cross-gender communication
Tips for Better Communication Between Men and Women in the
Workplace
Typical Complaints Women Have About Men
?Addressing women as "girls," "gals," "honey," "babyyoung," "lady," "darlin'"
? A lot of women don’t want to be called “ladies” at work
?Making women into objects... “I have a car, a boat, a dog, and a wife.”
?Using expressions that only use sports, violence or sexual connotations... “We murdered the competition.” “More bang for the buck”
?Making decisions about work with each other and not including women. Then telling women, “Last night we got together and decided...”
Typical Complaints Men Have About Women
?Not getting down to business soon enough
?Taking things too seriously
?Trying to be "one of the boys" (Using profanity, telling sexist jokes, etc.)
Gender Communication Tip Sheet
Women Men
Share experiences to show commonality Focus on statistics
Build off of each others’ discussion points Relate by sharing stories to “one up” each other
Strategy: Women, get to bottom line quickly and succinctly. Men, understand that when women tell a story, they are building common ground with you.
Want to talk about the problem and solve it collaboratively Move to solutions and problem solving right away
Emphasis on feelings and
communications
Value placed on ability to achieve results Processing is a way to include others and
build relationships.
Strategy: Women, don’t try to get men to talk if they’re not ready. Observe and listen rather than process out loud. Men, understand that processing is a way for women to include others and build relationships.
Offer help and advice as a sign of caring To ask for help reflects an inability to achieve on one’s own merit.
Strategy: Women, understand that offering help may be inferred as a lack of trust in another’s ability. Don’t be so quick to offer advice. Men, ask what you can do to help. It may be an opportunity to show support and caring.
Strengths Associated with Women at Work
Harmony Balance Nurturance, serenity, creativity and vision
Teamwork and collaboration
Detail oriented
Strengths Associated with Men at Work
Goal orientation
Tangible accomplishments
Problem solving
Singleness of purpose
Responsiveness to challenge
Simma Lieberman works with people and organizations to create environments where people can do their best work. She specializes in diversity, gender communications, life-work balance and stress, and acquiring and retaining new customers.
You may reprint these articles free of charge, on a non-exclusive basis, provided that Simma Lieberman's name and contact information are included. She would love to know that you plan to use her article(s); please contact her to let her know.
Call Simma at 510.527.0700 or Email simma@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16734117.html,
Visit her website at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16734117.html,
Tips on Gender Communication
Whether in an office meeting, negotiating a transaction or having a conversation with the significant other, the following information on communication is intended to enhance the outcome of that conversation. There is no right way or wrong way with the following tips. These tips are to make us more aware of the other gender's innate responses during the flow of communication.
1. Men tend to interrupt women more than they interrupt men or than women interrupt
either women or men. If during the female's presentation a man interrupts you, women
shouldn't take it personally. Men are predisposed to doing so. The woman should just take
action to regain the floor.
2. Women tend to go into more detail, the supporting evidence. If too much detail, the male
tends to lose focus or tune out the conversation. Men tend to want "just the facts, ma'am".
3. A woman may be talking about a "problem" to build rapport, a Man sees a "problem" as
something to fix. The woman may feel he isn't listening; she just wants the male to listen to her.
Men should add comments during the discussion so she knows you are listening. Words like:
"Oh, Really, I understand, No way, Hoo-hah.
4. Women seek intimacy and rapport through verbal conversations. At work they tend to "Ask
opinions" and look for consensus. This can be interpreted by men as being "indecisive,
uncertain," and this diminishes the females perceived authority by the male.
5. Men have a conversational style called "banter" and opposition when talking with other
men. Women are inhibited by this style. It's like teasing to them. They tend to clam up and not
say much. Men sometimes have an attitude of "I'm taking the opposite position just to banter
with you". It is generally "not effective" with women.
6. Women tend to downplay their authority. While this works well with other women they make
themselves "vulnerable to men challenging them and taking some of their authority away."
Women need to assess in what situation they need to assert their authority.
7. Men are more task oriented: What is everyone going to do?
Women are more maintenance/relationship oriented: "Does everyone feel good about the
meeting?"
8. Men perceive that asking questions diminishes their intelligence. They sometimes act
without all the information. So, a woman asking questions may be judged by a male as not
being as intelligent as she is.
9. A Man feels more comfortable taking the floor and stating his ideas. Women need to jump
into the discussion early on and make several statements to increase their presence and
visibility.
