Unit 5 Language新编大学英语第二版第三册课文翻译

Unit 5 Language

How I Discovered Words

Helen Keller

The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.

On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.

Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line, and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was. "Light! Give me light!" was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.

I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me.

The morning after my teacher came she led me into her room and gave me a doll. The little blind children at the Perkins Institution had sent it and Laura Bridgman had dressed it; but I did not know this until afterward. When I had played with it a little while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word "d-o-l-l". I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the letters for doll. I did not know that I was spelling

a word or even that words existed; I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them, pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk. But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.

One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap, also spelled "d-o-l-l" and tried to make me understand that "d-o-l-l" applied to both. Earlier in the day we had had a tussle over the words "m-u-g" and "w-a-t-e-r". Miss Sullivan had tried to impress it upon me that "m-u-g" is mug and that "w-a-t-e-r" is water, but I persisted in confounding the two. In despair she had dropped the subject for the time, only to renew it at the first opportunity. I became impatient at her repeated attempts and, seizing the new doll, I dashed it upon the floor. I was keenly delighted when I felt the fragments of the broken doll at my feet. Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. I had not loved the doll. In the still, dark world in which I lived there was no strong sentiment or tenderness. I felt my teacher sweep the fragments to one side of the hearth, and I had a sense of satisfaction that the cause of my discomfort was removed. She brought me my hat, and I knew I was going out into the warm sunshine. This thought, if a wordless sensation may be called a thought, made me hop and skip with pleasure.

We walked down the path to the well-house, attracted by the fragrance of the honeysuckle with which it was covered. Someone was drawing water and my teacher placed my hand under the spout. As the cool stream gushed over one hand she spelled into the other the word water, first slowly, then rapidly. I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly, I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten-a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that "w-a-t-e-r" meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. That living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free! There were barriers still, it is true, but barriers that could in time be swept away.

I left the well-house eager to learn. Everything had a name, and each name gave birth to a new thought. As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. Then my eyes

filled with tears; for I realized what I had done, and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow.

I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father, sister, teacher were among them-words that were to make the world blossom for me, "like Aaron's rod, with flowers". It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come.

我是怎样识字的

在我记忆中，我一生最重要的日子是我的老师安妮·曼斯菲尔德·沙利文走进我生活的那一天。至今，每当我想起这一天仍会惊叹不已：是这一天把（我过的）截然不同的两种生活连在一起，那是1887年3月3日，离我7岁生日还有三个月。

我那个重要的日子的午后，我呆呆地站在我家的门廊上，内心充满了期盼。从我母亲给我的手势和屋子里众人来来往往的忙碌中我隐约猜到将有不同寻常的事发生，于是我来到门口，在台阶上等着。午后的阳光透过覆盖着门廊的忍冬花簇照射到我仰起的脸庞上。我的手指近乎下意识地抚弄着这些熟悉的叶片和花朵。它们刚刚抽叶开花，迎来南方温馨的春天。至于我的未来究竟会出现什么样的奇迹，我茫然不知。几个星期来，愤怒和怨恨一直折磨着我。这种激烈的情感争斗之后是一种极度的疲惫。

你可曾在航海时遇上过浓雾？那时，你仿佛被困在了触手可及的一片白茫茫中，不见天日。你乘坐的巨轮，靠测深锤和测深线的指引，举步维艰地靠向海岸，既紧张又焦急不安；而你则心里怦怦直跳，等着什么事情发生。我在接受教育之前正像那艘巨轮，所不同的是我连指南针或测深线都没有，更无从知晓离港湾还有多远。我的心灵在无声地疾呼：“光明！给我光明吧！”而就在那个时刻，爱的光芒洒在了我的身上。

我感觉到有脚步由远及近，于是我伸出了手，以为会是母亲。有人抓住了我的手，将我抱住并紧紧地搂在了怀里。正是这个人的到来，把整个世界展示给我，最重要的是，给我带来了爱。

在老师来到我家的第二天上午，她把我带到了她的房间，给了我一个玩具娃娃。这娃娃是帕金斯学校的小盲童们送给我的礼物，劳拉·布里奇曼给娃娃穿上了衣服，不过这些是我在后来才知道的。我玩了一小会儿之后，沙利文小结慢慢地在我的手上拼出了“d-o-l-l”（玩偶）这个词。我一下子便对这种手指游戏产生了兴趣，而且试着模仿它。当我终于正确地拼出了这几个字母时，内心充满了孩子气的喜悦和自豪。我跑到楼下找到母亲，伸手拼出了“玩偶”所含的字母。当时我并不知道我是在拼一个单词，甚至还不知道有“单词”这么回事；我只是像猴子那样用手指进行模仿。在接下来的几天里，我就这样，虽然并不知词识义，却学

