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高级英语An_Interactive_Life翻译

高级英语An_Interactive_Life翻译
高级英语An_Interactive_Life翻译

课文

An Interactive Life

It will put the world at your fingertips, changing the ways you shop, play

and learn. But when will the future arrive?

Barbara Kantrowitz with Joshua Cooper Ramo

To get an idea of what the future might bring, step into the past. At the Edison National Historical Site in West Orange, N. J., there's a room

full of a dozen old phonograph machines. Some were built by Thomas Edison,

who invented recorded sound in 1877, and others were produced by

competitors. In the decades represented by the display, the concept and

purpose of sound recording changed dramatically. Edison conceived of his

phonograph as a business machine that would help people in distant places

communicate. He intended to record voices – nothing more. His competitors

envisionedthe greater potential for entertainment and art. Where he saw

internal memos, someone else saw Beethoven.

由过去的历史可以推知未来。在新泽西州西奥兰治镇的爱迪生国家历史纪念馆里,有一个陈列留声机的展厅,里面陈列了十二台老式留声机。这些留声机有些是由托马斯?爱迪生制造的,正是他于1877年发明了留声技术;而另外的一些则是那些竞争对手们制造的。在这些展出的留声机所反映的那几十年的历史中,留声技术的概念和功用发生了巨大的变化。在爱迪生的认识里,留声机就是一种能帮助远隔两地的人们进行通讯交流的工具。他只想要录下人们的声音——一点也没想到别的,但那些竞争者们却想到了它在娱乐和艺术方面的更大发展潜力。爱迪生从留声机里看到了备忘记事本,别人却从中发现了贝多芬。

Someday, there may well be a similar memorial to the unfulfilled

prophecies of the creators of the latest breakthrough -- interactivity.

Will it really change the world? With so much big money and so many big

dreams pinned to an idea that is still largely on the drawing boards,

there's no limit to the hype . Simply put, the ultimate promise is this: a

huge amount of information available to anyone at the touch of a button,

everything from airline schedules to esoteric scientific journals to video

versions at oft-oft-off Broadway. Watching a movie won't be a passive

experience. At various points, you'll click on alternative story lines and

create your individualized version of "Terminator X II." Consumers will

send as well as receive all kinds of data. Say you shoot a video that you

think is particularly artsy. Beam it out and make a small fortune by

charging an untold number of viewers a tee for watching. Peter Jennings

would be obsolete . Video-camera owners could record news they see and put

it on the universal network. On the receiving end, the era of the

no-brainer will have finally arrived. An electronic device called an

"intelligent agent" would be programmed to know each viewer's preferences

and make selections from the endless stream of data. Viewers could select

whatever they wanted just by pushing a button.

将来某一天,完全有可能出现一个类似的纪念馆来纪念最新的突破性技术——互相作用技术发明者们的尚未实现的预言。这项技术真的能够改变世界吗?一个尚处于理论设计阶段的技术发展计划既得到巨额的资金投入,又成为人们无限的期望所系,也无怪乎其能够轰动一时了。其实,说白了,这一计划的最高期望目标是:任何人只要触动一个按钮即可得到大量的信息——从航空班机时刻表到深奥的专业杂志到最最新百老汇戏剧实验中心的戏剧录像节目,各种信息应有尽有。看电影将不再是一种消极被动的经历。你司以一边看,一边随意改动任何一处的故事情节从而创造出具有自己的个人风格的“终结者12号”节目来。消费者既能够接收,也可以发送各种各样的信息。例如,你若能拍摄一部你认为很有艺术价值的录像片,将它播放出去,便可以通过向那些为数不少的观看该片者收费而发一笔小财。彼得?杰宁斯将不再闻名,所有持有摄像机的人都可以自己摄制新闻节目,然后通过环球通用信息网播放出去。而对于收看节目的人来说,无需费力调频道选节目的时代终于到来。一种称作“智能助手”的电子装置可以通过编制好的程序掌握各个观看者的选择意向对无穷无尽的节目信息进行选择。观看者只需按一下按钮就可得到想要的节目。

Sounds great in theory, but even the truest believers have a hard time when it comes to nailing down specifics about how it will actually work.

