自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记
虚拟语气是把作者想陈述的动作当成一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当作客观现象中真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。该语法现象应用在非真实条件中，包括虚拟条件句、推测条件句和错综复杂条件句。这里所说的非真实条件句，大家便会联想到if这个词，如果我们在句子中看到if引导的条件从句是以动词的过去式作为句子的主要谓语的话，我们就应基本设定它为虚拟语气。
如果句子中出现了wish这个词，我们应该明白要考虚拟了。Wish如果在句子中表达的是与现在事实相反的结果，如果考系动词，一定要选择were；如果没有系动词，只是一个简单的动词，那么我们要选择它的过去式；第二，如果wish表达的是与过去事实相反的结果，那么我们就用had+过去分词（或would/could+ have+过去分词）；如果wish表示的是将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should(could, might)+动词原形。看几个例子：
I wish she were here.对现在的虚拟，而且出现系动词了，用were.
I wish she had taken my advice.从句意了解到，这个动作应该发生在过去，所以虚拟，虚拟应该用动词的过去完成式（当然里面可能会出现被动形式had been done）.
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.表达的是将来没有有把握实现的愿望，用would+ to 的形式。
实战一下：
A: You have made some mistakes.
B:I wish I____ mistakes every day.
A. don?t make
B. haven?t c. wouldn?t have made D. didn?t make
every day 足以说明对现在的虚拟，应用动词的过去式，选D。
A：What would you wish to do if you were a college student again?
B: That?s very hard to say, but I wish I____
A. have not studied psychology
B. did study psychology
C. had studied psychology
D. studied psychology
句子中出现了were ,说明是对过去的虚拟，应用过去完成式，选C。
I didn?t go to the football match, but I do wish I___ there.
A. went
B. was
C. were
D. had been
句子中出现了动词的过去式didn’t go to, 说明是对过去的虚拟，选择过去完成式，选D。
if only在虚拟语气中的解题技巧
它表示的是“要是…就好了”。从这种翻译的语意当中我们可以体会到：说话人是出于一种愿望或遗憾/后悔的心情。这就需要用虚拟的情况，如果它是对现在没有实现的愿望的虚拟，后面考点一定要用动词的过去式，如果表示对过去没有实现的愿望的虚拟，后面的考点一定要用动词的过去完成形式（当然也会出现有被动语态的情况，小心！）举例：
If only I could speak several foreign languages! 这句话明显是说话人对过去发生事情的一种遗憾心情，证明结果并没有找到，因此我们用动词的过去完成形式。
Look at the terrible situation（局面）I am in ! If only I____ your advice.
A. follow
B. had followed
C. would follow
D. have followed
解析：从句意中我们体会到，这人的做法是没有听他的的意见。应选B（动词的过去完成式）
If only I___ the examination!
A. have passed
B. pass
C. will pass
D. passed
解析：“我要是考试能及格该多好啊！”属于有些心虚的那种感叹或祝愿。可以体会出是对现在/未来的虚拟，选D。
If only she ___of Aunt Ruth!（露丝）
A. was not so terribly frightened（害怕）
B. would be so not terribly frightened
C. will not be so terribly frightened
D. were not so terribly frightened
解析：虚拟语气中be 的用法仅为were/should be 形式，不可能出现is/was/has/will/shall等形式。排除A和C，那么if only 后面有两种动词形式可以出现：过去式和过去完成式，选择D。
If only I_____ how to operate a computer!
A. learned
B. would learn
C. have learned
D. had learned
解析：排除B和C，说话人对自己不能使用计算机表示遗憾，是对过去没能掌握计算机的遗憾，选D。
记牢下面这些动词，它们主要的考点是要考查你知不知道这些词一旦出现，后面要用虚拟的状态。当然，这些动词会在句子中充当谓语，一般都会以它的过去式出现，后面都接that从句，从句中必然有一条横线，要求你来选择或填写从句中的虚拟动词状态。我们称之为用在一些动词后面的宾语从句的虚拟考点，这些词包括suggest（建
议）,propose,command,request,desire,insist,require,decide,order,promise,ask ,
move,recommend,advise,urge,demand,instruct,direct,provide,etc,这些词汇一旦出现，我们应立即反应出它要考我虚拟了，后面从句中的谓语动词用（should）+动词原形do (当然包括被动状态be done,这要根据具体的句意来定，通常可以这样来考虑：如果横线前面是人，横线里一定要填do/be done;如果横线前面是物，不是人，那肯定填写be done).
They requested that he sing a song。我们必须首先发现requested, 看到后马上反应出后面一定是原形动词，只不过可以是主动，可能是被动。
She insisted that the seats be booked in advance. 首先发现insisted.
实战：The city council ordered spitting_____ on the streets.
A. was prohibited(禁止)
B. is prohibited
C. be prohibited
D. be prohibiting
解析：虽然ordered 后面没有that ,被动，选C。
The teacher recommended（推荐）that Jack _D_ maths or physics instead of English because he was quick at numbers.
A. must study
B. could study
C. studied
D. study
The doctor urged（催促）that she __C__ an operation as early as possible.
A. had
B. has
C. have
D. would have
The manager of the hotel requested that their guests ___ after 11:00p.m.
A. not to play loud music
B. shouldn?t play loud music
C. don?t play loud music
D couldn?t loud music
解析：选B，should既可以省略，也可以添加。
He suggested __D _to tomorrow?s exhibition(展览) together.
A. us to go
B. we went
C. we shall go
D. we go
一般情况下在考虚拟语气的时候，横线前面的那个词多为第三人称he/she/Jack人名等。
回顾：
1.If only I ____D__ there.
a. have not been
b. would not been
c. will not be
d. had not been
解析:答案正确.这明显是对过去的虚拟,用过去完成,恭喜恭喜!
2.Tom would buy that bicycle but he __c____ no money.
a. had
b. has
c. had had
d. has had
解析:这题就考虑歉佳了,首先不能考虑B和D,因为前面有would,同时它是对过去的虚拟啊,用过去完成.选C.
3. I didn?t go to the party, but I do wish I __C___ there.
a. was
b. were
c. had been
d. went
解析:答案正确.前面出现didn't,说明是对过去的虚拟,用过去完成.恭喜恭喜!
4. It is time we ____B__ up our results.
a. sum
b. summed
c. will sum
d. would sum
解析:答案正确.前面出现了熟悉的句型,It is time that,后面一定要用过去式,恭喜恭喜!
5.Dr Bethune( 白求恩) worked hard as if he __B____.
a. never had felt tired
b. had never felt tired
c. never felt tired d . was tired never
解析:答案正确.前面出现worked,后面一定是对过去的虚拟,用过去完成.恭喜恭喜!
6. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ___D___ the book from which it was made.
a. have read
b. should have read
c. am reading
d. had read
解析:答案正确.从句意分析wish后是对过去的虚拟,用过去完成.况且另三个答案A,B,C从形式上都不符合虚拟语气的要求!恭喜恭喜!
7. It is strange that such a thing ___C___ in your school.
a. will happen
b. happens
c. should happen
d. happened
解析:答案正确.前面出现熟悉的形容词strange,后面一定用(should)+动词原形.恭喜恭喜!
8.If she could sew,___B___.？
a. she make a dress
b. she would have made a shirt
c. she will make a shirt
d. she would had made a coat
解析:这题做得有些眼睛发花了吧!你的答案D中出现的是would had,这怎么可能呢?怎么可能是had
呢?would后面怎么着也是动词原形吧!你肯定一激动,看见了答案中有过去不可能完成事实的虚拟would have,正确的答案应该是B.小心啊!这可是1分啊!你已经认识到了事物的本质,可决策做得不够细致!不过,值得鼓励!
9. “Did you notice John was not at work today?”
“No. If ___C__ working, I would have noticed it.”
a. I’d be
b. I wasn’t
c. I’d been
d. weren’t
解析:这题又眼花了!怎么回事?别经常激动啊!后面出现would have,前面肯定是had(been),怎么选A去了!选
C.
10.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”
“I ___A__ it to her if I thought she would understand.”
a.would explain
b. will explain
c. explain
d. would have explained
解析:这题又晕了!它说的含义是"我本来可以向她解释的",这是对过去事实相反的虚拟句子,应该选D.况且后面有would。
通过这位学友的做题方式和解题思路,我已经看到了大家战胜虚拟语气的信心和曙光,大家对于有些题目的做题技巧很迅速,但并不细致和完整,不过,照此思路坚持下去,你说以后还有必要做虚拟部分的练习吗?速度+耐
心细致=80%成功,那20%呢?运气!
用在一些名词后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，这些词包括：necessary,imperative（命
令）,important,essential（要素、必要的）,advisable（可取的、明智的）,ordered,proposed（推荐）,desired （渴望）,requested,suggested（建议）,recommended（劝告）,demanded（要求、询问）,decided(用于主语从句中，形式为It is ...that),order,instruction,motion（移动）,advice,demand,necessity, decision （决定n）,proposal(提出),requirement, idea,recommendation,request,plan,desire等（用于同位语从句或表语从句），这时谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。
练习：It is necessary that some immediate effort（努力、成就）__(made).
解析：前面出现了necessary that,后面肯定虚拟了，用原形。或者再一看横线前不是人，填原形的被动be made It is necessary that a university student _B_at least one for foreign language.
A. maintains
B. maintain
C. will maintain D shall maintain
It is recommened that the project __B__ until all the preparations have been made.
A. is not started
B. not be started
C. will not be started
D. is not to be started
I don’t think it advisable tha t Tom __to the job since he has no experience.
A.is assigned
B. will be assigned C, be assigned D. has been assigned（分配）
答案：前面出现advisable that ,后面原形，被动，选C。
“What are the qualifications of a good teacher?”（资格、学历）
“It is essential that he __A_strict with his students.”
A. be
B. will be
C. can be
D. could be
所谓同位语从句，简单地说，就是前面出现了一个名词，而后面的从句内容是对前面名词的再解释和体现。当然这些名词也很好记，把那些需要记住的动词和形容词就行了。如：require---requirement,recommend—recommendation等。表语从句类推。
He issued the order that the troops（军队）_____ (withdraw撤回) at once.
解析：前面出现order that ,后面原形，填写withdraw.
It is my desire that all the members of the family ____ (gather聚集) once a year.
回顾：
The local（地方的）health organization is reported _C__ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president. （总统）
A. to be set up
B. being set up
C. to have been set up
D. having been set up
解析:学员选的是D.我们来分析一下."地方保健组织据报道25年前就成立了".首先你应弄清楚组织成立在前,还是据报道在前?肯定是成立在前吧.只有成立了才能被报道啊!这里一定有完成.排除A,B.另外,report后要求用动词不定式样结构,所以选C.