会了拼写好些单词。这些单词中有“别针”、“帽子”、“杯子”，还有些动词，如“坐”、“站”和“走”。但是等我懂得了每样东西都有名字时，已经是我和老师在一起好几个星期之后的事了。

一天，我正在玩我的新玩具娃娃，这时，沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃放在我的膝上，又给我拼了一遍“d-o-l-l”，想让我懂得“d-o-l-l”这个单词适用于这两件东西。就在当天早些时候，我曾和她因“m-u-g”和“w-a-t-e-r”这两个词发生过争执。沙利文小姐想让我记住“m-u-g”是“大杯”，而“w-a-t-e-r”是“水”，但我却总是把这两个词的意思给弄混。失望之余她暂时搁起这一话题，但一有机会她就马上旧事重提。我却对她一遍又一遍的努力感到忍无可忍，于是就抓起新的玩具娃娃，狠狠地砸在了地板上。当我感觉到脚边摔碎的玩具娃娃时，产生了一种强烈的快感。在这种强烈的情感发泄之后，我没有一丝伤感或懊悔之情。我从没有喜欢过那个玩具娃娃。在我所生活的那个无声、黑暗的世界里是没有柔情或情感的。我感觉到老师已把碎片扫到了壁炉炉床的一边，此时我有一种满足感，因为让我不快的东西已不复存在了。她给我拿来了草帽，我知道我将要走出屋子，到温暖的阳光下。一想到这（如果一种无法用言语表达的感觉也可以称为想法的话），我便高兴地又蹦又跳。

我们沿着小路来到了井房，井房上布满了忍冬，它的芳香深深地吸引了我们。有人正在抽水，老师把我的一只手放到了喷水口下方。凉爽的水流过我的一只手，这时她在我的另一只手上拼写了“水”这个词。开始她拼得很慢，接着拼得很快。我站在那儿一动不动，所有的注意力都集中在她手指的移动上。刹那间，我朦胧地意识到了些什么，仿佛记起了被久久遗忘的什么东西——那是一种恢复思维的激动。不知怎的，语言的奥秘一下子展现在我的面前。这时我明白了，“w-a-t-e-r”指的就是从我手上流过的那美妙无比的凉爽的东西。这活生生的字眼唤醒了我沉睡的灵魂，赋予了它光明、希望和喜悦，使它获得了自由！诚然，障碍依然存在，但那是一些假以时日终究会被消除的障碍。

我离开井房，心中充满了求知的欲望。万物皆有名，而每个名字又引申出一种新的概念。在我们回家的路上，我感到我触摸到的每件东西似乎都有生机。那是因为我在用刚刚赋予我的新奇的眼光看待每样东西。进门时我记起了那个被我摔破的娃娃。我摸索着来到了路床边，捡起那些碎片，试着把他们拼接在一起，但却徒劳无益。这时我的眼里满是泪水，因为我意识到了自己先前干了些什么，而且有生以来第一次感到了悔恨和难过。

那天我学会了很多新词。现在我已记不清都是些什么词了，但我还记得其中有“妈妈、爸爸、姐妹、老师”。这些词使得整个世界在我面前绽放，“有如亚伦的神杖，开满了鲜花”。在这个重要的日子就要结束时，已很难找到一个比我更加幸福的孩子了。我躺在自己的小床上，回味着这一天所给予我的欣喜，渴望着新的一天的到来。这是我有生以来从未有过的期盼。

Not Just Parrot-Talk

Scientists have taught a parrot English. So what? This time, it seems, the bird not only says the words but also understands them. Alex, an African grey parrot residing at America's Purdue University in Indiana, has a vocabulary of about 40 words with which he identifies, requests and sometimes refuses more than 50 toys. He seems to manipulate words as abstract symbols—in other words, to use a primitive form of language.

In many birds, communication takes the form of simple, stereotyped signals. Some birds, like parrots, are capable of learning huge repertoires of phrases by mimicking each other or other species. But, until now, there has been no evidence that any bird could make the big leap to associating one sound exclusively with one object or quality.

Alex can. Dr Irene Pepperberg, his trainer, exploited the natural curiosity of the parrot to teach him to use the names of different toys. The trainer and an assistant play with the toys and ask each other questions about them. To join in, the parrot has to compete for the trainer's attention.

The results have been spectacular. Alex rapidly learned to ask for certain objects, identifying them by words for shape, colour and material (e.g. three-cornered green paper, or five-cornered yellow wood). He is asked to repeat words until he gets them right and is then rewarded by being given the object to play with. Dr Pepperberg believes it is important that the bird is not rewarded with food, because that would make him think of words as ways of getting treats rather than as symbols for objects.