Men use loudness to emphasize points. Women tend to use a softer voice. This can be
misinterpreted as their being intimidated or unsure of what their opinion is.
Men disclose less personal information about themselves. Women haven't gotten to know you
unless they have disclosed some personal information.
10. Women more than men use indirect communication. "Why didn't you call me about the
problem?" It sounds like indirect accusations.
Men on the other hand say directly, "You didn't call". They say they don't "beat around the bush"
like females do.
11. Men who use conversational styles of women are considered not behaving according to
cultural expectations."Women call it being in touch with their feminine side: warm, charming, and sensitive.
And women using conversational rituals of men are perceived as "aggressive or bossy".
To Review and Sum Up:
Female: "Let me see if I've got it".
Male: "To summarize for you, #1.#11"
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BRIDGING THE GENDER COMMUNICATION GAP TO BOOST YOUR BUSINESS SUCCESS
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In the ‘60s and ‘70s thousands of women fought a hard battle in the workplace. The purpose was to prove what seemed like a fundamental point: that, beyond the physical, there are no intrinsic differences between women and men. The intention was certainly valid -- opening doors to occupations and executive positions that were gender restricted or out of reach in the past due to the infamous glass ceiling.
However, as the doors to equality began to open, an interesting reality also became apparent. Men and women are really not the same – in their thinking, acting, communicating or in many other behaviors. The truth is,
we can never be the same, nor should we strive to be. Consequently, it is imperative that we recognize and understand just what those innate differences are – and then learn how to use them to our best advantage – in all facets of business, using the internet or not.
Understanding Primary Gender Differences
Researchers who have studied human beings from infancy through adulthood have found some universal differences between the sexes. By understanding how these innate differences show up in our lives we can arm ourselves with the awareness and skills that enable us to accelerate through the business hierarchy with minimum stress and maximum success.
To simplify any conversation about gender dynamics, we need to make broad generalizations about males and females. While individual personalities and other factors all play a part in determining our behaviors, gender differences are significant enough for us to acknowledge, study and discuss.
The primary difference between the genders is that men, in general, are resolvers and women are relaters. Being resolvers, men focus on doing, taking action, finding solutions, getting things done and solving problems. As a result they are very externally focused.
As relaters, women focus on pleasing, communicating, making connections, understanding feelings, exploring emotions and being understood. As a result they are more introspective and internally focused.
Acclaimed author Deborah Tannen sums these differences up quite succinctly by pointing out that “women talk to establish rapport … while men talk to report.”
According to Tannen, this means women use language in ways that develop relationships; men use language to tell people what they know. Our basic intentions and perspectives are different, and those differences play themselves out in a myriad of ways throughout our culture.
This is complicated even further by the dichotomy of our internal versus external focus. “Mars/Venus” author John Gray says this difference is apparent very early on in children. When young boys have to deal with life problems, they tend to act out. They get more aggressive, even violent, and are likely to blame others for their dilemmas.
Gray notes that when young girls are faced with similar difficulties, they tend to act in. They get more introverted and usually blame themselves.
This is why, according to Gray, 80% of the people in our prisons are men and 80% of the people in therapy are women.
Transcending Historical Challenges
So what happens when the externally focused resolver interacts with the internally focused relater in the workplace? Misunderstanding, mistrust and enormous confusion in our perceptions of how to behave, communicate and get things done.
This is not surprising when you consider that females have been invading the male- dominated work environment for only a few short decades. Prior to the sixties and seventies women were relegated to a very narrow range of job possibilities: primarily as teachers, nurses, secretaries and sales clerks. Beyond these parameters the pickings were slim, the possibilities quite limited. As women accelerated their climb into the managerial and executive hierarchy, the differences in their approach to business – especially in terms of communication and
relationship-building – became areas of contention at worst, and confusion at best.
In the male-focused business world, and even on the internet, both men and women agree on one thing: men have greater perceived credibility. They’re more comfortable standing in their power as authorities. Women are fighting age-old perceptions to gain their credibility. While men are judged by the position of power they hold, women in our culture are often still judged by the presence they bring into a room. In many cases they have to earn their influence through means other than perceived authority. That translates into working harder to prove themselves through overcoming more obstacles, achieving higher goals and demonstrating skills that measurably boost the bottom line.
A fundamental principle of psychology notes that people are more readily influenced by those they see as similar to themselves. Men have always taken this for granted when dealing with other men in business. Dissimilarity has become a major challenge for many career women who have trouble assimilating into the business world or corporate culture because they don’t always know how to “play by the rules.”