Although the lecture（讲座）had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair_C___.
A. to sit B．for to sit on C．to sit on D．for sitting
解析:sit是不及物动词,你还记得有个词组sit down吗?后面应该有个介词给予搭配,因此选C.
Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but ____A__.
A. drink
B. to drink
C. drinking
D. drunk
解析:这是一个习惯用语,have nothing but do,通过这个结构,我们可以自然而然地解出答案是A.
It is(high, about)time…句型后用虚拟语气，这时谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。
例：It is high time that we were off.
It is high time that somebody taught you to behave（表现v）yourself.
实战一下，你觉得快不快！
It is time A about the traffic problem downtown（市中心的）.
A.something was done
B. anything will be done
C. everything is done
D. nothing to be done
解析：前面见到了It is time that...后面考点一定是动词的过去式，但要注意有的句子里会有被动情况发生，需要小心！选A。
It’s already 5 o’clock now.Don’t you think it’s about time C ?
A. we are going home
B. we go home
C. we went home
D.we can go home
It is high time we A drug (毒品)trafficking（非法交易）.
A. did away with
B. do away with
C. did away
D. should do away with
解析：看清楚了吗？只有A和C符合条件，在头脑中搜搜词组搭配，选A。
Everybody has arrived. It’s time we D the meeting.
A. would start
B. had started
C. shall start
D. started
在for fear that, in order that, in case,lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用should(could, might)+动词原形。
He reminded her twice of it lest she (should) forget. (remind:提醒)
I will not make a noise for fear that I (should, might) disturb you.
The students are working hard for fear that they B in the exam.
A. will fail
B. should fail
C. failed
D. fails
解析：见到for fear that，后面原形，选B。注意有时可能出现被动。
You’d better take an umbrella （伞）with you in case it A .
A. should rain
B. will rain
C. have rained
D. can rain
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he A himself.
A. injure（伤害）
B.had injured
C.injured
D.would injure
Tony doesn’t dare（敢）to leave the house in case B .
A. he will recognize
B.he should be recognized（认出）
C.he is recognized
D.he recognizes Sinclair is working hard for fear that he C .
A. fell behind
B.may fall behind
C.should fall behind
D.would fall behind
1、以as if(as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式，表示与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词。表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might, could)+动词原形(后面这个考试中不经常出现，但不怕一万，就怕万一)。
He talks as if he knew all about it.(因为前面有talks，说明是对现在的虚拟,后面应用过去时)。
I feel as if we had known each other for years.(句意很简单，同时有明显的时间状语for years，说明对过去的虚拟，后面用过去完成时)。
It isn’t as if he were poor.(前面出现isn't，说明对现在的虚拟，后面用过去时，同时注意：系动词be在虚拟语气里不可能出现is/was，只能用were或原形be动词)。
She speaks English as if she C an Englishman.
A. be
B. is
C. were
D. is being 前面动词现在时，后面用过去时，选C。
Franklin looked as though he D ill for a long time.
A. was
B. were
C. has been
D. had been 前面动词过去时，后面过去完成时，选D。
Kitty talks as if she B on the spot.(场所、斑点)
A. is
B.were
C.has been
D.be
Jeff looked as if he C a ghost.
A. saw
B.has seen
C.had seen
D.would see
would rather后用虚拟语气。
我教你一招：你一旦看到了这样的句型：would rather+人/that从句时(必须要有人或that从句，否则后面+动词原形/完成形式，形成would rarher do/would rather have done句型)，后面考点一定用动词过去时。
I’d much rather that you tomorrow than today.
A. came
B. will come
C. had come
D. is coming
：看见了would rather+you，后面选动词过去时，选A。
I’d rather you C make any comment(注释) on the issue for the time being.
A. don’t
B.wouldn’t
C.didn’t
D.shouldn’t
I’d rather you B anything about it for the time being.
A.say
B.didn’t say
C.don’t say
D.not say
I’d rather you B about it for the time being.
A.don’t think
B.didn’t think
C.would not think
D.had not thought
The manager would rather that his wife B work in the same office as he does.
A. does not
B.did not
C.would not
D.will not
英语二考试的重中之重的考点
非真实if条件句中的虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反
句型：If+主语+动词ed+……,主语+would(should ,could, might)+动词原形…
属于与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句(句中的be动词，不管主语的人称是单或复数，一律用were)。记住：如果这部分句型中有be，前面不管是单数还是复数
If I knew his address, I would write to him.
If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there.(对未来的虚拟)
If the sea 500 feet, India would become an island.
A. is to rise
B. has risen
C. were risen
D. were to rise
解析：看到主句中出现了would(是词的过去时)，证明这将是非真实条件句，需要用虚拟语气的形式。同时发现答案中有be，那么选D。可千万别选C啊，那样不就成了过去形式的被动语态啦。
right now,she would get there on Sunday.
A. Would she leave
B.If she leaves
C.Were she to leave
D.If she had left
解析：分析如上题一样，看到后面would，该怎么办？对了，说明对现在的虚拟(right now)，选C。这道题省略了if，把Were提前了。
非真实if条件句中的虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反
句型：If+主语+had+动词ed……, 主语+would(should, could, might)+have+动词
2ed……用再糙点儿话：一看到这种复合句，前面有had(been)done，后面那句话里面一定考would have(been)done;如果前面出现would have(been)done,后面一定考
had(been)done。时刻关注一下是否有被动的含义！！！
If I had known your address, I would have written to you..
Had he worked harder, he the exam.
A. must have got through
B. could get through
C. would get through
D. would have got through
解析：前面出现了had，中间有逗号，后面一定考什么来着？对了，一定有would have(been)done，选D。我又省略了if，你发现了吗？我把Had 提前了。
The millions of calculations( 计算)involved（有关联的）, had they been done by hand, all practical （实践的）value（价值）by the time they were finished.
A. could lose
B. might lose
C. would have lost
D. ought to have lost
解析：横线前面出现了had been，后面一定考would have(been)done，选C。又省略if啦，我的马甲又脱啦！If the whole operation beforehand(事先),a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A.was not planned
B.has not been planned
C.had not been planned
D.were not planned
解析：后面出现would have been，前面该啥来着？恭喜你，选C。
Had he worked harder,he B the exams.
A. must have got through
B.would have got throu gh
C.would get through
D.could get through
for your laziness,you could have finished the assignment by now.
A. Had it not been
B.It were not
C.weren’t
D.Had not it been
解析：后面出现could have been，前面一定出现？？恭喜你，选A。千万别被D骗了，只有have和it形成了倒装，否定词not不动原来的位置(原句正常的句型应该是：If it had not been...)
以“未来不太可能发生的事”为条件的虚拟条件句
句型：If +主语+should+动词原形……, 主语+should(would, could, might)+动词原形……
这种题考察的频率不高，大家可给予一般性了解。
If it tomorrow, I would not go.
A. should rain
B. would rain
C. will rain
D. is going to rain
解析：您可别前后句同时出现would/should，怎么着也得插开啦啊！选A。
表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件
句型：If +主语+were to+动词原形……, 主语+would(should, could, might)+动词原形（无论主语人称是什么，一律接were to）。
If the sun A in the west, I would follow you.
A. were to rise
B. was to rise
C. had risen
D. would rise
不定式的完成时用在intend, mean, plan, suppose等动词后，表示原打算做而实际上未能做成的事；“need+have+done”表示有必要做的事。
Mr. Brown is supposed for Italy last week.
A. to have left
B. to be leaving
C. to leave
D. to have been left
解析：suppose本身后面就应该接to，同时last week告诉我们：这件事情本来应该做，但实际上没做成，来吧！选A。
You all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A. needn’t have done
B. must not ha ve done
C. shouldn't have done
D. can not have done
解析：从句意我们可以看出来，你没有必要去做，因为我们有计算机帮助。选A。
有些词汇需引起注意，如but for, otherwise, but that, without,provided that(可用if换用)…。
Planets would die without water on the earth.
But for the fog we would have reached our destination long ago.
Seize the chance, otherwise you would regret it.
He was willing to give the job to me provided that I could assure him I could do it well.
实战一下：
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we him.
A. had telephoned
B. would telephone
C. must have telephoned
D.would have telephoned
解析：按照其原本的意图，“我们就打电话给他了”，其实这件事并没做成，但在说话者的思想中已经完成了，选D。
But for water, people D live on the earth.
A. can
B. will be able to
C. make
D. could
We didn’t know you we re ill.Otherwise to see you.
A. we’d have come
B.we’d come
C.we were to come
D.we could come
解析：选A，因为前面出现了otherwise，说明说话者的头脑中已经完成了动作，但实际上并没有做到。The man showed us his ID card.Without that,we stopped him from getting in.
A. would have
B.would
C.had
D. have
解析：假设的情况，使用虚拟，选A。
二、非谓语动词/动名词
之所以称之为“非谓语动词”，说明这类成分在句子中并不是做谓语成分。非谓语动词有三种：动名词，动词不定式，分词。动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，其构成是：动词原形+ing，其动词的变化如同现在进行时的动词变化，与现在分词也同形。之所以称之为“动名词”，说明它兼有动词和名词的特征和作用。
动名词做主语
先看个例子：Saying is easier than doing.(say原本是动词，这里+ing后变成了名词形式，做主语，同时than后面进行同等形式的比较，因此do+ing)。
Your drinking so much wine is not good for your health.
实战一下：
“I did it again. I slept until noon.”
" through the alarm seems to be your biggest problem."
A. Asleep
B. To sleep
C. To be asleep
D. Sleeping
解析：后面出现了seems to做谓语，说明前面通通地做主语，选D。
注意：use, useless,good, pity（同情、可惜）, time, fun（快乐）, hard, nice, difficult, worth,worthwhile（值得做的）,interesting, better,foolish, crazy（荒唐的）等名词或形容词
做表语时，用it做形式主语，把做主语的动名词后置。这种类型的题目在考试中为重点考察内容！！！，其句型为It is+上面这些词中任何一个+ing动名词结构。
It’s no good helping him. He doesn’t help himself.
It’s no use waiting here.
实战一下：
It is no use ;the company won't do anything about it.
A. you complain
B. for you to have complained
C. you having complained
D. your complaining
解析：我发现了It is no use句型，你立刻会想起后面一定是ing形式。选吧！只有C，D有ing。同时注意：动名词前如果出现代词的话，一定要用物主代词形式去做动名词的逻辑主语。OK，选D。
He thought that .
A. the effort doing the job was not worth
B. the effort was not worth in doing the job
C. it was not worth the effort doing the job
D. it was not worth the effort by doing the job
解析：大概齐一扫答案的秩序立刻就会发现有it is worth句型，想起后面一定是ing形式，选C。A在宾语从句中的词序混乱，B在宾语从句中做主语的含义不对，D整个句型混乱
There is no+动名词为常见结构，相当于It is impossible to do sth.
