing,

which indicates that language is _arbitrary____(任意)

25. The ____ function of language is primarily to use language to talk about language itself. (D)

A: performative

B: interpersonal

C: informative

D: meta-language

26. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle ___(B)

A: arbitrariness and creativity

B: generalizations and …..

名词解释

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa11928990.html,nguage

2.design features

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa11928990.html,petence & performance

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa11928990.html,nguage & parole

5.Metalanguage

certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.

简答题

2. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial

language. Do body language and facial language expression share or lack the distinctive features of human language?

3. Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics? Give your reasons.

第二章

单词填空

1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced----- or voiceless清音-----, while all vowel sounds are voiced-----. V oicing浊音

2.phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called 有序规则Sequential rules

3.Clear (1) and dark (1) are allophones of the same one phoneme, they never take the same position in sound combinations. Thus they are said to be in complementary----distribution.

4.Narrow----- transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while broad---- transcription does not.

5.an essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any obstruction----- when a sound is produced.

6.the four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. they are all bilabial双唇音-----

1.in such sound combinations as /bi;p/, /geip/ and /su;p/, the voiceless stop /p/,

occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounce withheld to some extent.

T

2.…Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. F

3.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and

English. T

4.the assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a

sequential phoneme, thus marking the two phones similar. T

5. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused

on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more conscience with how speech so…T

6.when a plural form –s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as

{z}, due to assimilation. F

1.of the following sound combinations, only ----is permissible according to the

sequential rules in English. (A)

A.kibl

B.bkil

C.ilkb

D.ilbk

2.in terms of the place of articulation. The following sounds {t} {d}{z}{s}{n} share

the feature of --- (B)

A.palatal

B.Alveolar齿槽

C.bilabial

D.dental

3.whose cardinal vowel system is still in use? (C)

A.A. J. Ellis

B.A. M. Bell

C.Daniel Jones

D.A. C. Gimson

4.which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial 双唇stop? (A)

A[p]

B[m]

C[b]

D[t]

5.According to G.B.Shaw?s ridicule of English orthography the non-existent word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as ____. (C)

A.Goat

B.Hot

C.Fish

D.Foot

6.Which of the following is the correct description of [v]? (B)

A.V oiceless labiodental fricative

B.V oiced labiodental fricative浊音唇齿摩擦

C.V oiceless labiodental stop

D.V oiced labiodental stop

7.____is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction. (A)

A.An alveolar 齿槽音

B.A bilabial

C.A palatal

D.A dental

8.________is not an English consonant. (A)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa11928990.html,bio-dental plosive

B.Alveolar nasal

C.V elar stop

D.Dental fricative

9.English consonants can be classified into stops,fricatives,nasals,etc.in terms of _____.

(A)

A.manner of articulation

B.Openness of mouth

C.Place of articulation

D.V oicing

10.______is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. (D)

A.Nasality

B.V oicing

C.Aspiration

D.Rounding

11.The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is _____

A.Random

B.Predictable

C.V ariable

D.Independent

12.The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features:

13._______is not a suprasegmental feature. (A)

A.Aspiration

B.Intonation

C.Stress

D.Tone

名词解释

International

Association

Phonology

V oicing

V owel &consonant

Phonetic

Phoneme&allophone

Maximal onset principle

分析

3.Analyze the data below, and then answer some questions.

A.five past [faivpa;st]----[faifpa;st]

B.Love to [l^vt

C.Has to

D.As can be shown

E.Lose five-nil

F.Edge to edge

(1)What rules of phonological processes do you find?

(2)By comparison with Nasalization rule:[-nasal] [+nasal]/____[+nasal]. Dentalization rule: [-dental] [dental]/____[dental], and V elarization rule: [-velar] [+velar]/____[+velar], can you give a more general term that covers all the rules mentioned above?

2. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental feature. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning

第三章

21. Free morpheme

2. A root is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear., definite meaning,

3. Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For

example, Modern English verb ask was Old English aksian, with the k preceding the s. Sound change as a result of sound movement is know as metathesis (换位)

4. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called bound morphemes.

5. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

6. Morphology is a branch of grammar with studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

7. Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word coinage. Kleenex (soft cleansing tissue) kodak 、xerox(photo copier) 8. According to its position the new word, affix is divided into two kinds? prefixes and suffixes.

判断:

1.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.F

2.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. T

3.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.T

4.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.F

5.The same semantic feature occurs on one part of speech only. For example, female occurs only in nouns such as mother ,woman, girl. F

6.New words may be formed form existing words by suntracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus peddle was

derived from peddler on the mistaken assumption that the er was the agentive suffix.T

7.A compound is the combination of only two words.F

8.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.T

9.The word photographically is made up of 4 morphemes.F 5

10.Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system. But not in syntax.F

11.Radar is an example of acronym.T 首字母缩略词

选择:

1.Modern English words administration, parliament, public, court, ect, originate from___C___

A. Middle English

B. Old English

C. French

D. Latin

2. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speaker of the language. This means that phonemes, __C___words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.

A. phrases

B. sentences

C. morphemes

D. utterances

3. The words make and bus are called ___D____because they can occur unattached.

A. derivational morphemes

B. inflectional morphemes

C. bound morphemes

D. free morphemes

4.Nouns. V erbs. and Adjectives can be classified as___.

A.lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. function words

D. form words

5.The word “lase” is an example of ___ in word formation.