Here are some concrete suggestions for women who want to bridge the business gender gap through playing by your own rules -- and making cross-gender communications work for you.
· Speak with authority. Avoid raising your voice in a questioning tone at the end of sentences. When your voice goes up, your credibility goes down.
· Don’t wait your turn in meetings. Men assertively speak out with strong voices. If you have a comment, state it without waiting to be called upon.
· Be aware of listening style differences. W omen listen attentively with direct eye contact, nodding and vocalizing which men often misconstrue to mean agreement. Be clear when expressing the difference between “I hear you” versus “I agree with you.”
· Monitor your smiling. Women smile more readily in business contexts to be friendly. Men smile with women to flirt. Be careful your behaviors are not misinterpreted.
· Honor your skills as a Relater. When difficulties arise, use the REAL Communication Formula as an aid: R = Repeat and review what you hear him say; E = Empathize with his feelings; A = Acknowledge the validity of his message, even if you don’t agree; then L = Look and Listen for subliminal clues -- body language, voice tone, etc. -- so you can better understand his message, eliminate any defensiveness, and open the door to authentic, respectful, clear communication in which you both WIN!
***
Rosalind Sedacca, CCT is a Relationship Coach, an award-winning marketing copywriter and co-author of 99 Things Women Wish they Knew Before Dating Afte r 40, 50 & Yes, 60! Her free ebook answering women’s most common relationship questions can be found at:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16734117.html,. She provides consulting, training and coaching services for businesses and professionals in all facets of marketing and business communication issues. Reach her at rosalindwrites@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16734117.html,.
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Gender Differences
Tonya Reiman
Gender Differences in Communication
Communication is the means by which ideas and information are spread from person to person. People use communication to express feelings, emotions, opinions and values, to learn and teach, and to improve their status. Communication is therefore vital to human interaction whether between parents and children, bosses and employees or even husband and wife. The diversity and characteristics of those involved in any interaction can thus affect communication. Taking account of any diversity in interaction rather than assuming uniformity is important to achieving effective communication.
Good communication is difficult to master and can be a major source of strife in any situation or business. Gaps in communication arise when the intended message is not transmitted or the message is misunderstood. The resultant miscommunication is mainly due to the different styles of communication amongst people. In order to understand the differences of communications patterns we should begin by considering the different elements of the communication process between the sender of the information and receiver. In any form of communication, the sender has a message to transmit that becomes encoded. The receiver obtains this encoded message via some medium or channel e.g. verbal, nonverbal or written, which is then decoded and translated (as shown in the following diagram). In order for the communication process to work both the sender and the receiver must understand the codes. As an example consider the encrypted messages that were sent during World War II. In order for the receiver to understand the message, knowledge of the code was important. We can even consider the situation of an English speaker in Japan. For effective communication either one or both parties should be able to understand and communicate in the language of the other. Good and effective communication can therefore be affected by many things including the situation, time, culture, and gender. The assertion that gender affects communication in different ways has been accepted by a large part of the population today. Gender differences in communication may pose problems in interpersonal interactions leading to intolerance, resentment, stress and decreased productivity. This is extremely critical in business organizations but even moreso in your everyday world and therefore an examination of these differences in the first step to understanding the issues involved and moving towards better communication.
In any study of communication, there is variability in what is meant by "communication". Some individuals may consider only the verbal attributes whereas yet others will consider nonverbal interactions -- and the smart will focus on both. Additionally research studies have focused either on both the microscopic and the macroscopic levels of communication. The microscopic level deals with performance or perception of verbal and nonverbal behavior and the macroscopic assesses behavior on a global level (Canary &Dindia, 1992). In this discussion, both verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication will be considered.
Gender communication Many people use the words gender and sex interchangeably, however these words do not mean the same thing. The word sex refers to the genetic and biological status of being male or female, while gender refers to the psychological and social manifestations of being male or female, i.e. the socially defined, learned, constructed accoutrements of sex, such as hairstyle, dress, nonverbal mannerisms, and interests (Lippa, 2002). Gender therefore focuses on the social construct regarding the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex. It concentrates on the roles and responsibilities, expectations, and aptitude of men and women that are learned, and modified as a result of the interaction of culture, society and environment.