Will we control the data via the telephone, the TV, the personal computer

or a combination of all of the above? When will it be available? Will it

be cheap enough for everyone? How will we negotiate such a mass of images,

facts and figures and still find time to sleep? Will government regulate

messages sent out on this vast data highway? And, frankly, what do we need

all this stuff for anyway?

这在理论上听起来是棒极了,但一旦具体到究竟如何运作时,就连最真诚的信奉者也感到为难。我们是通过电话、电视、家用电脑,还是上述几种方式的综合运用来支配资料?它何时可以上市?它能便宜到人人都能买得起吗?我们怎样才能处理如此大量的图像、材料、数字而还有时间睡觉?政府会对通过这广阔的信息公路发出的信息进行调控吗?而且,坦率地讲,我们究竟要这些东西干什么呢?

The quick answer is: no one knows. "We're a long way from "Wild Palms',"

says Diana Hawkins, who runs an interactive-TV consulting firm in Portola

Valley, Calif. But even if the techno-chaos of that futuristic fantasy

mini-series is far off, some consumers may indeed notice that their

personal relationships with their TVs, telephones and computers will be

entering a new and deeper phase within a year or two. Instead of playing

rented tapes on their VCRs , they may be able to call up a movie from a

library of thousands through a menu displayed on the TV. Game fanatics may

be able to do the same from another electronic library filled with

realistic video versions of arcade shoot-'em-ups. In-stead of flipping

through the pages of J. Crew of Victoria's Secret, at-home shoppers may

watch video catalogs with models demonstrating front and rear views of the

latest gear. Some cable companies are also testing other interactive

models that allow viewers to choose their own news or select camera angles

for sporting events.

可以毫不犹豫地回答:谁也不知道。“要达到《野棕榈》里描写的发展水平还有一个很长的过程,”在加利福尼亚波托拉谷开办着一家互相作用电视咨询公司的黛安娜?霍金斯这样说道。不过,就算这个未来主义的小小的科幻电视系列片中描写的技术发展混乱现象还很遥远,但有些消费者可能已经真切地感觉到在一两年的时间内他们与电视机、电话和电脑之间的关系会进入一个新的更高级的阶段。他们将不必再去租录像带在录像机上放映,而有可能从电视上显示的成千上万的影片目录上选取一部影片。对电视游戏感兴趣的人也可以这样来利用另外一种藏有大量逼真的枪战游戏的电子资料馆。想买衣服的人也不必去翻阅杰克鲁服饰公司或是维多利亚服饰公司印制的新款式服装介绍,坐在家里便可以从电视上看到模特儿全方位地展示最新款式服装。一些有线电视公司也在探索其他的相互作用模式,设法使观众能按自己的兴趣选看新闻或选择观看体育比赛的视角。

While these developments are clever, fun and even convenient, they're not quite revolutionary. Denise Caruso, editor of Digital Media, a San

Francisco-based industry newsletter, calls this " fakeinteractive," just

one step past passive viewing, pure couch-potato mode. In the most common

version of this scheme, consumers will communicate with the TV through the

combination of a control box and their remote control, or, perhaps, the

telephone. To some degree, viewers already have accepted a certain amount

of fake interactivity by channel surfing with their remotes, ordering

pay-for-view movies and running up their credit-card bills on the Home

Shopping Network.

尽管这些发明创造很聪明,很有趣,甚至带来很多便利,但还不算什么大的改革。设在旧金山的工业通讯杂志《数字媒介》的编辑丹尼斯?卡鲁索把这称作“假冒的相互作用”,只比被动观看前进一步,纯粹是一种懒散的老式观看电视的风尚。这一方案最常见的一种说法就是消费者通过一个操纵箱、他们的遥控器——也许还有电话——结合在一起,与电视沟通。在某种程度上,观众已接受了一部分假冒的相互作用,如用遥控器快速选择频道,预定付钱观看的电视,以及利用居家购物网购物,以致信用卡帐单迅速上升。

Moving beyond phase one, into what Caruso calls "true interactive," will require major changes in the technological and regulatory infrastructure .