There is no getting along with him.
实战一下：
Our chance of ever the truth is very slight.
A. knowing
B. know
C. having known
D. to know
解析：of后面需要名词形式，选A。
There is no use over split（分开）milk.
A. of being crying
B. to cry
C. crying
D. if it will cry
解析：固定句型，选C。
It is no use .
A. to buy books and not to read them
B.buying books and not to read them
C. buying books and not reading them
D. to buy books and not reading them
解析：固定句型，选C。同时注意and形成了并列结构，前后的形式应一致。
There is no still in this life; one must either advance or fall behind.
A. stand
B. standing
C. to stand
D. having stood
解析：一看就知道是固定句型，选B。
非谓语动词之动词不定式
动词不定式做宾语为考试重点内容，那位说了“有窍门吗？”我回答：YES！我们要求大家的试题中发现有关动词不定式做宾语的特征，只有这样才能准确快捷地找出答案。这些特征就是要要大家把列动词记牢：agree,afford（提供,allow,arrange（安排）,fail（失败）,forget,guarantee（保证）,promise,prove（证明）,refuse,ask,attempt（企图）,bother（打扰，麻烦）,care,choose（挑选）,claim（索要）,consent（允许）decide,demand,determine（判决）,happen,hesitate（犹豫）,intend,tend,learn,long,manage（经营）,neglect （疏忽）,offer（提供）,plan,prepare（准备）,pretend（假装）,resolve（决定）,seek寻找）,seem,threaten 威胁,trouble,try, undertake（从事）,volunteer（自愿者）,want,warn(劝告)。
大家看到这么多词要记忆，肯定会反感!没办法，还是那句话，只要你记牢这些词，在试题中发现后马上就应该获得正确答案。当然，我在这里仅列出了其中的多半部分，还有一些词大家可以去翻阅英语一记教材中有关动词不定式做宾语的词汇特征部分。
实战一下：
I'm not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade;I intend .
A.letting the matter to rest
B. to let rest the matter
C. to let the matter rest
D. the matter to be let resting
我来解释：前面说那么多有用吗？我都不看！关键在后面，你看到了什么：intend！刚才我让你记忆的那些词里面有啊！头脑中立刻闪现出用动词不定式，那么排除A和D。再一看B和C有核心词let，你一定回想起let sb.do sth.吧，选C(表示的意思是：我打算让这件事过去。)
She pretend me when I passed by.
A. not to see
B. not seeing
C. to not see
D. having not seen
我来解释：你看见什么啦？YES----pretend！后面肯定是不定式结构，排除B和D，另外，不定式的否定式应该是not to do，而不是to not do，因此----选A。
They would not allow him across the enemy line.
A. to risk doing
B. risking to go
C. for risk to go
D. risk going
我来解释：你看见什么啦？YES----allow！后面一样是to的形式，从答案形式上立刻排除B，C，D。就剩下A了。
I can't afford (go)out tonight.I haven't got enough money.
你看见啥啦？afford，具体啥意思先不管啦，也管不了那么多了，来吧！填写to go。
When you go to work this morning, please do not forget this letter for me.
A. post
B. posting
C. to post
D. having posted
我来解释：看见什么啦？forget！只有两个选项可供选择你知道吗？对了，只有B和C。forget to代表“忘记去做某事”是未来的动作，forget doing代表“忘记做了某事”，表已经结束的动作。前者代表还没做，后者代表做完了。那么从句子的意思上看出：是一种提醒----“别忘了....”，选C。
一、我们需要大家认识一些词汇和词组，在这些词汇和词组后面一定要考虑选择动名词形式(V+ing)。在英语二领域里这些词汇和词组包括：admit承认，接收, appreciate赏识, avoid避开, consider考虑，delay 耽搁, deny否认, enjoy, escape, fancy幻觉, finish, forbid禁止, imagine, involve牵涉, keep, mind头脑，注意，记忆, miss, permit, postpone, p ractice, prevent, resist, understand, can’t stand, can’t help, feel like, give up, put off,etc.
1、I don’ t mind the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making
B. your delaying to make
C. your delaying making
D. you delay to make
我来评评理：有人说俺看不懂句子，啥意思啊！我这时候需要你做的第一项工作不是去翻译句子，而是要发现句子中最重要的特征！你看到了什么？对喽，横线前面的mind!眼前立刻倒映出它美丽的用法----ing喲！快，把带ing的保留，其他扔了！我说的是紧接着mind的那个动名词，你可别总往句子的尾巴上看。B和C 二选一。到底是哪个呢？你又发现了什么？对喽，delay，后面美丽的用法又一次来临了---ing喲！选C。这道题是双响炮！
2、It’s better to avoid downtown during the rush hour.
A. to drive
B. driving
C. having driving
D. to be driving
我来评评理：你看见什么啦！横线前的avoid，来排除吧！A和D不见了。B和C你选哪个？选B。为什么啊？因为having done表示的是在谓语动词之前发生的动作，说白了，就是已经发生过了。这里不是。
3、I know it isn’t important but I can’t help D about.
A. think
B. but to think
C. to think
D. thinking
我来评评理：老一套！看见什么了？横线前面can’t help，后面一定是ing。
二、动名词在介词后面做宾语，这个太容易了。只需要你知道什么词是介词，后面通用ing形式，如instead of, look forward to, object to, keep on, take to,etc.这里需要强调一点：我们不要一看到to就想起是动词不定式to do 形式，一定要看清楚to与前面的动词是否形成固定搭配。相信大家在平时记忆词组时，只要你背过的词组里有跟to搭配的，那里的to一定是介词。注意：后面虽然是ing形式，但要小心被动语态的出现(being done)，这与句子含义密切相关。练练！
1、The match was cancelled（取消）because most of the members A a match without a standard（规格）court.
A. objected to having
B. were objected to have
C. objected to have
D. were objected to having
我来评评理：看见什么了？答案中的object to，后面肯定是ing，排除B和C，你头脑中的词组记忆应该是：object to---反对做某事，前面没有系动词。
2、We are looking forward to(receive) your letter.
我来评评理：横线前面看见啥啦！对喽，look forward to，后面一定有ing，填写receiving。
三、注意几个句型：have difficulty(trouble, problem, a hard time, a good time)+动名词，be busy doing/waste time doing/lose time doing/There is no point+doing。这些句型后面通用动名词形式。
1、”Did you have any trouble the house?” “No, but I had a lot of difficulties. Nobody seemed to know where the key was.”
A. to find…getting into
B. in finding… to get in
C. finding…getting into
D. finding…getting in
我来评评理：句子怎么这么长啊！没心情看，也看不明白。你看见横线前面的句型了吗？两个：前面是have trouble(要填ing)，后面have difficulties(要填ing)，排除万难吧！A与B就消失了。剩下C和D只是介词搭配的问题了。选C。
动词不定式2.0
你们都知道“要求某人做某事”怎么表达吧----ask sb. to do.sth.。那个sb.(人)就是宾语，后面的to do sth.就是宾补。如果翻译出来就是：要求某人，其实这也是一句话，但后面你要问：“要求他干哈啊？”后面的“干哈”就是宾补。你明白了吧！说得最白：有些动词后面一旦出现了“人/物”，那么“人/物”的后面要求用动词不定式来表示。关键的问题出来了：我们一定要记住这些动词----advise, allow, ask, compel（强迫）, command （命令）, encourage（鼓励、激发）, entitle（给...权利）, expect（预计、期待）, forbid（禁止、妨碍）, force （力量n，强制）, instruct(命令、通知), intend（打算）, invite, like, mean, order,oblige（强迫、帮忙）, permit （允许，执照）, persuade（说服）,, prefer（宁可、推荐、提升、举报）, request,require,teach, tempt（怂恿）, urge催促, want,etc.
The law requires all cars C for safety.
A. regularly tested
B. be regularly tested
C. to be regularly tested
D. being regualrly tested
我来评理：你看见了什么？对，require！后面出现的是cars，不是人！太好了，肯定是被动，而且是不定式的被动形式，那个regularly是晃你眼睛的！选吧，C。独家秘方：如果发现了我上述的动词出现+人，再后面可能是主动，也可能是被动；如果上述动词+物，后面肯定是被动。
The rain compelled indoors.
A. we stay
B. us to stay
C. us stayed
D. we to stay
compel！后面一定出现动词不定式，排除A和C。we是主格人称代词，us是宾格，你说：在宾语位置上出现的是主格还是宾格代词，来吧，选B。
She wished those books A sooner.
A.to be returned
B. returned
C. being returned
D. be returned
我来评理：看见什么啦！wish！后面是人还是物？是物！肯定横线里是不定式的被动。选A。
练练：
1.If I (be)you, I would not go.
解析：典型的虚拟语气，填写were。而且后面的would也说明本句属于非真实条件。
2.He spends too much energy (worry)
解析：看见什么了？对了，spend，应该立刻反应出句型spend…doing，填写worrying。怎么有些同学写成worring。
3.This is a (good)example than the first.
解析：对了，看见了than，比较级，填写better。
4.He (catch)her hand and held it tightly（紧紧地）.
解析：火眼金睛！对了，后面and held给了我最大的提示，and表示前后句时态要一致，held是过去式，原形是hold，填写caught。
5.We learn a language in order (communicate)
解析：火眼！看见了in order，立刻反应出词组in order to do，填写to cummunicate。为什么同学们要写to communication?你们忘记了to后面要写动词原形吗？communication是名词。
6.He had better (ask)the teacher about it.
解析：金睛！看见了had better=?d better，立刻反应出had better(…d better)do/not do句型，表示“最好去做某事”。填写ask。
7.Three miles is (far)than two.。
解析：金眼！看见了than，韩红说了：“来吧，来吧，一起舞蹈，让比较级都跑不了！”填写farther。你可别一高兴写成father，或者farer。
8 this experiment is not difficult. (有点儿难耶！)
A Having done B. Doing C. To do D. Done
解析：大家都选对了，选择C。这属于不定式做主语，是指很细节的一次实验，而不是概括性的实验，因此
选择C。
9.I must remember John that garden needs watering. (更有点儿难耶！)
A. reminded
B. to remind
C. reminding
D. to be reminded of
解析：火睛！看见了remember，后面立刻反映出两个用法：to do/doing，to do表示记着去做，动作还没做呢！doing表示记得做完了，都完事儿了。含义是“我必须记着去提醒John：花园需要浇浇水了。”我还没做呢，选择B。这种题用卖空调的人的话说就是：“这是一托二的。”你可小心了，别托乱了，
10.I play basketball.