There are two views regarding gender -- the essentialist and the social constructionist views (Robb, 2004). The essentialist view gender as that with which we were born, being part of our genetic make-up. The male and female roles are therefore distinct identities and they shape behavior. However, this view might be somewhat limited since it does not account for the masculine and feminine attributes inherent in people. The social constructionist upholds the idea that psychological conditioning early in life leads to who we are and become as a result of the social interactions. Therefore in this view gender is shaped by society, culture and time.
What then is gender communication? Several have used the term to signify the differences in communication due to biology and others use it to represent differences resulting from social, psychological and cultural interactions. For most researchers gender communication focuses on the expressions used by one gender in the relationships and roles between people. The existence of a difference in gender communication has been a topic of interest for decades with generalizations being made between the sexes. A large volume of work has been published both in the mainstream popular books and in the research arena with linguistic scholars stressing the differences in communication style. While a large volume of literary work on the subject exists, the findings are not consistent and much controversy arises mainly as a result of the biased view of the mainstream publications.
Most published work on gender differences are believed to fall into 2 categories of bias: alpha where the difference is exaggerated or beta which presumes that there are few if any differences between the sexes (Canary &Dindia, 1992). The bias approach adopts the view that "similarities rather than differences characterize men and women" and that while "some noteworthy differences between men and women exist, when both within-and
between-gender comparisons are made; the similarities are as important--if not more important--than the differences" (Canary &Dindia, 1992)).
The alpha bias can be seen especially with books such as Jennifer Coates' Women, Men and Language, John Gray's Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, Lillian Glass' He Says, She Says: Closing the Communication Gap Between the Sexes, Julia Wood's Gendered Lives, and Deborah Tannen's You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, that have sought to explain the gender differences in communication and fall into the category of alpha bias. Jennifer Coates (1986) wrote about her studies involving gender separated discussion groups. From her observations she noted that women reveal a lot about their private lives in their conversations, stick to one topic for a long time, let all speakers finish
their sentences and try to have everyone participate. In contrast, men discussed things other than their personal relationships and feelings, change topics frequently, dominate conversations and establish a hierarchy in communication over time.
The hierarchical view in communication has also been emphasized in scholarly work. Males are said to establish a status hierarchy to compete, exert control and maintain the upper hand (Eckes, 2000). Females also establish hierarchies however these are based on friendship rather than power and accomplishment (Robb, 2004).
In her book Deborah Tannen argues that men and women approach conversation with a distinct set of rules and interpretations of talk. Men focus on status and independence; women focus on intimacy and connection--a difference that makes communication between the sexes problematic. She states that "communication between men and women can be like cross cultural communication, prey to a clash of conversational styles" (Tannen, 2001).
In a similar manner to Tannen, John Gray's (1992) book, based on participants' reports in relationship seminars, shows a clear and polarized depiction of men and women. Gray's theory is that women use superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations in their speech which men interpret literally causing miscommunication between the sexes. He also stated that men are more direct and straightforward in their speech.However he states that in addition to a communication difference, there is a difference in thinking, feeling, perception, reaction, response, love, need, and appreciation. As a result his book is often viewed as sexist by many feminists.
Dr. Lillian Glass (1992) noted over 105 sex talk differences in her book. Her findings are similar to those of Coates where she noted that men disclosed less personal information and spoke more loudly than women do. She stated that men use the technique of loudness to emphasize points, while women use pitch and inflection for emphasis. Other findings were that men tended to interrupt more often than women do, make direct accusations and statements, and ask fewer questions. "Gendered lives" by Wood supports the theory that women use communication as a way to establish and maintain relationships. Wood states that women are responsive, supportive, value equality and work toward sustaining
communication. She goes on to show the polarization of communication by stating that men use communication as a means by which to solve problems, maintain dominance and assertiveness. Men are less responsive; their talk is more abstract and less personal.
Communication styles The authors above have all promoted the idea of different styles of communication between men and women. To this extent, there are four areas where gender differences in communication are believed to exist. These are problem solving, communication of feelings, needs and desires, understanding of a situation and relating to it and the approach to situations. When messages are transmitted from sender to receiver, there is a potential for distortion of the message due to how it may be perceived. Differences in communication between men and women may be a result of this distortion or differences in the style and content of the messages. The styles of gender communication have been expressed as "debate versus relate", "report versus rapport", or "competitive versus cooperative". These different styles of communication are believed to be the cause of miscommunication. The commonly accepted differences in these styles of interaction can be summarized as shown: Competitive ? Make more commands ? Limited emotional content ? Quantity of speech limited ? Use of slang and/or swearing ? Gives information Relational ? Ask more questions ? Discuss feelings and perceptions ? Higher quantity of speech ? Polite speech ? Includes more detail The work by Tannen supports the view of "report talk" and "rapport talk" where her studies have shown that men engage in solution oriented conversations aimed at the main issue. Women however were said to engage in relationship-oriented conversations that targeted to connect with and relate to the other speaker. Generally, the communication style of women has been described as being more emotional than men. Women focus on feelings and building relationships while men focus on power, and status. In problem solving, men take a straightforward approach while women tend to establish intimacy, show concern and empathy. Additionally women are also seen to foster cooperation rather than competition.