Twice a week, Alex is tested and he normally gets about 80 % of the objects right. The mistakes are usually small omissions (for instance, he forgets to name the colour of an object) rather than specific errors. To discover if he really is able to grasp concepts like colour and shape, he is shown entirely novel combinations. When first shown a blue piece of leather he said "blue hide" even though the blue objects he had previously seen were all keys or made of wood. This suggests that he is aware that words are building blocks that can be used in different combinations.

Still, a vocabulary of adjectives and nouns hardly amounts to mastery of a language. The scientists have been looking for evidence that Alex understands more complicated ideas. One unexpected breakthrough was when he learned to say "no". He picked this up from the conversations between the trainer and her assistant and seems to understand at least one meaning of the word—rejection (for instance, when Dr Pepperberg tries to play with him and he does not feel like it). He can also count to five when asked how many objects are being shown.

There are occasional hints that he has grasped even more advanced concepts but Dr Pepperberg is cautious. Public reaction to the abilities of chimpanzees to use sign language has recently descended from excitement to bitterness and nobody dare make extravagant claims any more. It is not that people doubt the ability of apes to accumulate a large vocabulary of signs. The argument is about whether apes can understand syntax.

Examples which seem to show them doing so are few and disputed. For instance, Washoe, the first and most famous of the talking chimpanzees, once pointed to a swan and signed "water bird". Or did she? Dr Herbert Terrace of Columbia University pointed out that she might simply have signed "water" and "bird" in quick succession.

Other sceptics argue that, in the course of a lifetime, it would be surprising if such apes did not occasionally produce syntactical combinations of signs by pure chance. A more serious criticism is that the apes are responding to unconscious cues from their trainers.

Unconscious cueing is known as the "clever Hans effect" in honour of a famous horse in nineteenth-century Germany. Hans appeared to knock out the answers to mathematical sums with his hoof. In fact, the horse was not doing the sums but was responding to subtle signs from the crowd which told him when to stop. When the crowd did not know the answer, Hans could not do the sum.

Dr Pepperberg believes that her experiments are free of such an effect because speech is less easy to cue than sign language. She argues that this makes talking parrots better subjects than signing apes for probing the limits of animal intelligence. She would like to see Alex (or, even better, a young parrot) compared with children to see if the bird discovers ideas in the same order as the children do and exactly where the children leave the bird behind.

外国口音

第一节

对我来说，我的确倾向于以口音来判断我所遇到的人。我并不是说自己是势利小人，只喜欢有上流社会口音的人；但是，跟一个新结识的人在一起，我从来都不会感到自在，只有在我能够根据他们说的话判断出他们是哪里人之后，感觉才会不同。如果是个英国人，我还能判断出“啊，他是利物浦人”，或者“他可能上过公立学校”，我就会觉得更自在。这样我就知道该和他谈些什么以及他能够告诉我些什么。

（如果）对方是外国人，也一样。就个人而言，我喜欢外国人说话带点明显的口音，这样我就知道自己是在和法国人、加纳人、波兰人或别的什么国家的人交谈。所有对我来说，外国人话大力气改掉自己的本族语口音，想方设法去说标准英语，似乎是毫无意义的。如果

对方很明显是法国人，我就知道没有必要（与他）谈论板球或开爱尔兰人的玩笑。坦率地说，我觉得外国口音更吸引人。我无法解释为什么，但如果说话人带有外国口音，那么即便是说最最普通的事，也会显得妙趣横生。

第二节

尽管如此，（口音）得有个限度，要能让人听懂。如果口音太重，你非得费劲地去弄明白对方想要说什么，就会妨碍谈话的进行，而且交谈也就无法连贯，（因为）你的设法把对方的声音整理成能够明白的话语。我所指的并非是这么重的口音，而是那种让你马上明白对方是哪国人，但又不妨碍你听懂他的话的那种口音。我认为大多数外国人都有这样的口音，真的。老实说，只有极少数听觉特别灵敏、模仿能力极强的人才能说还算纯正的英国英语。即使能够那样，他们的英语听起来也会很可笑，因为他们可能学会的是一种非常明显的地方口音，甚至是与自己的气质特点完全不相称的上流社会口音。但是大多数学英语的外国人都非常热衷于去掉自己的外国口音，并且为此浪费了很多时间。

第三节

换一个角度来看，我得理解他们，甚至钦佩他们。因为我自己法语说得还可以，如果别人认为我是法国人，我就感到很开心，如果别人一听就知道我是英国人，我也会感到很泄气。同样的，对我来说，带英国口音的法语实在是太难听了，而且当我听自己的同胞在糟蹋法语时，总是感到很不自在。所以我想外国人听到自己的同胞说蹩脚英语时，也会有同感的。然而，法国朋友告诉我，略带英国口音的发育丝毫不会令他们感到难受，相反，还相当动听呢。我还听说佩特拉·克拉克之所以能在法国成为成功的歌手，部分原因是因为她的英国口音。所以我想，最著名的说英语的法国人之一，就是那位叫莫里斯·谢瓦利埃的演员，他靠一口明显的法语口音成就了一番事业。其实若他愿意，他也许可以不带那么重的口音。