A. am used to
B. get used to
C. used to
D. used to used of
解析：这题挺难的，但是一看到四个答案我就能知道考我什么。有两个词组需要大家强行记忆：used to do 表示过去习惯干某事，be used to(get/got used to)doing表示现在习惯做某事。这题一看横线后面是play，属于动词原形，你说选哪个？对了，选择C。换句话说，如果横线后面是playing，你说选哪个？对了，A/B 都行。关键的问题是我们能不能记住used前面有没有系动词，有则后面ing，没有后面则原形。你一对眼儿，眼睛应该对在横线后面那个词上，认识也罢，不认识也罢，只要记住是过去习惯于还是现在习惯于做事的固定用法就可以了。
1、I have spent all day (look)for you. (复习一下)
我来说说：让大家复习一下的概念就是练就火眼金睛1.0版出现的一道题。东北二人转中唱到了：“我来问，你来答，你在题里看见什么啦？”你说：“少废话啦，我见着spent啦，后面使用ing啊！”恭喜答对了，填写looking
2、There was something about him than I (not, like). (复习一下)
我来说说：“我来问，你来答，你在题里看见什么啦？”你说：“少废话啦，我见着than啦，后面使用比较级啊！”恭喜答对了，关键还要看见前面的动词was，后面填写did not like。
3、Only small machines parts (can, produce)in our factory before liberation..
我来说说：“我来问，你来答，你在题里看见什么啦？”你说：“少废话啦，我见着before liberation(解放，知道就知道，不知道拉倒)啦，前面使用过去时啊！”恭喜答对了，同时注意横线前面不是人啦，肯定是动词过去时的被动，填写could be produced。
4、He seemed (disagree)with my decision.
我见着seem啦，后面使用动词不定式啊！”恭喜答对了，填写to disagree
5、The (high)the temperature, the (fast)sound travels. (英语二必考题型)
我见着the…,the…啦，后面使用比较级啊！”恭喜答对了，填写higher, faster。
6、In addition to (break)the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime.
见着横线前面有to(in addition to为常用词组，to是介词)啦，介词后面使用ing啊！”恭喜答对了，填写breaking。
7、I wish I (be)as young as you.
我见着wish啦，后面是对现在的虚拟，使用过去式啊！”恭喜答对了，填写were。
8、Now is ;we can go out. （有点儿难耶）
A. clear up
B. clearing up
C. clear away
D. clearing away
我见着now啦，后面排除A和C啊！”恭喜排除对了，但注意词组区别，B表示“天气变晴”，D表示“扫除”。根据句意，选择B。
9、There I come into with the finest craftsman（工匠）I have ever met.(有点儿难，但你背过)
A. contact
B. play
C. being
D. force
我见着come into+答案啦(固定词组含义)！”我有点儿不会啦！A表示“联系，接触”，B无搭配，C表示“形成”，D表示“生效”，按照句意，选择A。
10、If he accepts the position in the firm, he must make his mind to live in a very lonely place.
A B C D
我来说说：这是道改错题。似乎看上去A没错，B不知道，C没错，D不知道。你们有没有我当初这样的感觉？！好了，那就看B，什么意思？对了，下决心，那好像就不对了，下决心应该是make up one’s mind吧！我找到啦！答案是B错，应该改为make up his mind。
单词记忆方法：
1、international：有人说这太简单了，我早就背过。诸位，别忘了，我在教记忆单词的办法。要是我记，就这样：in会吗？会！ter会吗？er组合我知道，t就是汉语拼音“特”，na，n汉语拼音，a常发“哎”的音，
tion是标准的“肾”的音，而且是标准的英文拼写，是固定的；nal，注意这里的n与前面n是同一个，换句话说，这个单词我就记最后两个字母al，拼写一遍：international。OK！
2、emergency：e你没问题吧(e-mail的e)，mer同上发音，gen，g常发“之/哥”的音，这里选择“之”，en 汉语拼音，“镇”出来的；cy，c常发“司/科”的音，这里选择“司”，而且英语单词如果最后字母有[i]音的时候，往往都是以y结尾的，如family,carefully等。就记住后面不是sy，而是cy，够了，拼写emergency。又OK！
3、readjustment：re没问题吧(read的re)，a就是英语中表示一个的发音；just你没问题吧，ment典型的汉语拼音，就记住中间还有一个d在a后面，齐活啦！拼写：readjustment。再OK！
过瘾嘛，再试试：
definitive：de没问题(e发本音)，fi(字母i发[i]的音，整体为汉语拼音)，ni一样，ti一样，v发什么你最清楚，记着最后还有个e不发音就行了，拼写：definitive。老OK！
spontaneous：s没问题，pon就是p+on没问题，tan，汉语拼音，最后一个s没有问题，就记住中间是eou，完了，拼写：spontaneous。总OK！
练习：
They stopped (listen), but there was no sound.
我来问，你来答：你们这里看见什么啦？对了，横线前面的stop，后面一定是两种形式，要么+to do(表示停下来去做另一件事)；要么+ing(表示停下正在做的事)，后面那句话表明了出题人的含义，“竖起耳朵去听，但没声儿”。OK，填写to listen。
I (not ,see)her since 1996.
我来问，你来答：你们这里看见什么啦？对了，since！表明本句一定要用现在完成时，填写haven’t seen。
6、He proposed that the novel（小说）(make)into a film.
我来问，你来答：甭废话=proposed，考点是虚拟语气，后面肯定用动词原形，横线前面不是人，肯定是被动，填写be made。
7、English (speak)all over the world.
我来问，你来答：这个句子太简单了，可是有很多同学做错了。为什么呢？就是因为太简单了。它就简单地说明一个现实情况，只能用一般现在时，而且主语不是人，用被动形式，填写is spoken。为什么有人会用is spoke？
8、The speaker was unable to the audience（观众、读者）what he meant.(有点儿难)
A. get down to
B. get across to
C. get along with
D. get out of
我来问，你来答：需要大家理解句子的含义，横线里肯定要表达的是“理解，弄清楚”。迅速在头脑中搜寻与get有关的词组搭配，A表示“着手开始做某事”，B表示“理解”，C表示“与…相处”，D表示“出去”。OK，选择B。
9、These ceremonies have been handed through the centuries, and remain practically unchanged. (有点儿难)ceremony（仪式）
A. on
B. over
C. out
D. down
我来问，你来答：肯定考与hand形成固定搭配的词组，A表示“依次传递”，B表示“移交”，C表示“分发”，D表示“流传下来，传给，往下传”。句子说明“这些典礼形式流传了几个世纪”，因此选择D。
10、Arthur was in very high spirits while they driving through the fertile
A B
Valley country; but when they entered upon the winding road near the
C
church, he became serious and silent..
D (
此题超难) 不但要看出错误，而且需要改正，
我来问，你来答：句子的主语为Arthur,后面怎么出现了while they driving？主语前后不相符，同时driving 在这里用做状语，前面不需要再出现主语了。所以B必定错误，改为driving through。这道题目对于初级英语学习者来说超难，但作为一名考英语二的学生真的必须要掌握。？？？
练习：
1、After (repeat)attempts they finally succeeded. （难住了吧？嘿嘿！)
我来问你来答：句子的意思你搞清了嘛？表示“经过反复的尝试之后，…”，那么应该填写repeated。这个词在英语一和英语二里可出现过。有些学员填写的是repeating？你肯定没琢磨句子的意思，以为after后面如果用动词的话，一定用动名词形式！其实，你这么想没错，关键是在英语二的领域里要多提醒一下自己。2、Chris made him (stay)to tea. (难住了吧？嘿嘿！)
我来问你来答：你看见什么啦？对了，考点是你知不知道make sb.后面用什么形式！提醒大家对这种题目给予高度的重视，如果看见了make+sb.，无论make的形式怎样(如made/makes)，应该迅速回忆起make sb. do 的形式，也就是说make+人+动词原形。所以，这个空应该填写原形stay。当然，如果make+反身代词的话(如oneself/yourself/himself/herself/themsel ves…，表示“谁谁自己”)，后面就应该+done，也就是动词的过去分词形式。最后提醒一句：★如果make前面出现了系动词be的任何形式(is/was/were)，后面一定要用be made to do形式。切记，切记，再切记！
3、He (wait)for her since lunch time and is still waiting. (嘿嘿嘿！)
我来问你来答：看见什么啦？对了，since！换句话说，看见since就应该立刻想起用完成时。关键是后面还有一个and，后面的话对你形成了威胁。也就是说：该句一定不是简单的现在完成时形式。“自打午饭时他就等她”，对吧？肯定有进行，那么就是现在完成+进行=现在完成进行。填写has been waiting。
4、I could feel the wind (blow)on my face from an open window.(哼哼！)
我来问你来答：看见什么了？对了，feel！这种感官动词一旦出现，后面无非就是两种情况：要么doing，要么do。doing表示“正在发生”；原形动词do表示“动作已经完成了”，说明你感觉到的是全过程，而不简单的正在发生的动作。你地说，写什么地唷？那肯定是正在发生的情况啦！填写blowing。
5、If he (be)here, he would help us.
我来问你来答：典型的虚拟，我管它是对现在或将来的虚拟呢！横线里肯定用过去形式，填写were。6、I admit（承认）(break) the window.
我来问你来答：看见什么了？对了，admit！后面肯定是动名词，填写breaking。
7、It has been about 7 years since they .
A. got married
B. got marry
C. get married
D.have married(哈哈！)
我来问你来答：看见什么了？对了，since！可是since前面已经有现在完成时啦！好失落喲！他俩啥时候结的婚啊？是现在吗？不是，肯定是7年前！那只好用动词的过去式了，选择A。
8、As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had to ask my boss.
A. many
B. most
C. more
D. much(哎哟，太难了!!!)
我来问你来答：“有很多要问问我的老板”，是这意思吧！诸位要搞清一个问题：much是修饰或指代不可数名词的，而many是修饰或指代可数名词的。所以这里首先排除了B和C兄弟俩！就剩下A和D了，你说应该选择“替代可数名词呢，还是选择替代不可数名词呢？”对了，只有D是正确的。
9、Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert it means standing in a queue all night.