Today's television cables will likely be replaced by fiber-optic cables,

which are capable of transmitting much more data at higher speeds. Either

a government agency or the communications industry itself will have to set

a performance standard so that different networks can connect with each

other. At home, viewers may have to learn to use a TV monitor that

functions more like a computer screen fronting for a gigantic hard disc

full of all kinds of data, everything from games and movies to specially

created programs.

要跨过第一阶段,进入卡鲁索所谓的“真正相互作用”阶段,首先需要技术和基础设施方面有较大的变化。今天所用的那种电视电线可能被光纤电缆所代替,因为光纤电缆的传送信息量更大,传送速度更快。为使不同的网络彼此连通,必须由政府机关或是通讯部门自己制定一个统一的运作标准。电视接收器若是配上一个大容量硬盘,里面储存从游戏节目到影片到各种特制节目等各种信息,那么电视接收器的功能便颇有点类似计算机显示器屏幕了,观众们恐怕得经过学习才会使用。

The shows of the future may be the technological great grandchildren of current CD-ROM titles. These are compact discs that store data instead of

music and can play on either television or computer screens. To play

CD-ROMs today, you need a special machine. There are at least four models

on the market, and titles produced for one format won't play on another.

CD-ROMs do provide e glimpse of what the future might hold, however. A

number of companies, including Newsweek, are developing multimedia

products that combine text, video, sound and still photographs. The result

is what may someday be a powerful new medium With no set story line as in

a book or magazine. Users pick and choose information that interests them.

Philips Interactive, for example, has dozens of titles, among them a tour

of the Smithsonian, in which the viewer selects which corridor to enter by

clicking on the screen. Other titles: "Jazz Glants," a musical history,

and "Escape from CyberCity," an animated adventure game.

未来的节目可能是今天的CD—ROM(光盘只读存储器)视盘的技术后代。CD-ROM视盘是一种储存各种其他信息而非音乐信息的光盘,它既可以在电视机屏幕上播放,也可以在计算机屏幕上播放。但今天放CD-ROM视盘需要用一种专用播放机,这种播放机市面上出售的至少有四种不同的型号,适于一种型号的播放机的视盘换到别种型号的播放机上便不能播放。尽管如此,现有的这种视盘还是有助于我们窥视未来技术发展的前景。包括《新闻周刊》出版公司在内的许多家公司都在积极研制融图文声像于一体的多媒体产品。其结果也许是将来某一天研制出一种新的信息传播媒体。这种新媒体不像一般书刊一样有固定的信息内容,使用者可以从中任意选取自己感兴趣的信息。例如,菲利浦相互作用公司制作的几十种多媒体光盘中有一种光盘的内容是史密斯博物馆导游,观看者可通过屏幕操作选择要游览的陈列室。其他多媒体光盘有“爵士乐大师”和“逃出塞北城”等。“爵士乐大师”是音乐史剧,“逃出塞北城”是惊险动画游戏片。

Many investors are betting on entertainment as the most lucrative

interactive market. But some industry observers predict the development of

two parallel home markets, one catering to leisure activities and the

other to businesses. Hawkins says the work-at-home market could be

computer based and provide an outlet for teleconferencing and portable

computing devices, like the Newton touted by Apple chairman John Soulley

that can be carried in a pocket and runs on handwritten commands scribbled

on a small screen. The entertainment market, primarily games and movies,

would be centered on some kind of monitor.

许多投资者认定娱乐团是相互作用产品的最有利可图的市场,但一些研究工业发展动态的专家则预言相互作用产品将向两个平行方向发展,一为娱乐用品,一为办公用品。霍金斯认为,办公用品将以电脑为主,也包括电话会议设备和便携式计算器具,如苹果电脑公司总裁约翰?斯考莱极力称颂的牛顿便携机,它可以装入口袋中,可根据小屏幕上的手写指令运行。而主要是游戏和电影的娱乐产品则以某种监视器为主。

If all this comes to pass -- still a very big if -- the next step could

be what Digital Media's Caruso calls "complete viewer control." She says

consumers would be a little like information "cowboys," rounding up data

from computer-based archives and information services. There will be

thousands of "channels" delivered, Caruso thinks, through some combination

of cable, telephone, satellite and cellular networks . To prevent getting

trampled by a stampede of data, viewer s will rely on programmed

electronic selectors that could go out into the info corral and rope in

the subjects the viewer wants.