我把他和我的一个显然很有语言天赋的法国朋友进行对比。我的这个法国朋友和我一起在英国的时候，总被人误认为是受过良好教育的英国人。因为他的说话方式，我的应该朋友便以为他对英国生活的某些方面非常了解，而这些只有在英国生活多年才会了解的。因而夜里从酒吧回来以后，他经常得让我解释一些事情给他听。我不知道他花了多少时间纠正口音，但或许他更应该花时间扩大词汇量和加强对英国的了解。既然英语是这样一种国际性的语言，我认为我们应该接受更多的口音，而学习者更应该注重（语言）结构和词汇的学习而不是口音（的纯正）。

Science Looks Twice at Twins

If twins interest you, Twinsburg will fascinate you.

Every summer since 1976, this little town outside Cleveland, Ohio, has been invaded by twins. Last summer 2,356 sets of twins showed up from around the world to watch and take part in parades, fireworks, magic acts, a 5K race, and more than 100 contests:

contests to honor the oldest twins, the youngest, the most alike, the least alike, the twins with the widest combined smile.

Had you been there, you might have noticed a large group of scientists who also attend the festival. Some come seeking clues to the causes of health problems—skin diseases, cancer, and heart attack, for example. Others are interested in how it feels to be a twin. But of all the scientists, perhaps the ones doing the most important—and most controversial—work are those who study nature and nurture, that age-old question of how we come to be the kind of people we are.

Why are some of us good at math, or writing, while others excel at art or basketball? What causes the differences in our intelligence, talents, and tastes? Are they largely determined by the genes we inherit from our parents (nature)? How much do our experiences in life (nurture)—the social environment we grow up in—have to do with it?

If you were a scientist interested in this question, wouldn't you love to study identical twins? Just think of it: two people who developed from the same fertilized egg. That is, two people with the exact same set of genes. Any differences between such identical twins would have to be the result of differences in their environment. But could you also say that any similarities were the result of having the same genes?

Not really. Remember, most twins share a similar environment—same house, food, relatives, and so on. The only way you could accurately measure the effects of nature and nurture would be to study identical twins raised apart, in different environments.

Over the last ten years, a team of scientists led by psychologist Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. has studied about 65 pairs of identical twins who were raised apart. They've also studied about 45 fraternal twins who were raised apart.

The scientists bring each pair of twins to the University of Minnesota for a week of intensive testing. Doctors and dentists on the team give the twins thorough physical examinations. They record the twins' height, weight, eye color, ear shape, and head length.

Meanwhile, psychologists give the twins 1Q and personality tests. To measure personality, the psychologists try to determine things like how much the twins worry, whether they are cautious or reckless, and how creative they are. They measure these and other traits by the twins' responses to statements such as "I rarely, if ever, do anything reckless" and "The flames of a wood fire stimulate my imagination". By the end of the week, each twin has answered about 15,000 questions.

Bouchard's team has been startled by the similarities between twins raised apart. The twins often have surprisingly similar gestures and postures, for instance. In pictures,

many of the twins strike nearly identical poses. And some of the identical twins discover they have led remarkably similar lives.

The first set of identical twins Bouchard studied, the "Jim twins", were adopted by different families four weeks after they were born. They grew up in Ohio, 45 miles away from each other. When they were reunited at the age of 39, they discovered a series of striking similarities. Both were named Jim. Both drove the same model blue Chevrolet, liked woodworking, chewed their fingernails, and owned dogs named Toy. Both started having late-afternoon headaches at the age of 18.

The sort of similarities the Jim twins discovered are common with the twins the Minnesota team has studied. Some critics of the Minnesota study say the coincidences are not surprising. They argue that everyone's life has enough details that a number of coincidences are bound to exist. What's more, for every coincidence discovered by a pair of identical twins raised apart, a skeptic could point to a vast number of undiscovered differences. The same two twins might have different model television sets and support different football teams. But the differences would go unreported since they would not surprise anyone.

But beyond the coincidences, the Minnesota scientists have gathered and analyzed a mountain of data about the twins' health, intelligence, and personalities. And according to Bouchard, the data on the identical twins raised apart show clearly that nature—the genes we inherit—exerts a notably strong influence over our lives. The Minnesota team has found that these identical twins are remarkably similar in physical traits such as height, fingerprints and heart rates. Adult identical twins also tend to have similar medical histories, developing the eye disease glaucoma at the same time, for example.