A. as if
B. provided
C. even if
D. whatever
我来问你来答：横线后面这句话对你的选择起了关键性的提示，换句话说就是一种对前面叙述的进一步解释。A表示“似乎，好象”，B表示“假如，如果=if”,C表示“即使”，D表示“无论怎样”。选吧，选择C。10、William Faulkner, a famous novelist from Mississippi,said that it is not
A
possible to understand the South unless you were born there.。
B C D
我来问你来答：之所以说这道题难，就是因为有些词汇大家可能会看不明白，心理一乱，这题就难了！其实不然，有些同学一眼就看出了错误所在：A。因为前面的主要动词是said，是过去时，怎么后面从句中出现了现在时is呢？
记忆单词由浅至深：
1、blue：怎么记，你知道么？中国学生就喜欢记由3或4个字母组成的单词----dog,cat, girl,meat…说白了，懒！blue这个词不难记，关键在于自己找到一定的记忆方法----b没问题，汉语拼音，lu没问题，汉语拼音，就剩e了，就记e。完事了。闭上眼想，怎么写的？blue！OK
2、shake：同样的方法：念好念，关键是怎么记？中间的a发字母本音，记忆的时候就这样：sha 汉语拼音(傻)，ke汉语拼音(客)。这样记拼写就行，可别一高兴，念成“傻客”啦!OK
3、speechless：这个词是两部分组成的：speech+less，前面ee组合发字母e的音，ch是汉语拼音，前面部分就记住了；后面less是英语构词法常识，只要一个单词后面出现了less形式，你用手把它盖上，前面词的含义就和整个词的含义相反了，如speech表达“说话，演讲”，那么+less就成了“无话可说”=吃冰棍拉冰棍----没化(话)。经常会有这类词来干扰我们，下次再遇到这种情况，你就不用背整个单词拼写了，就记住less前面那部分的拼写和意思就中了。OK
4、nominate：怎么记你自己试试？----no+mi(汉语拼音)+nate，完事！关键记住它的中文含义，“任命，命名。”OK
5、individual：前面in没问题，di拼音，vi拼音，整个单词就记忆后面是dual，其实再拆开，d拼音，u 字母本音，完事！OK
6、undergraduate：under+graduate，前面没问题，gra没问题，du跟上词的分析一样，后面ate没问题，关键记含义“大学生(尚未取得学位的)”，想想：under是“在…下面”，graduate是“毕业”，“在毕业下面=没毕业的学生”，完事！OK
7、in power----out of power：power表示“权利”，那in里面=有权利，执政的，out是出去了=“没权利，丧失权利”，完事！OK
8、in step----out of step：自己分析去吧，哈哈！爽！
9、work on----work out：work表示工作，on在工作上=“从事…，致力于”，那out是出去，出来，肯定表示工作有结果了=“制定出，算出”。完事！OK
10、at sea：从字面上看是“在海上”，没错！“在海上=前不着村后不着地=看不清方向=迷惑，茫然”。完事！OK
练习：
1、All matter found (find)on earth exists in three states.
我做：主语是all matter，谓语是exist。因此，横线的要求一定是考察定语后置的问题。句子表达“在地球所发现的所有物质…”，同时主语不是人！所以正确的答案应该是:found。
2、I found a number of men already (work).
我做：考察find sb.doing/done的问题，doing表示“正在做着”，done表示“已经被完成了”，按照句子要求，填写working。
3、He once heard the song (sing)a wrong note?
我做：考察hear sth. done用法，按照句意，填写sung。如果表示听到某人做某事，有两种表达方式：hear sb. do/doing。do表示听到了动作的整个过程，这个动作已经完成了；doing表示该动作“正在做”。小心句子的内涵
4、I felt the house (shake). (跟汶川那样的)
我做：根据句子意思“我感到房子正在晃动”。有进行！填写shaking.
5、Harvard(哈佛) use to be a school for men, but now it is coeducational（男女同校的）, serving as many women as men.
A. was used
B. use to be
C. was used to D was used to be (有点儿难,TOEFL题目)
我做：关键之处在于后面but now。也就是说明前面表明的一定是跟过去有关系。used to do(be)表达了“过去常常…”的概念，因此选择B。C：was used to表示“被用来做…”(前面出现了系动词be/was/were)，是被动语态的结构，不符合本句含义。
6、Like humans, zoo animals must have a detist（？）their teeth.
A. fill
B. filled
C. filling
D. to be filled (TOEFL题目)
我做：考察have sb. do的用法，这个公式很重要，have+人+原形动词，选择A。如果have+物，则后面+done。关键的问题要注意两点：首先have会有其他形式表现had/has(换汤不换药)，其次have后面那个词一定要看准是人还是物。只要抓住这两点，这种题目属于白拿。
7、According to the Christian Bible, when the disciples(弟子) saw Jesus after he had risen from the dead, they said, .
A. it is him
B. it is he
C. it is his
D. it is himself (TOEFL题目)
我做：考察系动词后面的表语是用主格还是用宾格的用法。英文规定：系动词后面的代词(除定语从句外)用宾格形式，所以选择A。
8、It is generally believed that an M.B.A. degree is good preparation for a career（生涯）in .
A. a business
B. business
C. businesses
D. one business (TOEFL)
我做：考察你记不记得“在商业里”怎么说来着？选择B，属于固定搭配，同时business属于不可数名词，，所以排除时也可以排除A，C和D。
9、Unemployment compensation is money to support an umemployed person while he or she is looking
for .
A. job
B. a job
C. works
D. a work (TOEFL)
我做：考察你知不知道job和work哪个是不可数名词，当然是work，因此选择B。
10、Spell（拼写）correctly（正确的）is easy with the aid of a number of word processing
A B C
programs for personal computers. (TOEFL)
D
我做：主语很简单----正确的拼写。动词能做主语吗？不行！应该是名词、代词或者动名词来做主语吧，当然动词不定式也可以做主语。所以A肯定是错误的，因为spell是动词。改为：Spelling/To spell都可以。但我觉得：最好是前者。
完型填空：
In some countries, women are paid less than men for the same work. The employer’s argument in places 1 this happens is that men usually have a wife and children to support and women usually have 2 . They say that most women workers are either unmarried and have no one to support, 3 have husbands who also work and bring home money, so that it would be 4 for them to be paid as much as a man who has a wife 5 does not work because she has several children at home to look after.
This 6 is quite true; but you do find some men workers who are unmarried and have no one to support, and some women workers who are widows and have children to support. Other women workers, 7 they have no children, may have old or 8 parents and young brothers and sisters who cannot yet work.
The fact is that the problem of paying workers 9 to their family needs cannot be solved simply by giving the men more and the women less. The answer is to pay both 10 , and to leave it to the state justice is done by means of taxation and allowance.
1.A. that B. who C. where D. how
分析：哪个答案你不认识？都认识！符合咱们刚才说的规律。那么，按照我的办法来试试----就看横线左右有没有标志词。看见什么了？对了，从答案的结构中我发现考我定语从句的先行词。横线前面有什么，places，够了，是地点，选择C。文章第一句你看了吗？没有！
2.A. one B. together C. too D. not
分析：横线1写完了，只能从后面的that往下看了，这句话很简单，“男人通常都有老婆和孩子需要供养，女人通常则…”，单纯从含义上就明白了答案所在，选择D。
3.A. or B. and C. although D. so
分析：横线前面的标志词你发现了吗？对了，either，其搭配应该是either…or…，你看答案里面有or吗？有就选，没有再说。有吗？选择A。
4.A. just B. unjust C. fair D. useless
分析：如果你词汇量充沛的话，你会发现：A=C，表示“合理的”，那就是说首先排除了A和C。那含义上就清楚了，肯定是“不合理的/没用的”。稍微斟酌一下前后含义，应该能选择出来答案，选B。
5.A. and B. who C. he D. she
分析：横线要求定语从句先行词，横线前面是什么？是人！选择B。
第一段做完了，你顶多知道女人比男人挣钱少，因为男人要养家糊口。也就这样啦！
6.A. however B. still C. but D. of course
分析：从句意一下就看出了，“这的确是正确的”，同时如果你的眼睛仔细些的话，是否发现了A=C？选择D。
7.A. though B. where C. for D. unjust
分析：首先排除了B和D，A表示转折，D表示原因，稍加分析，立刻判断出答案，选A。
8.A. young B. busy C. sick D. single
分析：看见横线前的标志词了吗？or！说明属于平行状态，B和D(后面是父母的复数形式)，根据后面的parents 你也知道，A是不可能的。选择C。
9.A. attending B. according C. owing D. relating
分析：这空有些难度。这四个词全都可以与后面的to形成搭配。也就是说，标志词是to，考察四个词组在句子中的含义，A表示“照顾”，B表示“按照，根据”，C表示“由于”，D表示“与…相关”。稍作分析，答案即出，选择B。
10.A. resemble B. difference C. alike D. likeness
分析：就分析这一句话够了。说明“这个回答是双方的酬劳要均等”，说明词空的词性为副词，排除A，B 和D，因为它们都是名词。选择C。
1、If you can not understand, ask:”Would you mind(rephrase)the question, please?” (99年真题，你试试)我做：看见什么了？横线前面的mind，立刻反映出mind后面一定是动名词，填写rephrasing。
2、Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space
which matter has fallen and which mothing can escape.
A. towards…towards
B. into…from
C. out of… from
D. through…from
我做：从答案中判定考察介与动词的搭配，而且属于定语从句中介词提前的问题。换句话说，是考察fall+?,escape+?的问题。头脑中迅速回忆与它们搭配的介词，选择B。即fall into,escape from。
3、Each time the pr ogrammer of Van Wendal’s last days before euthanasia was showed on TV, it starts a nationwide debate the subject.
A. for
B. against
C. on
D. of
我做：考察debate+?的问题。前面那么老长的句子不用看，就回忆与debate的搭配。第二单元出现过，选择C。你肯定背过，但不一定把它作为重点记忆的词组。考试就考这样的！
4、At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure to help
domestic workers from abuse by their employers.
A. protect（保护）
B. suspect
C. expect
D. inspect
我做：你发现考点了吗？考察? from搭配问题。选择A。
5、In the process of composition, it isn’t easy to be inspired d in a spontaneous（自发的）way for long periods
a stretch.
A. at
B. for
C. over
D. in
我做：你发现考点了吗？考察? a stretch搭配的问题。第五单元的词组你还记得吗？选择A。前面的那些根本不用看，看了也不懂！
6、The nations that actively (involve)in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the United States.
我做：看见要求填写的词是involve，马上应该联想到固定词组be involved in。第二横线后面有in，说明我的想法对了。马上填写are,involved。
7、The more time you waste, the (easy)it is to continue wasting time..
我做：这是英语二必考题。前后句均使用比较级结构，前面已经出现了the more…，后面一定是形容词比较级，填写easier。
8、Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances at night..
A. it
B. them
C. the coffee
D. the body
我做：答案一看就知道考察指代的问题，前面的动词是delays，后面是advances，属于并列关系，也就是说横线里一定指代的是前面的body，选择A
9、Nations are as “aged” when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.
A. limited
B. classified
C. originated
D. processed
我做：考点是什么？对了，考察?as进行搭配的问题。选择B。
10、In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling (begin)in the 1930s.