假如这些都能变成现实——这还是个很大的未知数——下一步的目标可能就是《数字媒介》杂志编辑卡鲁索所谓的“完全观众控制”。她说,消费者将会有点像是信息“牛仔”,因为他们像牛仔赶牛一样从电脑档案和信息网络中收集信息。卡鲁索认为,到那时信息传播是多途径的,电缆、电话、卫星和蜂窝电话网结合使用。为避免被泛滥成灾的巨量信息弄得晕头转向,消费者必须使用电子信息选择器来从大量信息中提取自己所需的内容。

Caruso's "final frontier" is what she calls video telephonya complete

two-way link of video, audio and data. A user might stand in front of a

monitor receiver and just talk and listen, communicating with whatever or

whomever is Out There. Images and voices would be beamed back and forth.

(At the very least, it would probably mean the end of anonymous obscene

phone calls. ) "There is no exact analogy to any technology we've seen

before," says Red Burns, chair of the Interactive Telecommunications

Program at New York University. "Inter active means we are all involved.

There is no viewer. Interactive is like a conversation."

卡鲁索的“最终目标”是她所称的电视电话,也就是一种集图像、声音和信息于一体的完全的双向通讯联络技术。这种电话的使用者只需站在电视接收器前即可与对方通话,并且声音和形象都能双向传递。(这样至少会结束打匿名猥亵电话的行为。)“我们以前所见的任何一项技术都不能与之相提并论,”纽约大学相互作用通讯工程研究室主任雷德?伯恩说。“相互作用意味着我们大家全都参与其中,没有谁是旁观者。相互作用即是相互交流。”

"Interactivity" may be the biggest buzzword of the moment, but "

convergence " is a close second. It means different things to different

people. To the moneymen, it means that everything will come together and

they'll clean up. To scientists, it means that the technology has reached

a critical point where fantasy could now become reality. Nicholas

Negroponte, director of MIT's Media Lab, a leading think tank in this new

world, remembers that back in the 1970s, a government agency gave him a

grant on the condition that he remove the word multimedia from his

proposal. "They were afraid we would get one of [Senator] Proxmire's

Golden Fleece awards," he says. Now, politicians, from President Clinton

on down, are falling over themselves to proclaim support for the new

medium.

“相互作用”可能是目前使用频率最高的词,而“辐合”则紧随其后。该词的含义因人而异。对于金融家来说,它意味着一切都会趋于集中,而他们即可囊括一切。对科学家们来说,它意味着科学技术已发展到了使幻想变为现实的临界点。这一新领域的第一号智囊库——麻省理工学院媒介实验室主任尼古拉?尼格罗邦特回忆说,七十年代中,某政府机构在拨款支持他的研究计划时曾附加条件令他勿用“多媒体”一词。“他们怕我们会得到(参议员)普罗斯

麦的金羊毛奖,”他说。但如今,自克林顿总统起,大小各级官员都纷纷表示他们支持这一新媒体。

These dreams are possible because researchers have made vast leaps in both the quality and quantity of data transmittal. In the past decade, the

amount of data that could be put on a silicon chip has doubled every year

while the price has been cut in half. In 1960, a high-quality

transistorcost several dollars. Today a chip with the capacity of 4

million transistors costs about a tenth of a cent per transistor.

这些梦想之所以可能成为现实是因为科研人员在技术上所取得的进步使信息传播在质量上和数量上都大大提高了。最近十年中,集成电路片的信息储存量每年要翻一番,而其价格则每年要减一半。1960年,一个高质量晶体管价格要若干美元,而今一个容量相当于400万个晶体管的集成电路片的价格约为每个晶体管1/10美分。

Transmission -- putting that information into the hands of everyone who wants it -- is also much more efficient. Until now, data have been sent as

a series of electrical signals along wires or cables or through the air as

radio waves. But as the amount of data and the demand for them have

increased, these electronic highways have become clogged. The solution:

fiber optics.