The Minnesota team has reported that intelligence also seems to be influenced much more by genes than by environment. Despite being raised by different families, separated identical twins studied by Bouchard's team earned identical or nearly identical scores on adult intelligence tests.

But most surprisingly, the Minnesota team finds that genes play a big part in shaping our personalities—helping to determine whether we respect tradition and like to follow rules, for example, or whether we're dedicated nonconformists. According to Bouchard, the genes you were born with have a lot to do with whether you are confident, cheerful, and optimistic, or whether you have a negative view of the world. "The study shows in a very persuasive way that genes influence every aspect of behavior," says Nancy Segal, a psychologist with the Minnesota team.

Other scientists disagree. How can you study whether intelligence is inherited, they ask, when there are so many different ways just to define intelligence? The same problem applies to other traits, they say.

Bouchard himself makes the point that even the most closely matched twins he has studied are different from each other. So even though genes may have a strong influence over our lives, they're not the only influence. Our day-to-day experiences help to mold us too.

You know what that means: you still have to study for tests!

不只是鹦鹉学舌

科学家们已经教鹦鹉学英语了。那又怎么样呢？这次这只鹦鹉似乎不仅会说话，而且还明白这些话的意思。亚历克斯是一只灰色的非洲鹦鹉，住在美国印第安纳州的普渡大学。它掌握了大约四十个词，以此来辨认、索要、有时甚至是拒绝五十多种玩具。他似乎能熟练地把词作为抽象的符号加以运用——换句话说，似乎会使用初级形态的语言。

很多鸟交流时采用简单、固定不变的符号。有些鸟，例如鹦鹉，能通过相互模仿或者模仿其它鸟类而掌握大量的用语。但是，将一个声音只与某个物体或特征联系起来，此前尚无证据表明任何鸟类能够实现这一大飞跃。

亚历克斯却可以。它的训练员艾琳·佩柏伯格博士利用鹦鹉天生的好奇心教它使用不同玩具的名称。训练员和一名助手边玩玩具，边就这些玩具相互提问。鹦鹉要想加入进去一起玩的话，就必须赢得训练员的注意。

（训练）结果十分惊人。亚历克斯很快就学会了运用表示形状、颜色和材料的词来确定要索取的东西（例如，三角的绿纸，或是五角的黄木头）。训练员要求它反复说这些词，直到说对了为止，然后才把那件东西奖给它玩。佩柏伯格博士认为不能奖给它是无。这点很重要，因为那样会使它把词语当成是得到食物款待的手段，而不是表示物体的符号。

亚历克斯每周接受两次这样的测试，通常它能搞对80%的物体。它犯的错往往是一些小疏漏（例如忘了说某样东西的颜色），而不是具体的错误。为了了解它是否真正掌握了颜色和形状等概念，训练员给它展示了一些全新的组合。当第一次看到一块蓝色的皮革时，它会说“蓝色兽皮”，尽管它以前看到的蓝色物体都是钥匙或木制品。这表明它已意识到词汇就像积木一样，可以进行不同的搭配。

但是，仅学会一些形容词和名词离掌握一门语言还相差甚远。科学家们一直都在寻找证据，证明亚历克斯懂得更复杂的概念。一个令人意想不到的突破在它学会说“不”时实现了。这个词是它从训练员以及助手之间的谈话中学会的，而且它似乎至少明白这个词的一个含义——拒绝（例如，当佩柏伯格博士想和它玩，而它不想玩时）。如果问它眼前有几件东西时，它还能够数到5。

偶尔有线索表明，它掌握了更为高级的概念，但佩柏伯格博士对此却很谨慎。公众对于

黑猩猩能使用手势语的反应最近从兴奋转为批评，因而无人再敢做出过分的断言了。这并不是说人们怀疑猿猴没有能力积累大量的手语词汇。辩论的焦点在于猿猴是否能懂得句法。

证明猿猴能懂得句法的例子既少而且又有争议。比如说，华休——第一只也是最著名的能说话的大猩猩——曾指着一只天鹅，用手语表示“水鸟”。它果真是这个意思吗？哥伦比亚大学的赫伯特·特勒斯博士指出，它或许只是连续很快地表达了“水”和“鸟”两个概念而已。

其他持怀疑态度的人士争辩道，这样的猿猴，若在它的一生中都不能偶尔纯粹碰运气地表达几句符合语法的话，那倒要令人惊讶了。更严厉的批评认为，猿猴事实是在对它们的训练员们不自学的暗示做出反应。

这种不自觉的暗示被称作“聪明的汉斯效应”，这是为了纪念19世纪德国的一匹名马。汉斯似乎会用自己的蹄子敲击数学加法的答案。其实这匹马并不会做数学题，它只是会对人群给它的微妙暗示做出反应，这些暗示告诉它什么时候该停下来。当人群不知道答案时，汉斯也就不会做加法了。