我做：横线后面明显的时间状语告诉了我这题太容易了，填写began。
11、As research techniques become more advanced, number of animals
(use)in experiments may decrease.
我做：主句的主语是number of animals，谓语是may往后，那么中间这个use一定是做定语的，而且后置了。动物是被使用的，明显含有被动，填写used。
12、Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough your mind’s eye, and you will be drawn toward it.
A. at
B. in
C. before
D. in front of
我做：考察? your mind’s eye搭配，选择B。
13、A man can not be really happy if what he enjoys (do)is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
我做：看见什么了？enjoy，够了，后面一定是动名词形式，填写doing。
14、Eventually（终于）the project, which seemed so near realization（认识）, fell .
A. behind
B. out
C. through
D. over
我做：你对跟fall搭配的词组还有记忆吗？A表示“落后”，B表示“解散”，C表示“失败，不能实现”，D后面应该+oneself，表示“急于做某事”，稍加分析，立刻选择C。
15、Few of you share（分享）my opinion so we have in common to discuss.
A. a little
B. little
C. nothing
D. something
我做：句子的含义很简单，“你们很少有人分享我的办法，因此我们就??共同的观点再去讨论了”。根据句子意思应该是“几乎就没有什么”，选择B。可别一激动选C啊，那样意思跟本句就不符了。
历年真题：
1.It took a long time for her to ______ the fact that her husband was dismissed.
A. come up against
B. come up to
C. come up with
D. come to terms with
解析：这种题目在英语二的考试中出现得太频繁了。换句话说，只要你能辨析清楚答案各自是什么意思。选择答案只不过是热热手而已。A你没见过，不考虑。B表示“达到，符合”，C表示“提出，提供，建议”，D表示“与…达成协议”。根据句意“花了很长时间考虑一个现实情况…”，选择D。
2．Was it in that school ______ he developed his interest in physics?
A. which
B. from which
C. where
D. that
解析：这种问句对于学生来说挺难的，你肯定是先琢磨它的意思！我不是，我先把这句话按照正常的陈述句理解一下：It was in that school…。是这样吧，还没选出答案吗？典型的强调句啊！选择D。如果你要选择A，B和C其中的任何一项，说明你把这句话理解为定语从句了。可这句话并不是定语从句。小心啊！3．______ for your help，I would not have over come the psychological pressures and tensions．
A. Not been
B. Without being
C. Had it not been
D. Not having been
解析：典型的虚拟语气句型，后面出现would have，前面肯定有had done，自己找找答案在哪里？对了，选择C。这题太简单了！
4．______ nothing to say，the boy shied way from the crowd.
A. Have
B. Having
C. Had
D. Having being
解析：典型的分词做状语，后面的the boy是全句的主语，而且这个状语与后面的主语形成了主动关系，排除D，因为没有这个用法。选择B。
5．As activity carried ______ as one thinks fit in one’s spare time, leisure has several functions.
A. on
B. out
C. off
D. over
解析：在重点班的讲解中我要求大家背过与carry有关的词组，这下用上了吧！A表示“坚持，从事”，B表示“贯彻，执行，实现”，C表示“夺去”，D表示“遗留，继续”。根据句子含义，选择B。而且我觉得与carry相关的词组中，这个词组考察的频率相当高。
6．Why do you blame（责备）him for his poor judgment（判断、判决）on the matter ______ he really needs is encouragement?（鼓励）
A. when that
B. since that
C. when what
D. now that
解析：根据横线后面的含义，应该存在着一个名词性主语从句的概念。因为is是后句中的谓语，也就是说横线开始一直到needs是从句中的主语。根据这个特点，就不难选择出答案为C。
7．The other timing system belongs in our internal（内部的）clocks, which, left ______ would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm.（节奏）
A. behind
B. alone
C. out
D. aside
解析：重点班我讲解过与leave有关的词组，A表示“留下”，B表示“更不用说”，C表示“遗漏”，D你根本就没见过，不给予考虑。根据句意，选择B。
8．It has been years ______ I returned home．
A. after
B. that
C. since
D. when
解析：横线前面出现完成时，后面直接锁定C。
9．We’ ll keep you ______ any news．
A. up to date with
B. in step with
C. in line with
D. in terms of
解析：你知道四个答案的意思吗？选择A。
10．I’d like to go to the cinema, but I’ m ______ to．
A. enable
B. disable
C. unable
D. able
解析：根据句意，选择C。这题简单。
1. _______conclusion（结论）, walking is a cheap, safe and enjoyable form. of exercise.
A. In
B. On
C. By
D. As
解析：固定搭配，选择A。
2. Julie went to the _______ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store
B. shoe’s store
C. shoe store
D. shoes’ store
解析：固定用法，选择C。
3. He has called a meeting of all parties with a _______ to form. a new government.
A. purpose
B. reason
C. view
D. goal
解析：固定搭配，选择C。
4. Gazing into his eyes, she seemed to have _______all he said.
A. taken up
B. taken over
C. taken off
D. taken in
解析：与take形成固定搭配的词组，根据句意选择D。
5. In every major city there are more _______apartments（公寓住宅）than there are homeless people.
A. blank
B. vacant （空闲的）
C. empty
D. bare
解析：表示“空的”，选择B。
6. Very few people understood this contract（合同）, _______was very obscure（模糊不清的）.
A. the language
B. the language of which
C. all it said
D. which it had said
7. Five minutes earlier, _______we may have caught the gunman.
A. and
B. but
C. or
D. so
8. They claim that _______$150 million is to be spent on improvement.
A. sufficiently
B. approximately
C. considerably
D. properly
9. _______ I’m supposed to work by myself, there are other people who I can interact with.
A. If only
B. So long as
C. Even if
D. As far as
10. These two areas（面积）are similar _______that they both have a high rainfall during summer.
A. except
B. so
C. now
D. in
填空：
Rivers are one of the most important natural resources. Many of the world’s great cities are located on rivers, and almost every country has 1 one river flowing through it that 2 an important part in the lives of 3 people.
Since the beginning of history, people have used rivers 4 transportation. Some great rivers are the Mississippi, the Nile, the Congo etc. The best of 5 for navigation, however, is the Amazon in Brazil. It is so wide and so deep 6 large ships and ocean liners can about two thousand miles upon it. Besides 7 ,
rivers provide food, water to drink, water for crops, and opportunities for fun.
However, large cities and industries that are located upon rivers often make 8 . As the cities grow in
9 and the industries increase in number, the water in the rivers becomes polluted with chemicals and other materials. People are learning the importance , however, of doing more to keep their rivers clean if they want to 10 the benefits of this natural resources.
1. A. at first B. at last C. at most D. at least
要是我来做：就看横线前面，出现了every country，横线后面one river，前面意思上有特殊含义，再看答案：
怎么着一个国家总得有一条河吧，选择D，表示“至少”。
2.A. puts B. plays C. takes D. sets
要是我来做：横线后面出现明显的词组搭配play part in，选择B，表示“起…作用”。
3.A. their B. theirs C. its D. it’s
要是我来做：横线后的people肯定指国家中的人们吧，选择C。
4.A. for B. with C. at D. on
要是我来做：横线前面有use sth.，后面是个名词，指“为了交通运输”，哪个词表示“为了”？选择A。5.A. some B. any C. most D. all
要是我来做：横线前面出现了the best of，说明“…中最好的/最佳的”，肯定是“全部中”的含义，也可以说存在着最高级中，选择D。
6.A. that B. which C. as D. so
要是我来做：横线前面出现了so，后面肯定要接that，找去！选择A。
7.A. traveling B. touring C. fishes D. transportation
要是我来做：横线前面的besides，说明除了上述的问题…，上面说的都是运输的问题，选择D(况且A=B)。
8.A. questions B. problem C. matter D. affairs
要是我来做：横线前面make+?，固定习语，选择A，表示“产生了问题”。
9.A. range B. style C. size D. area
要是我来做：横线后面出现了in number，前面的in后面一定要与其相对应，那就从含义上琢磨一下吧，后面说的是“数量”，从句意上分析前面一定指的是大小，选择C。
10.A. enjoy B. enforce C. endanger D. entertain
要是我来做：就剩最后一句了！发自肺腑的啊！如果人们想去享受自然资源带给我们的益处，就怎么样怎么样，选择A。
小议关系代词和关系副词的使用
That,which,where等同样是先行词，由于它们在从句中担任的作用不同，也就是由于在句子具体中所做成分的不同，必须选用不同的关系词。作为学生应该牢记三点：
1、要看代替先行词的关系词在句中担任何种成分，功能是什么；
2、要看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点，还是原因；
3、要看所引导的定语从句是限定性的，还是非限定性的。
一般来讲，who,whom,whose(=of which),which,that为关系代词，where,when,why为关系副词。关系代词在从句中可以做主、宾语；关系副词在从句中做宾、状语(具体区别参考上述牢记点2)。如果你能分析出这些词在从句中修饰是谁，并在从句中所起的作用是什么，选择答案只不过就是划个钩而已。
例1：Peter found a place in the cellar（地窖）he used as his first laboratory（实验室）.
A. which
B. where
C. such
D. tha same
我来分析：其实，从答案中我首先排除掉了C和D，因为这种属于词组性的固定搭配问题与本句是无关的。那么就剩下A和B。有些同学一看横线前面是个地点，来吧，选B，因为它修饰的是“地点”啊！告诉你吧：错了！为什么？横线当中所要求我们选择的词应该是代替a place，而且它在后面的从句中做use的宾语。实在不弄懂，你可以这样：found是谓语，a place是宾语，而横线里面要我们选择的词是代替前面a place的，既然a place是宾语，那么代替部分也应该是起宾语的作用。能够在从句中起主、宾语作用的先行词是哪个呢？对了，选择A。如果你选择了B的话，则说明它应该在句中做状语。那就与本题不符了。
例2：The train was crowded(拥挤的) and I had to get into a carriage（火车的客车箱）already seven other people.