信息传输——将信息输送到每个需要者手中——的效率也有了很大提高。直到现在,信息一直是以一连串电子信号的方式通过电线传输或以电波的形式通过空气传输。但随着信息量和信息需求量的增多,这些电子运输公路已形成堵塞。解决问题的办法是使用光纤电缆。

Both of these developments are possible because of digitalization , a

mathematical scheme that translates data into the simplest form. Called

binary formatting, the sys-tem expresses numbers and letters in a code

using only 1 and 0. The letter "A," for example, could be 00000. "Z" would

be 11001. Originally, this code was stored as on-or-off electrical charges

along the standard wires and cables; now it can be transmitted as pulses

of light on the fiber-op-tic cables. Bringing high-speed computers into

the loop means that much more complicated information can be digitized:

combinations of sound, still images, video and text. "Multimedia" is the

wrong word, says MIT's Negroponte. "Everything has now become digitized,"

he says. "We have created a unimedia, really. Bits are bits."

这两方面的发展提高全赖于数字编码技术的应用。数字编码技术是将信息转换成最简单的数字形式的数学方法。这种方法称作二进制数字排列法,任何数字或字母都可以通过一个由1和0组成的编码来表示。比如,字母A可用00000表示,字母Z可用11001表示。起初,这种编码是以时断时续通过标准导线或电缆的电荷存储于计算机里的,而现在则可以光波的形式通过光纤电缆传送。只要将高速计算机接上光纤电线,就可以用数字编码方法来处理复杂得多的信息:声音、静止图像、电视画面和文字相结合的信息。麻省理工学院的尼格罗邦特认为,“多媒体”一词用得不当。他说,“现在什么都可以用数字编码表示了。我们其实是创造了一种单媒体。数字可不能混淆。”

At the Media Lab, Negroponte and other scientists are experimenting with

the future. Pattie Maes, an expert in artificial intelligence, is trying

to build some working "intelligent agents." (At a recent Media Lab

conference, an ac-tor dressed as a butler tool. the stage, playing the

part of an agent. That's interactive humor. ) In one program, Maes has

created four "icons" on the computer screen representing agents with

specific marching orders. For example, one dressed in a business suit

seeks out business news. Al-though the agents are initially programmed,

they actually learn by watching their master's preferences. She thinks

that one day, agents may even communicate with agents from other users:

"Let's say both you and I like the same movie reviews. Our agents could

get together and deter-mine that we also had other interests in common. ”

(Imagine the conversation: "Have I got a compatible user for you!")

在麻省理工学院媒介实验室里,尼格罗邦特和其他科学家正对未来的需要进行着实验研究工作。人工智能研究专家帕蒂?米斯正致力于研制一种有实用价值的“智能型助手”。(在最近一次媒介实验室科学研讨会上,一个演员打扮成男管家,扮演智能助手的角色上台演出,这是相互作用式的幽默。)在一道程序中,米斯在计算机屏幕上创造出了四个人像,分别代表四个智能助手机器人而各有其具体的分工程序。比如,其中一个穿工作套服的智能助手机器人就负责搜寻业务信息。尽管这些机器人开始是编了程序的,但它们后来却可以通过观察主人的爱好来学到知识。她认为,终有一天,不同的用户使用的智能助手机器人之间能够互相进行交流:“假如说你我两人都欣赏同样的电影评论,我们的智能助手机器人见面交谈后就会查知我们还有别的共同点。”(想一想这样的对话1 47该是多有意思:“我可为你物色到一个好用户了吧!”)

Maes and others concede that there's a dark side to all these bright

dreams. Who will protect the privacy of consumers whose shopping, viewing

and recreational habits are all fed into one cable-phone company data

bank? And where there are agents, can counteragents be far behind: spies

who might like to keep tabs on the activities of your electronic butlers?