佩柏伯格博士认为她的实验不存在这种效应，因为口语比身势语更难以给提示。她认为要探测动物智力的极限，会说话的鹦鹉较之打手语的猿猴是更好的研究对象。她希望把亚历克斯（或更佳的对象，年幼的鹦鹉）和儿童进行比较，看它探知概念的顺序是否和儿童一样，并准确地知道儿童在哪些方面超过它。

必修一课文及翻译

必修一 Unit 1 Friendship ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the windo w had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains han ging before very dusty windows. it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Your, Anne 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢安妮弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记当作自己最好的朋友。 在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了将近25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。 1944年6月15日，星期四 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我太久不能出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神

新编大学英语第三册课文翻译共23页

Unit 1 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。 相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持

不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。 如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 ２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 ３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 ４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 ５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。 ６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实

前赤壁赋原文及赏析翻译

前赤壁赋 宋代：苏轼 壬戌之秋，七月既望，苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。清风徐来，水波不兴。举酒属客，诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章。少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。白露横江，水光接天。纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然。浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世独立,羽化而登仙。(冯通：凭) 于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。歌曰：“桂棹兮兰桨，击空明兮溯流光。渺渺兮予怀， 望美人兮天一方。”客有吹洞箫者，倚歌而和之。其声呜呜然，如怨如慕，如泣如诉；余 音袅袅，不绝如缕。舞幽壑之潜蛟，泣孤舟之嫠妇。 苏子愀然，正襟危坐，而问客曰：“何为其然也？”客曰：“‘月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。’此非曹孟德之诗乎？西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪，郁乎苍苍，此非孟德之困于 周郎者乎？方其破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒临江，横槊赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉？况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友麋鹿，驾一叶之 扁舟，举匏樽以相属。寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟。哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。” 苏子曰：“客亦知夫水与月乎？逝者如斯，而未尝往也；盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也，而 又何羡乎！且夫天地之间，物各有主，苟非吾之所有，虽一毫而莫取。惟江上之清风，与

山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之无禁，用之不竭。是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适。”(共适一作：共食) 客喜而笑，洗盏更酌。肴核既尽，杯盘狼籍。相与枕藉乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 2965 辞赋精选，高中文言文，古文观止，写景，饮酒，感叹，哲理 译文及注释 佚名 译文 壬戌年秋，七月十六日，苏轼与友人在赤壁下泛舟游玩。清风阵阵拂来，水面波澜不起。举起酒杯向同伴敬酒，吟诵着与明月有关的文章，歌颂窈窕这一章。不多时，明月从 东山后升起，徘徊在斗宿与牛宿之间。白茫茫的雾气横贯江面，清泠泠的水光连着天际。 任凭小船儿在茫无边际的江上飘荡，越过苍茫万顷的江面。（我的情思）浩荡，就如同凭 空乘风，却不知道在哪里停止，飘飘然如遗弃尘世，超然独立，成为神仙，进入仙境。 这时候喝酒喝得高兴起来，用手叩击着船舷，应声高歌。歌中唱道：“桂木船棹呵香 兰船桨，迎击空明的粼波，逆着流水的泛光。我的心怀悠远，想望伊人在天涯那方”。有 吹洞箫的客人，按着节奏为歌声伴和，洞箫呜呜作声：像是怨恨，又像是思慕，像是哭泣，又像是倾诉，尾声凄切、婉转、悠长，如同不断的细丝。能使深谷中的蛟龙为之起舞，能

大学英语三课后习题翻译及答案

Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化

高中英语必修一课文及其翻译

Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne

新编大学英语综合教程3课文翻译

Unit 1 Personality In-Class Reading 羞怯的痛苦 1 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感： 6 1．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 7 2．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 8 3．疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 9 4．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 10 5．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。