A. when there were
B. which there were
C. where there were
D. that there were
我来分析：首先我排除了A。下一步就要看横线当中的先行词在句子中所起的作用。“火车很拥挤，我不得不到过道去，但在那里已经有7个人了。”诸位，你一看这句话的意思，就能明白横线中的先行词一定在句中起状语的作用，因为“在那里有7个人”明显是一种状态。做状语的先行词是哪个？选择C。
例3：This is the reason I am not in favor of revising the plan.（revise 修改、复习）
自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版(6)
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（6） Unit3（第7讲—第10讲） 4. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。 Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot. 这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为：主语＋系动词＋表语从句。请看下面的例句：My idea is that we contact him as soon as possible.（我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1）My suggestion is that we should put off the meeting.（我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。） 2）One advantage of solar energy is that it will never be used up.（太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。） 3）问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。（The problem is who will take care of the children while you are away.） 4）看起来天要下雨。（It looks that it is going to rain.） 请注意辨析another 和other： another由an＋other构成，只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another＋单数名词表示不定的“另一个”，the other＋单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。 请看下面的例句： 1）This idea is not very practical，will you think of another one？（这个主意不太实际，你能另想一个吗？） 2）This book is too difficult. Show me another one.（这本书太难了，给我看另外一本。） 3）Of the three books in my bag，two are published in China，the other is published in the United States.（我包里的三本书中，两本是中国出版的，另一本是美国出版的。） 4）Tom is here，but where are the other boys？（汤姆在这儿，其他的男孩在哪儿呢？） 5）I like this coat better than the other one.（两件上衣中，我更喜欢这一件。） 6）This camera is more expensive than the other one.（这架照相机比另一架贵。） boiling hot意思是“滚热的，酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词，表示热的程度，修饰hot. 5. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. 此句中，that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如： 1）I am afraid that I can not finish the article in two hours.（我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。）
《国际金融》知识点归纳
第二章 1.国际收支：指一个国家或地区与世界上其他国家和地区之间，由于贸易、非贸 易和资本往来而引起的国际资金移动，从而发生的一种国际资金收 支行为。 说明：国际收支>外汇收支与国际借贷→金融资产→商品劳务 2.国际收支平衡表： ⑴编制原则：复式记账法: 借：资金占用类项目（外汇支出：进口- ） 贷：资金来源类项目（外汇收入：出口+ ） 权责发生制：先付后收，先收后付 市场价格原则 单一货币原则 ⑵内容：经常项目：贸易收支（出口>进口，贸易顺差/盈余，出超） （出口>进口，贸易逆差/赤字，入超） 非贸易收支（服务、收入项目） 资本和金融项目（长期资本、短期资本） 平衡项目（储配资产、净误差与遗漏） 3.国际收支分析（按交易性质的不同）： ⑴自主性交易：经常项目、资本与金融项目中的长期资本与短期资本中的私人部 分。 ⑵调节性交易：调节性交易、短期资本中的政府部分与平衡项目。 注：①贸易差额=出口- 进口 ②经常项目差额=贸易差额+劳务差额+转移差额
差额：③基本差额=经常项目差额+长期资本差额 ④官方结算差额=基本差额+私人短期资本差额 ⑤综合差额=官方结算差额+官方短期资本差额 ①微观动态分析法：差额分析法、比较分析法 ⑶国际收支与国民收入的关系：（封闭）Y=C+I+G 分析法：②宏观动态分析法：（开放）Y=C+I+G+X-M 与货币供给量的关系：Ms=D×R×E 4.国际收支失衡的原因及经济影响： ⑴原因：①季节性、偶然性原因 ②周期性因素： a.繁荣期：X↑M↓，劳务输出↓劳务输入↑，资本流入↑，资本流 出↓→顺差 b.萧条期：X↓M↑，劳务输出↑劳务输入↓，资本流入↓，资本流 出↑→逆差 ③结构性因素：产出结构调整 ④货币因素: 货币a.对内价值→贬值→P↑→X↓M↑→国际收支变化价值 b.对外价值→贬值→e↑→X↑M↓→国际收支改善 ⑤收入因素：C、S→X、M↑ I↑→X、M，资本流动 ⑥不稳定的投机和资本流动 ⑵影响：①对国民收入的影响：Y＝C＋I＋G＋X－M ②对金融市场的影响：
自考英语二复习资料汇总总结
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
自考国际金融市场
高纲1569 省高等教育自学考试大纲 04009 国际金融市场 财经大学编省高等教育自学考试委员会办公室
Ⅰ课程性质及其设置目的与要求 一、课程性质和特点 《国际金融市场》课程是我省高等教育自学考试部分经济类专业的一门重要的专业基础课程，是一门系统介绍国际金融市场及其组成的课程，其任务是使应考者通过本课程学习，了解国际金融市场的基本概念，分析国际金融市场环境，掌握外汇市场及外汇风险管理、国际货币市场、国际资本市场、国际黄金市场等各个分领域的基础知识和基本功能，并结合具体案例，使得应考者能够运用知识创造性地分析与解决问题。 二、本课程的基本要求 本课程共分五部分：第一部分为国际金融市场的外部环境及国际金融市场概述，包括国际货币体系概述，国际收支，国际金融市场概述；第二部分是对外汇市场进行分析与阐述，包括：外汇市场概述，外汇与汇率，主要外汇交易形式，外汇交易风险的管理；第三部分为国际货币市场；第四部分为国际资本市场；第五部分为国际黄金市场。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对国际金融市场有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1.了解国际金融市场的概念、组织形式和发展趋势，能够从经济学角度来解释国际金融市场的功能。 2.理解并掌握国际金融市场的各组成成分。 三、本课程与相关课程的联系 《国际金融市场》是以金融学为基础，结合国际金融、金融市场学等学科容法的综合性理论与应用相结合的学科。因此本课程的前修课程包括金融学、国际金融、金融市场学、国际投资学等，这些课程可以帮助我们更好地掌握国际金融市场的组成、功能和分析法。 Ⅱ课程容与考核目标 第一章国际货币体系 一、课程容 本章首先定义了国际货币体系的概念，概括了国际货币体系的主要容和作用，然后介绍了世界经济的发展与国际货币体系的演变，最后介绍了欧洲经济货币联盟与欧洲单一货币——欧元。 二、学习要求
自考英语笔记2
Unit 2 Text A Taxes，Taxes，and More Taxes 搭配： 1. be sure of 确保、一定、毫无疑问/形容词词组 2. have a corner in/on sth. 垄断/动词词组 e.g. have a corner on the textile market 垄断纺织市场 have a corner in textile 对纺织品进行垄断 3. lead the world with sth. 以什么来引领世界/动词词组 4. vary in sth. 有差异 e.g. vary in ideas 想法有差异 vary sth. 改变 e.g. vary your attitude 改变你的观点 vary with 随什么而改变 vary from sth./sb. to sth./sb. 什么什么各不相同 e.g. vary from person to person 人人不同vary from place to place每个地方各不相同 5. sth. is due. 到了该什么的时间了。e.g. The federal taxes are due. 到了该收税款的时间了 6. be similar to 与什么一样/形容词词组 7. buy sth. for +多少钱/动词词组 e.g. buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. 8. in addition to sth./doing sth.除了（表示加的概念）/名词词组 e.g. In addition to teaching，she is in charge of managing the whole school. In addition to his flat in Chaoyang，he has anther flat in Haidian. 9. in two forms 以两种形式 10. charge on sth. 收取什么的费用 e.g. charge on cars in a city.收取城内汽车的费用。 be charged with被控诉有某种罪行；be charged by sb. 由某人收取费用 charge for 收取多少价钱e.g. How much do you charge for this car？这辆车你要多少钱？ in charge 负责 e.g. Who is in charge here？谁在这负责？
自考00149国际贸易理论与实务_知识点总结
第一章：导论 1、对外贸易：一国或地区同别国或地区进行货物和服务交换的活动，从一个国家的角度来看，这种交换活动被称为对外贸易；从国际范围来看这种货物和服务交换活动就被称为国际贸易.：P41 2、对外贸易额又称对外贸易值，它是指一国或地区一定时期进口额与出口额的总和，是反映一国对外贸易规模的重要指标之一，一般以国际上通行的货币表示。 3、对外贸易量是用以固定年份为基期计算的进口或出口价格指数去调整当年的进口或出口额，得到相当于按不变价格计算的进口额或出口额.P42（2009.1，2010.10） 4、对外贸易依存度.又称对外贸易系数.以一国对外贸易总额同该国GNP或GDP的比率来表示，用以反映一国经济发展对对外贸易的依赖程度P46 5、对外贸易地理方向又称对外贸易地区分布或国别构成，指一定时期内各个国家或国家集团在一国对 . 外贸易中所占有的地位 1、世界货物出口总额总是小于世界货物进口总额。原因：出口用FOB价（货价，不含运费保险费），进口用CIF价（包含运费、保险费），因此从世界范围看，出口总额﹤进口总额。09.10，P42 2、总贸易体系与专门贸易体系是指贸易国家进行对外货物贸易统计所采用的统计制度，前者以货物通过国境作为统计进出口的标准（世界上大部分国家采用此法），后者以货物通过海关作为标准（欧洲除了英国都用专门贸易体系） 3、直接贸易指货物消费国.生产国直接买卖货物的行为；转口贸易也称中转贸易，指货物消费国与生产国通过第三国进行的贸易活动，对第三国而言便是转口贸易；过境贸易指别国出口货物通过本国国境，未经加工改制，在基本保持原状条件下运往另一国的贸易活动P43 4、世界贸易组织列出服务行业包括以下12个部门：商业.通讯.建筑.销售.教育.环境.金融.卫生.旅游.娱乐.运输.其他P45（多选考点。07.01，0710，08.10，） 5、一定时期内一国出口额与进口额之间的差额称贸易差额.当出口额超过进口额时，为贸易顺差或出超；当进口额超过出口额时，称为贸易逆差或入超.P46（2012.1，2011.1，2011.10，单选） 6、对外贸易按商品形式与内容不同，分为货物贸易与服务贸易. 7、对外贸易与国际贸易结构是指货、.服务在一国进出口或世界贸易中所占的比重.狭义的对外贸易与国际贸易结构又称对外贸易或国际贸易货物结构；对外贸易货物结构是指某大类或某种货物进出口贸易与整个进出口贸易额之比，以份额表示 二战后国际贸易发展的特点是什么？P50 1、不同阶段，国际贸易增长速度呈现出重大差异。 2、制成品贸易成为国际贸易的主导。 3、服务贸易迅速发展，成为国际贸易的重要组成部分。 4、发达国家仍然是国际贸易的主体，发达国家之间的贸易为国际贸易的主要流向。 5、区域性贸易迅速发展。 （1）2002年，某国对外贸易依存度为0.8，而该国当年的服务贸易总额为
自考本科英语二复习资料
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版(2)
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（2） Unit1 4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice，and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的用法，阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下面的词组： 1）十个学生 ten students 数十个学生 tens of students 2）五百年 five hundred years 数百年hundreds of years 3）两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4）三百万美元 three m illion dollars 数百万美元m illions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的 观点与你的观点不同。） 请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组： Man is different from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between m an and all the other anim als is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。 6. … find it difficul t to succeed in language learning. … find it difficul t to succeed in other fields. 句中的i t是形式宾语（form al object），真正的宾语（real object）是不定式to succeed in language learning，此类用法在英语中很常见，请注意掌握。如：At first I found it diffi cult to rem em ber all these new words.（开始我感到记住这些单词很难。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1）外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 （The noise outside m ade it diffic ult for m e to go on with m y work.）
自考00076国际金融串讲笔记
《国际金融》常考知识点串讲 1、外汇是国际汇兑（Foreign Exchange）的简称。有动态和静态之分。 动态外汇是把一国货币兑换成另一国货币以清偿国际间债务的金融活动。同于国际结算。 静态的外汇，有广义和狭义之分。 广义的外汇是各国外汇管理法令所称的外汇：⑴外国货币，包括纸币、铸币； ⑵外币支付凭证：票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证；⑶外币有价证券：政府债券、公司债券、股票；⑷特别提款权、欧洲货币单位；⑸其他外汇资产。 狭义的外汇是通常所说的外汇，是以外币表示的用于国际结算的支付手段。 基本特征：⑴国际性；⑵可兑换性，即表示这些支付手段的货币是可自由兑换的货币（Freely Convertible currency）。⑶可偿性，即在国外能直接作为支付手段无条件的使用，对方也无条件的接受并承认其所代表的价值。 外币表示的有价证券和黄金不能视为外汇，因为他们不能用于国际结算，而只有把他们变为在国外的银行存款才能用于国际结算。外币现钞，严格说来也不能算作狭义外汇。 只有在国外的银行存款，以及索取这些存款的外币票据与外币凭证，才能是狭义外汇。 国外银行存款才是狭义外汇的主体。 2、 1918年以后，国际收支被解释为一国在一定时期的外汇收支。凡在这一定时期涉及有外汇收支的国际经济交易，都属于国际收支畴。是建立在收支基础（现金基础Cash Basis）上的。是狭义的国际收支。 3、第二次世纪大战以后，世界各国广泛采用广义的国际收支概念即国际货币基金组织（International Monetary Fund，IMF）所制定的概念：在一定时期，一国居民（Resident）与非居民（Ninresident）之间经济交易的系统纪录。必须领会： ⑴它强调居民与非居民之间的经济交易。经济交易是经济价值从当事的一方向另一方的转移。实际上也就是商品、劳务和金融资产在两个当时这间的转移。. .