A. acronym

B. blending

C. function shift

D. back formation

6.Site and sight are_C___.

A.orthography

B. homography

C. homophony同音异义

D. hyponymy

7.Kodark is a(n)_A__

A.coinage新造词

B. blending

C. acronym

D. clipping

8.There are different types of affixes词缀or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) _C__.

A.derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. Free form

9. The word “lab” is formed through_C__.

A back formation B. blending C. clipping略写词 D. Derivation

10. What the element “--es” indicates is third person singular. Present tense. The element “--ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful. They are also_B__.

A.phonemes

B. morphemes

C. allophones

D. phones

11.When different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order of pre-determiners central determiners. Thus we do NOT find expressions like_C__.

A.all their trouble

B. all the live boys

C. their both sons

D. another three weeks

第四章

填空

1. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number words_ to form a complete statement, question or command.

2. A compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and ””but ””or”.

3 A subordinate sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.

4 XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP” the boy who likes his puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier_,N the head and S the complement.

判断

1 the relationship between the embebbed clause嵌入句and its matrix clause主要句子is one of a part to the whole.(√)

2 IC analysis immediate constituents shows linear relationship. So it help to account for the ambiguity of certain construction s.(×)

3 an important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form og language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors”.( √)

4 phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to the recursive properties.( √)

5 sentences are not pormed by randomly combining lexical item, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in particular order. (√)

6”the student ” in the sentence “the studeng likes the linguistic lecture.” and “ the linguistic lecture ” in the sentence “the linguistic lecture liked the student” belongs to the syntactic category.( T)

7 in the sentence “the father beat the child” , “ the child” is both a structural and logical object.( √)

8 syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of . (√)

9 chomsky has suggested two criteria for judging grammars, i.e. Observational adequacy and descriptive adequacy.( √)

选择题

1 traditional grammar sees a sentence as (C)

A a sequence of morphemes

B....................of clauses

C convention of words

D........ Of phrases

2 in today?s grammar we normally say that english dose not have a “future te n se” this is because in english__ (C)

A the future is not expressed by morphological change

B the future can be expressed in many ways.

C the future belo ngs to the category of “aspect”体!

D the future is expressed by modal ....

3 what is the construction of the sentence “the boy smiled”? (A)

A exocentric离心

B endocentric

C coordinate

D subordinate

4 a major difference of the various models of generative grammar lies in where the __ conmponent. (C)

A base

B transformational

C semantic

D phonological

5 in English elements in constructions are generally

A linear

B continuous

C discontinuous

D endocentric向心

6 in the phrase st ructure rule “S-----NP VP”, the arrow means __(D_)__

A being equal to

B being consisting of

C having

D being rewritten as?///

7since early 1980s Noam chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal_

A spech act

B TG

C princples and parameters

D minimalist programme

8 the study of how words are combined to form sentences is called __(C)__

A phonetics

B morphology

C syntax D. semantics

9 natural language are viewed to vary according to _(B) set on UG principles to particular values.

A adjacent condition

B parameters 因素,特性,界限;参数

C case condition

D case requirement

1 paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguitive of sen tences”

4.The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.

2 for the following sentence please draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.

The girl ate the orange

3 why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and imformative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support statement with examples.

4 for each of the underlined constructions or word groups. Do the following:

A state whether it is headed or non-headed. 向心离心

B if non- headed state its headword

C name the type of construction

1 ducks quack

2 i saw a bridge damaged beyone repair

3 he enjoys climbing high mountains

4 his handsome face appeared in the magazine.

5 how do modern linguists differe form traditioanl scholars in defining “sentence”?

第五章

填空

1 the study of the linguistics meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called semantic.

2 that the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of complementary antonyms.

3 hoponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called superordinate.

4 Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.

5 Polysym_??____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

判断

1 we can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of the compound is always the sum of the its parts. ( ×)

2 the conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e between language and thought. (×)

3 linguistic forms having the same sense, may have different references in different situation while linguistic forms with the same reference always heve the same sense. (√)

4 an imporant difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition. Unlike entailment is not vulnerable to negation. That id to say, if a sentnce is negated, the original presupposition is still (√)

5 sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. (√)选择

1 —is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. (B)

A connotative

B denotative指示

C affective

D reflected

2 which of the following are gradable antonyms? (A)

A good bad

B male female

C boy girl

D buy sell

3 one way to analyze lexical meaning is

A predication analysis

B stylistic analysis

C componential analysis

D proposition analysis

4 the pair of words “lend ”and “borrow” are _(B_)__

A gradable antonymy

B converse antonymy

C synonyms

D co-hyponyms

5 the semantic components of the word “man ” can be expressed as __(C_)_-???

A+animate+human+male--adult B+animate+human-male-adult

C +animate+human+male+adult

D -animate+human-male-adult

6 a word with several meaning is called _(A_)_ word.

A a polysemous意义的分歧

B a synonymous

C an abnormal

D a multial

7 in the senmantic triangle advanced by ogden and Richards. “thought or refreence” is _(D_)___

A word sentence

B the object

C concept

D symbol

8 candy and sweets are the same thing, the words are __(B)___ synonyms.同义

A collocational词的搭配

B dialectal

C complete

D stylistic

9 different meaning can be assicated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among then. This is known as _____

A ....? B.....? C polysemy D antonymy

10 when a child uses mummy to refers to any woman, most probably his mummy means__(C)___

Two examples for illustration

1 conceptual meaning

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