赤壁之战课本原文及翻译

赤壁之战 司马光 （一） 初，鲁肃闻刘表卒，言于孙权（状语后置）曰：“荆州与国邻接，江山险固，沃野万里，士民殷富，若据而有之，此帝王之资也。 当初，鲁肃听说刘表死了，就对孙权说：“荆州与我国接邻，地理形势险要、坚固，肥沃的土地方圆万里，百姓殷实富裕，如果占有它，这就是开创帝王事业的凭借。 今刘表新亡，二子不协，军中诸将，各有彼此。 现在刘表刚死，他（刘表）的两个儿子（刘琦、刘琮）不和睦，军队中的那些将领，有的拥戴刘琦，有的拥戴刘琮。 刘备天下枭雄（判断），与操有隙，寄寓于表（状语后置），表恶其能而不能用也。 刘备是天下的豪杰，跟曹操有仇，寄居在刘表那里，刘表嫉妒他的才能而不重用（他）。 若备与彼协心，上下齐同，则宜抚安，与结盟好；如有离违，宜别图之，以济大事。 如果刘备同他们（指原属刘表手下的人）荆州方面的人同心协力，上下一致，（我们）就应当安抚他们，与他们结盟友好；如果他们有所背离（指刘表和荆州将领不能合作），（我们）就该另外筹划这件事情，以成就（我们的）大业。 肃请得奉命吊表二子，并慰劳其军中用事者，及说备使抚表众，同心一意，共治曹操，备必喜而从命。 我请求奉您之命去慰问刘表的两个儿子，并慰劳（他们）军中掌权的人物，以及劝说刘备使他安抚刘表的部下，同心一意，共同对付曹操，刘备一定会高兴而听从我们的意见。 如其克谐，天下可定也。今不速往，恐为操所先（被动句）。” 如果这件事能够成功，天下就可以安定下来了。现在不赶快前往，恐怕就被曹操占了先机（抢先）。” 权即遣肃行。到夏口，闻操已向荆州，晨夜兼道，比至南郡，而琮已降，备南走，肃径迎之，与备会于当阳长坂（状语后置）。 孙权立刻派鲁肃前往。（鲁肃）到夏口，听说曹操已向荆州进军，（于是）日夜赶路，等（鲁肃）到了南郡，（刘表的二儿子）刘琮已投降曹操，刘备向南逃跑，鲁肃直接迎向前去，与刘备在当阳县长坂

新编大学英语3读写译课文翻译

Unit 1 Personality 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，在你就读的大学里，你可能发现这里教育的某一特点比你料想的好得多。８．有些人会使你感到自己无能，不要和这种人交往。去设法改变他们对你的态度或者改变你对自己的态度，要不就脱离这种关系。伤害你的人并不关心你的最大利益。９．留出时间休息，享受自己的业余爱好，并且定期地重新审定自己的目标。为此所花费的时间有助于更好地了解你自己。１０．多在社交场合中锻炼。不要把自己同他人隔离开来。设法一次结识一位朋友；最终你将能够娴熟而自信地在众人中周旋。我们每个人都是独一无二、难能可贵的个体。我们自有吸引人的地方。我们对自己了解得越多，就越容易充分发挥自己的潜力。不要让羞怯成为阻碍我们拥有丰富和成功生活的绊脚石。 Unit3 Social Problems

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第三册课后翻译答案

NNCE Book3课后翻译参考答案 Unit1 英译中原文：Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices. Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things. In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other. Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world. Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community. This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies. Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action. Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world. Keys：世界公民是指一个人承认自己是新兴的全球社区的一分子，而且其行动对全球社区的价值打造和实践活动有所贡献。世界公民相信人类从本质上来说是一个整体，任何个人都有改变事物的能力。在我们这样一个相互依赖的世界中，世界公民意识鼓励我们认识到对彼此的责任，并从对方身上学习。世界公民关心全球的教育、疾病、贫穷和环境问题。在当今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌发世界公民的意识，让他们拥有对全球社区的归属感。这种不断发展的世界公民意识在很大程度上来讲，要归功于现代信息、通信和交通技术的力量世界公民意识致力于给予人们力量，让他们付诸行动，世界公民除了要从世界问题中学习知识和价值观，还要拥有必需的技能，使他们拥有能力和自信，积极推动世界的发展。 汉译英原文：如今，很多年轻人不再选择" 稳定" 的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。青年创业（young entrepreneurship）是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活，从长远来看，对于国家更是一件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。 Keys：Nowadays, many young people no longer choose "stable" jobs. they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people's life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China's economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.