自考英语二重点语法知识讲解
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
自考高级英语 词组精选(考前必背)
In return 作为(对某物)的付款或回报 What do we give them in return。 Conceive of 想像、认为 I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar Babies(俚语：人). 对于那些认为我们从不会成为腰缠万贯的巨富的先生和女士们，我们总是暗处嘲笑他们。 Scores of 很多 Scores of young people. Strike sb. as … 给某人留下印象 These conclusion strike me as reasonable. 我认为他们的话是合情合理的 Drop out 脱离传统社会 Ever since 自从 In hopes of 怀着…希望 Every since civilization began, certain individuals(人) have tried to run away from it in hopes of finding a simpler, more pastoral, and more peaceful life Support oneself 自食其力 Run out of 没有，用完，耗尽 Our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes. 我们地球上高尚的野蛮人和未玷污的地方越来越少 the other way (round) 相反 come off 成功 These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off. In need of 需要 It dawns on a familiar, workaday place, still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 它洒在一个司空见惯，平凡庸碌的地方，一个仍然无法摆脱食品杂货，污水处理的地方。In short supply 供应不足，短缺 Break down 瓦解，崩溃 Broke down our resolve. 丧失了我们的决心 Out of work 失业
自考英语心得范文
自考英语心得范文 才的有关规定，造就和选拔德才兼备的专门人才，提高全民族的 欢! 自考英语心得范文一 加自考专升本学习，经过一年多的学习，顺利通过了专升本课程以及加考的水平英语(一)、水平英语(二)和综合英语(二)课程。应该说，对于比较难学的英语专业，我算是在比较短的时间内取得 在此与大家交流。 滴的积累达到的，从量变上升到质变，即所谓的平时有好的学习习惯，才会使我们最终取得好的成绩。所以在平时的学习当中就要严格要求自己，力求扎实的功底，为日后的考试做好准备。
习惯的养成还源自对自考的正确认识。高等教育自学考试是高等教育中较为严格、对考生要求较高的一种自学形式，要想通过考试，就要有较强的自控力和坚持不懈的恒心。其中自控力是坚持不懈的保证，没有较强的自控能力，基本的学习时间无法保 在此我就谈谈我的学习习惯。 读，其他课程如公共课若时间不足，可注意上课笔记。 二、坚听挺好每一堂课，知识的积累重在平时的点点滴滴，虽然一些需要记忆的课程，临阵磨枪有一定的作用，但基础课程仍在于平时的功夫，在于潜移默化，扎扎实实，稳步提高。 三、及时的针对所学内容作总结、联系。即对所学课程及时 四、考前要做的工作。大致读一遍课文，然后有针对性的增加习题训练，起到查漏补缺的作用，最后做一些模拟题型、模式。 五、在不面临国考压力时，也不能松懈，而应主动培养自己的英语意识，多听英语广播、音乐，以及多看英语方面的书籍与节目等，同时如有充裕时间，可针对自身的弱点有选择的参加一些辅导班。
除了以上这几点，我认为还需要时时保持一种紧张状态，即在规定课程未全部达到要求之前，绝不能有所放松，从而争取最后的胜利。 这是我的体会。我认为通过考试拿文凭不是我们的目的，更多的是为了获取真正的知识以及更好的掌握知识，为我们将来的学习和事业打下坚实的基础。所以，在努力通过考试的同时，也应注意培养自身的能力，包括运用知识的能力，适应社会的能力等。在学习的过程中，注意磨砺自己的意志，培养积极、向上、乐观的心理状态，从而迎接人生中的每一次挑战和考验。 最后，我要说的是，既然大家选择了这条学习道路，就应该有恒心、有耐心并且有信心，要相信：付出的汗水中终将获得收获，这段经历将成为我们人生中特有的宝贵的财富，也将成为教会我们懂得珍惜人生的一次机会。 让我们共同努力，为最后的胜利而奋斗! 自考英语心得范文二 我2001年大学毕业以后一直在北京从事英语教育行业，因为一个偶然的机会我接触到了一个自考学校，我发现相当多的自考学生的英文功底不好，要想通过公共科目英语(一)(二)十分的不容易，所以我现在正在筹划开办一个校内的英语补习培训班，
国际金融考试重点
1、狭义的国际收支：是指一国(或地区)在一定时期之内，居民与非居民之间的所有外汇收入和外汇支出的总和。 2、广义的国际收支：是指一国(或地区)在一定时期之内，居民与非居民之间的各种国际经济交易的总和。 3、国际收支平衡表：又称为国际收支账户，是指将国际收支按照特定账户分类，根据一定的原则用会计方法编制出来的报表。 4、自主性交易：亦称事前交易，是指交易当事人自主地为某项动机而进行的交易。如经常项目中的各项交易和长期资本项目中的交易 5、动态的外汇：是指把一国货币兑换成为另一国货币，用以清偿国际间债务的金融活动。 6、静态的外汇：由动态的外汇而形成的相关的金融凭证，或称金融资产。 7、汇率：是两种货币的比率、比价，是以一种货币表示的另一种货币的价格。 8、直接标价法：是以一定整数单位(如1或100等)的外国货币作为标准，折算为若干数量的的本国货币的汇率标价方法。 9、间接标价法：是以一定单位的本国货币(如l或100等)作为标准，折算为若干数量的外国货币。 10、固定汇率制：是指以本位货币本身或本位货币的法定含金量作为确定汇率的基准，汇率水平比较稳定的一种汇率制度。 11、浮动汇率制：是指一国货币当局不规定本币与外币的汇率平价和上下波动的界限，也不承担任何维持汇率波动界限的义务。听任两国货币的比价完全按外汇市场的供求状况而波动。 15国际储备：亦称“官方储备”，是指一国政府所持有的，备用于弥补国际收支赤字、维持本币汇率的国际间普遍接受的一切资产。 16、国际清偿力：亦称“国际流动性”，指一国政府为本国国际收支赤字融通资金的能力。(也称广义国际储备) 17、在岸金融市场：是国内金融市场的对外延伸。国内金融市场是本国居民之间发生金融资产交易的场所，交易的对象一般是本国货币，空间范围也仅限于本国境内。当金融资产交易的主体扩大到非居民，交易范围超越国境之外，成为传统的国际金融市场。即在岸金融市场。18、离岸金融市场：又称境外市场。以市场所在国以外国家的货币即境外货币为交易对象；交易活动一般是在市场所在国的非居民与非居民之间进行；资金融通业务基本不受市场所在国及其他国家法律、法规和税收的管辖。 19、欧洲货币市场：是对离岸金融市场的概括和总称。欧洲货币又称境外货币、离岸货币，是在货币发行国境外被存储和借贷的各种货币的总称。 20、外国债券：是一国发行人或国际金融机构，为了筹集外币资金，在某外国资本市场上发行的以市场所在国货币为标价货币的国际债券。通常把外国债券称为传统的国际债券。 22、外汇风险：即汇率风险或汇兑风险，是指经济实体以外币定值或衡量的资产与负债、收入与支出，以及未来的经营活动可望产生现金流量的本币价值因货币汇率的变动而产生损失的可能性。23、交易风险：是指在以外币计价的交易中，由于外币和本币之间汇率的波动使交易者蒙受损失的可能性交易风险又分为外汇买卖风险和交易结算风险。 24、会计风险：又称折算风险。是指企业在会计处理和外币债权、债务决算时，将必须转换成本币的各种外币计价项目加以折算时所产生的风险。也就是将外币债权、债务折算成本币时，由于使用的汇率与当初入账时的汇率不同而产生的账面上损益的差异。 25、国际资本流动：是指资本从一个国家或地区转移到另一个国家和地区。 26、国际直接投资：是指一国居民以一定生产要素投入到另一国并相应获得经营管理权的跨国投资活动。 27、出口信贷：属于中长期贸易信贷，是一国为支持和扩大本国大型设备的出口和加强国际竞争能力，鼓励本国的银行对本国的出口商或外国进口商(或银行)提供优惠利率贷款。 29、国际货币体系：是指在国际经济关系中，为满足国际间各类交易的需要，各国政府对货币在国际间的职能作用及其他有关国际货币金融问题所制定的协定、规则和建立的相关组织机构的总称。 30、国际金本位制：即各国货币均以黄金为本位（基础）建立联系，彼此可兑换，由此构成的世界性货币制度。 31、国际货币基金组织(IMF)：是一个从事国际间金融业务，致力于推动全球货币合作、维护金融稳定、便利国际贸易、促进高度就业与可持续经济增长和减少贫困的国际组织。