"Advertising companies see my presentations and get very excited," says

Maes. Indeed, intelligent agents could be a gold mine of information.

Advertisers aren't the only ones who could abuse the network if they were

able to tap into it. The government could electronically spy on

individuals; bosses could track employees.

米斯和其他科学家都承认这些光明的前景也有其阴暗的一面。消费者购物、观看节目和娱乐等方面的兴趣习惯全都通过电缆电话存储于某个公司的数据库里,谁来确保他们的隐私呢?而且,既然已有了智能助手,是否不久即会出现反助手,即时时监视着你的电子管家的一举一动的间谍呢?“一些广告公司看了我的报告后十分激动,”米斯说道。的确,智能助手可以源源不断地为你提供宝贵的信息,成为信息的金矿。只要可以偷偷接通信息网,不仅广告商可以滥用信息网,其他的人一样可以滥用信息网。政府可以通过电子手段对个人进行监视,老板也同样可以监视雇员。

If the tolls for using the information highway are too high,

interactivity may widen the gap between the haves and the have-nots, the

rich and wired vs. the poor and un-plugged. Some plans call for charging

hundreds of dollars for the "black box" in the first phase of

interactivity. Other plans are cheaper, but would still levy a fee for

services used. One suggestion is to make much of the data free to all

users, similar to the way public libraries lend out books. IF that

happens, some experts think that the new technology may eventually have a

democratizing effect. Access to a universal information library could

equalize opportunity. It's a shift from elitism to populism," says Bernard

Luskin, president of Philips Interactive Media of America.

如果对信息公路收费过高,相互作用就会扩大富人与穷人、有钱联网者和无钱联网者之间的差距。有的计划要求在相互作用的第一阶段对“黑盒子”收几百美元。其他计划便宜一些,但仍然要对使用这些设施收费。一种意见是免费向所有用户提供大部分资料,就跟公共图书馆对外借书一样。如果真能那样.有些专家认为新技术可能最终会有一种民主化的效果。人人有机会使用信息库可能使机会均等,“这是从杰出人物统治论转向类似人民党主义的做法,”美国菲利浦相互作用媒介公司的伯纳德?鲁斯金说道。

In the next few years there's likely to be considerable debate over the

realistic presentation of violence in the new generation of video games,

which will include viewer -directed movies. It's one thing to zap a

cartoon mutant in an arcade , quite another when clicking on the screen

means shooting bullets and spilling blood from a human. Would you want

your child -- or any child -- to play that game?

未来几年中,社会上可能会掀起一股辩论热潮,讨论包括观众导演的电影节目的新一代电视游戏节目中以逼真的手段来表现暴力行为的问题。在电视游戏娱乐厅的游戏节目中打死一个动画人物是一回事,但当你打开电视机就可以对一个真人射击并使其流血时,那便是完全不同的另一回事了。难道你希望你的孩子——或是任何别的孩子——玩这种游戏吗?

At this point, so much is still speculation. While the big player s and

major thinker s spin predictions, it's quite possible that some

entrepreneur in a garage is coming up with a really new idea that will for

ever alter the best-laid plans. "What we are looking at now is just the

first generation," says Stephen Benton of MIT's Media Lab. In that case,

the best advice is: hang on for the ride.

目前,这一切还都属猜测假想之事。在那些大投机家和设计师们为这一计划大肆宣传制造舆论的同时,很有可能某位企业家的头脑中会突然产生一个全新的设想,从而完全推翻他们最周密的计划。麻省理工学院媒介实验室的斯蒂芬?本顿说:“我们现在所看到的只是第一代。”既然如此,我们且拭目以待吧。