新编大学英语3课文翻译及课后习题答案.doc

Unit 1 Personality羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，

赤壁之战 翻译

赤壁之战翻译 当初，鲁肃听说刘表死，就对孙权说：“荆州与我国接邻，地理形势险要、坚固，肥沃的土地方圆万里，百姓殷实富裕，如果占有它，这就是开创帝王事业的凭借。现在刘表刚死，他（刘表）的两个儿子（刘琦、刘琮）不和，军队中的那些将领，有的拥戴刘琦，有的拥戴刘琮。 刘备是天下的豪杰，跟曹操有仇，寄居在刘表那里，刘表嫉妒他的才能而不重用（他）。如果刘备同他们（指原属刘表手下的人）荆州方面的人同心协力，上下一致，（我们）就应当安抚他们，与他们结盟友好；如果他们有所背离（指刘表和荆州将领不能合作），（我们）就该另外筹划这件事情，以成就（我们的）大业。我请求奉您之命去慰问刘表的两个儿子，并慰劳（他们）军中掌权的人物，以及劝说刘备使他安抚刘表的部下，同心一意，共同对付曹操，刘备一定会高兴而听从我们的意见。如果这件事能够成功，天下就可以安定下来了。现在不赶快前往，恐怕就被曹操占了先（抢先）。”孙权立刻派鲁肃前往。（鲁肃）到夏口，听说曹操已向荆州进军，（于是）日夜赶路，等（鲁肃）到了南郡，（刘表的二儿子）刘琮已投降曹操，刘备向南逃跑，鲁肃直接迎向前去，与刘备在当阳县长坂坡相会。鲁肃转达孙权的意旨，（和刘备）讨论天下大事和当前行势，表示恳切慰问的心意，并且问刘备说：“刘豫州现在想到哪里去？”刘备说：“我和苍梧太守吴巨有老交情，想去投奔他。”鲁肃说：“孙讨虏（孙权，曹操曾以汉献帝的名义授给他讨虏将军的名号）将军聪明仁惠，敬重以礼相待贤能之士，江南的英雄豪杰都归附他，已经占据了六个郡，兵精粮足，足够用来成就大业。现在为您打算，不如派遣最亲信的人，主动同东边吴国结盟，以共同成就一番世代相传的事业。（但是您）却打算投奔吴巨，吴巨是个平庸的人，又处在偏僻边远的州郡，快要被别人吞并了，（这样的人）难道可以托身吗？”刘备（听了）很高兴。鲁肃又对诸葛亮说：“我是子瑜的朋友。”就同刘备等定下了交情。（另译）两个人随即（也因子瑜的关系）交了朋友。子瑜就是诸葛亮的哥哥诸葛瑾，在江东避乱，（现在做）孙权的长史。刘备采纳了鲁肃的建议，（率兵）进驻鄂县的樊口。 曹操从江陵将要顺着长江东下，诸葛亮对刘备说：“事情很危急，请（让我）奉命向孙将军求救。”于是就同鲁肃一起去拜见孙权。诸葛亮在柴桑会见到了孙权，劝孙权说：“（现在）天下大乱，将军（您）在江东起兵，刘豫州在汉水以南招收兵马，同曹操共同争夺天下。现在曹操削平大乱（消灭各地割据势力），（中原地区）大致已稳定局面，就（南下）攻破荆州，声威震动天下。英雄没有施展武力的地方了，所以刘豫州逃到这里，希望将军估量自己的力量来对付这个局面！ 如果能够拿（江东）吴、越的兵力同中原（的曹操）对抗，不如趁早同他断绝关系；如果不能，为什么不放下武器、捆起铠甲，向（曹操）投降（向北朝拜称臣）呢！现在将军外表上假托服从（曹操）的名义，而内心里却怀着犹豫不决的心思，事情紧迫而又不能决断，灾祸降临就没有多少时候了！”孙权说：“假若像您所说，刘豫州为什么不投降曹操呢？”诸葛亮说：“田横，（不过是）齐国的一个壮士罢了，还能恪守节义不肯受辱；何况刘豫州（是）汉王室的后代，英明才智超过当世，众人仰慕敬重他，好像水流入大海一样。如果大事不能成功，就是天意，又怎能甘心屈服在曹操之下呢？”孙权激怒的说：“我不能拿整个东吴的土地，十多万将士，来受别人控制，我的主意已经决定

大学英语3第3版课后题翻译答案

大学英语3第3版课后题翻译答案 Unit1 1 Shyness can vary from feeling mild discomfort to high levels of anxiety (从感觉轻微的不适高度的焦虑) that impact us in almost everything we do. 2 Despite his stubbornness, he knew in his heart that he should avoid arousing any suspicions(避免引起任何怀疑). 3 It will be interpreted as criticism no matter what you say. promised faithfully that she would never tell. you deliver this letterto the accounts department? well offered a selection of milk and plain chocolate. the children to keep out of behave/mischief themselves. could hear the sound of distant thunder. project has now received approval form the government . loved her husband in spite of the fact that he drank too much. seem unable to

高中英语必修一课文原文和翻译

必修1第一单元Reading 阅读 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now r ead how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here.…For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne Using Language 语言运用 Reading and listening 读与听 1 Read the letter that Lisa wrote to Miss Wang of Radio for Teenagers and predict what Miss Wang will say. After listening, check and discuss her advice. Dear Miss Wang, I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment. I’m getting along well with a boy in my class. We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. We have become really good friends. But other students have started gossiping. They say that this boy and I have fallen in love. This has made me angry. I don’t want to end the friendship, but I hate other s gossiping. What should I do? Yours, Lisa Reading and writing 读与写 Miss Wang has received a letter from Xiaodong. He is also asking for some advice. Read the letter on the right carefully and help Miss Wang answer it.