大学高级英语课文翻译

第一课救赎 ----兰斯顿.休斯 在我快13岁那年,我的灵魂得到了拯救,然而并不是真正意义上的救赎。事情是这样的。那时我的阿姨里德所在的教堂正在举行一场盛大的宗教复兴晚会。数个星期以来每个夜晚,人们在那里讲道,唱诵,祈祷。连一些罪孽深重的人都获得了耶稣的救赎,教堂的成员一下子增多了。就在复兴晚会结束之前,他们为孩子们举行了一次特殊的集会——把小羊羔带回羊圈。里德阿姨数日之前就开始和我提这件事。那天晚上,我和其他还没有得到主宽恕的小忏悔者们被送去坐在教堂前排,那是为祷告的人安排的座椅。 我的阿姨告诉我说:“当你看到耶稣的时候,你看见一道光,然后感觉心里似乎有什么发生。从此以后耶稣就进入了你的生命,他将与你同在。你能够看见、听到、感受到他和你的灵魂融为一体。”我相信里德阿姨说的,许多老人都这么说,似乎她们都应该知道。尽管教堂里面拥挤而闷热,我依然静静地坐在那里,等待耶稣的到来。 布道师祷告,富有节奏,非常精彩。呻吟、喊叫、寂寞的呼喊,还有地狱中令人恐怖的画面。然后他唱了一首赞美诗。诗中描述了99只羊都安逸的待在圈里,唯有一个被冷落在外的情形。唱完后他说道:“难道你不来吗?不来到耶稣身旁吗?小羊羔们,难道你们不来吗?”他向坐在祷告席上的小忏悔者们打开了双臂,小女孩们开始哭了,她们中有一些很快跳了起来,跑了过去。我们大多数仍然坐在那里。 许多长辈过来跪在我们的身边开始祷告。老妇人的脸像煤炭一样黑,头上扎着辫子,老爷爷的手因长年的工作而粗糙皲裂。他们吟唱着“点燃微弱的灯,让可怜的灵魂得到救赎”的诗歌。整个教堂里到处都是祈祷者的歌声。 最后其他所有小忏悔者们都去了圣坛上,得到了救赎,除了一个男孩和依然静静地坐着等侯的我。那个男孩是一个守夜人的儿子,名字叫威斯特里。在我们的周围尽是祈祷的修女执事。教堂里异常闷热,天色也越来越暗了。最后威斯特里小声对我说:“去他妈的上帝。我再也坐不住了,我们站起来吧,就可以得到救赎了。”于是他就站了起来,也因此得到了救赎。 祈祷席上只剩下我一个人孤零零的。里德阿姨走过来,开始跪在我的旁边,小声哭泣。祷告者的诵诗充满了整个教堂。所有人都在为我一个人祈祷,时而呻吟时而呼号。我依然很平静的等待耶稣,等待等待——可是他没有来。我希望可以看见他,可是什么都没有发生。我希望有些事发生,可什么都没有变化。 我听见大主教说:“为什么你不来呢?我亲爱的孩子,为什么你不来到耶稣身边?他正等着你。他需要你。为什么你不来呢?里德修女,这个孩子叫什么名字?” “休斯顿。“我的阿姨啜泣着说。”休斯顿,你为什么不过来,得到救赎呢哦上帝的小羊羔啊,你为什么不过来呢?“现在天真的黑了。我开始惭愧,是自己把他们托得这么晚。我开始想上帝会怎么认为威斯特里。他当然也没有看见主,但现在正骄傲地坐在圣坛上,晃着灯笼裤的褪,露齿嘲笑我。周围围着一群跪着祈祷的老女人。上帝并没有因为他亵渎神灵或在教堂里撒谎而惩罚他。所以我决定也许为了省去更多的麻烦,我最好也撒谎,说耶稣已经来了,然后站起来,得到救赎。 于是我站了起来。 整个屋子突然成了欢呼的海洋,当她们看见我站起来时。欢呼声一阵接着一阵。女人们跳了起来。我的阿姨拥抱了我,大主教拉起我的手,把我牵到了主席台上。 当一切渐渐平息的时候,教堂安静了下来,只听见几声愉悦的阿门。所有的小羊羔们都得到了上帝的祝福。教堂里充满了欢悦的吟唱。 但那天晚上我却哭了。那是我一生倒数第二次哭泣,因为我已经是个12岁的大男孩了。我独自一人躺在床上,哭泣不已。担心里德阿姨会听到,我把头埋在被子下面。她还是醒了,告诉我的叔叔说:“我哭是因为神圣的上帝进入了我的生命,因为我看见了耶稣。但是我哭的真正原因是我羞于告诉她我撒谎了,我骗了教堂里所有人。我没有看见耶稣,我也不再相信有一个耶稣,因为他没有来拯救我。 第二课名字游戏 约翰·史密斯正朝我走过来。虽然他只是我的一个很平常的熟人,但按照美国人的问候习惯,我得说出那么几个字来(如:“你好!”或“早上好!”之类的话。)向他表示我的好意。然而,我该怎么叫他呢?叫他约翰?或是史密斯?或者史密斯医生?像这样的问题在平常,是不用思考的事情。 对于在美国土生土长讲美语的人来说,我们长大后,学会语法规则的同时也学会了称呼别人的规则。乍一想,我们会认为仔细去考察我们称呼的方式是一件不值得做的事情,然而正是这些称呼的方式揭示了我们对同一个语言社区的人们的主观看法。 首先,我们会用讲话者的年龄关系去判断使用的称呼是否合适。如果我们招呼的是个孩子,那么我们就可以毫无顾虑地忽略那些无意之中学来的规则,而简单地直呼其名(FN)。然而,孩子却要用“头衔+姓氏”的方式来招呼大人。

高级英语下lesson13课文翻译

Lesson Thirteen Work 工作 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉,这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的,而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为,只要不过量,对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样,从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐,这会随工作的性质和工 作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言,但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先,工作可将一天的许多时间占满,人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么,大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时,常常会不知所措,想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。 To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰,觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。 And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. 能够有意义地利用闲暇时间是文明发展到最高阶段的结果,而目前很少有人能达到这一层次。To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. 何况作出选择本身就是件令人厌烦的事。 Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. 除了那些具有非凡主动性的人,其他的人肯定有人乐于被告诉一天中的每时每刻该做什么, 当然命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。 Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. 多数无所事事的阔佬免遭从事单调乏味工作之苦,但代价是莫名其妙的无聊。 Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. 有时他们去非洲猎取巨兽或环绕世界飞行来解闷,但这类刺激的数量有限,尤其到了中年以后更 是如此。 At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. 因此较为明智的阔佬们工作起来几乎像穷人一样卖力,而有钱的女人则大多忙于她们自以为

英语原文及其翻译

Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all

(完整版)高级英语第二册课文翻译

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GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)

高级英语1 第二课课文翻译

第二课 广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市 (节选) 雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时,那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么,一是因为他是用日语喊的,其次,则是因为我当时心情沉重,喉咙哽噎,忧思万缕,几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。踏上这块土地,呼吸着广岛的空气,对我来说这行动本身已是一个令人激动的经历,其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。从车站外的人行道上看去,这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。身着和服的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接踵;神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见,只顾着相互交淡,并不停地点头弯腰,互致问候:“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。 “嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客,就砰地打开车门,这样打着招呼。“嗨”,或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词,意思是“对”或“是”。“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑,又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰,我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰,东倒西歪。与此同时,这

座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。 正当我开始觉得路程太长时,汽车嘎地一声停了下来,司机下车去向警察问路。就像东京的情形一样,广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉,但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸,却又从不肯承认这一点。无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里,他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来,根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。 这段小插曲后来终于结束了,我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后,市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬,然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。 “不是这儿,先生,”他用英语说道。“市长邀请您今天晚上同其他外宾一起在水上餐厅赴宴。您看,就是这儿。”他边说边为我在请柬背面勾划出了一张简略的示意图。 幸亏有了他画的图,我才找到一辆出租车把我直接送到了运河堤岸,那儿停泊着一艘顶篷颇像一般日本房屋屋顶的大游艇。由于地价过于昂贵,日本人便把传统日本式房屋建到了船上。漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间,这一引人注目的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。 在水上餐厅的门口,一位身着和服、面色如玉、风姿绰约的迎宾女郎告诉我要脱鞋进屋。于是我便脱下鞋子,走进这座水上小屋里的一个低矮的房间,蹑手蹑脚地踏在柔软的榻榻米地席上,因想到要这样穿着袜子去见广岛市长而感到十分困窘不安。

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