Men display a higher percentage of task behaviors -- providing information, direction, or answers, and direct disagreement than women do (Eckes, 2000). They use problem solving as an
opportunity to demonstrate competence, ability to solve problems and their commitment to the relationship. When thinking about the problem, they expect solutions, exerting power to accomplish the problem solving task. On the other hand, use problem solving as a way to strengthen relationships, focusing on sharing and discussing the problem rather than the end result.
Of course, not everyone feels there is a strong difference. This theory of two communication styles has been rejected by Mulac (1998). He believes that when applied to written work establishing a difference in communication between men and women was difficult. He bases this viewpoint on a study that reported on individuals of non-English backgrounds, of different ages and social classes who were are not able to distinguish whether written English messages had been produced by males or females. He maintains that if such differences exist in speech then these should be an observed difference in writing style.
Similar studies involving speech have been investigated to determine whether differences can be detected in taped conversations where the sex of the speaker was unknown. The results here are mixed with some of these studies showing no detectable difference and some studies concluding that a difference was observed.
Verbal communication The communication differences observed between the sexes range from verbal to nonverbal communication. When considering verbal communication researchers look into speech and voice patterns while nonverbal communication encompasses body language, facial language, and behavior Glass, 1992).
Literature reviews of gender differences do not help either way when considering verbal communication. The evidence shows that men are more talkative than women in mixed-sex groups (Eckes, 2000). Many linguists will have us believe that women are more talkative than men. Women are also considered to interrupt conversations and finish sentences. However there are studies that contradict the idea of interruptions as the domain of women. Scientists have sought to rationalize the reason for the lack of agreement between studies as being a failure to define what an interruption and to
distinguish between the different types and well as the environment.
Verbal differences include the use of vulgar words, aggressiveness and a tendency to attack the speaker, dominate and interrupt the conversation by men (Eunson, 2005). On the other hand, women are considered as being polite and less aggressive. However, while there are differences in the speech patterns, everyone shows varying degrees of what is considered to be masculine and feminine speech characteristics. This raises the issue of stereotyping and bias, and the effect of other factors that can influence speech patterns. With the interaction of external and internal factors other than gender on communication and the controversy surrounding the two language styles, it is difficult to demonstrate differences in verbal communication based on gender only. As a result, nonverbal communication is seen as the area where gender differences in communication exist. Nonverbal communication refers to those actions that are distinct from speech. Thus nonverbal communication includes facial expression, hand and arm movement, posture, position and other movements of the body, legs or feet (Mehrabian, 2007). Nonverbal communication or body language has been consistently shown to be different in the two sexes (Glass, 1992).
Women are considered to be more nonverbally warmer than men with a tendency to smile and lean toward others during conversation. Women also use a pleasant warm voice in conversation that is not characteristic of conversations between men (Eckes, 2000). Differences have also been noted with respect to the gestures used while speaking. Men are observed to use straight and sharp movements, while women tend to have more fluid movement. In terms of posture, women tend to keep arms next to their bodies and cross their legs while men often have an open wider posture -- arms away from the body and legs apart.
Another difference lies in visual dominance, with men being considered to be more visually dominant than women. Visual dominance is defined as the ratio of the time spent maintaining eye contact while talking to the time spent maintaining eye contact while listening (Eckes, 2000). Of course, one needs to take into account that women have wider
peripheral vision allowing them to give the impression they are looking in one direction while actually looking in another direction.
In communication men tend to sit other side-by-side next to each or stand at some distance. Women sit face-to-face with other women or stand closer, indicating a more open and intimate position that help them connect with one another. For men, a face-to-face position indicates challenge or confrontation.
Nonverbal differences have been categorized as being: 1. primary - hereditary characteristics of male and femaleness. In this aspect the developmental difference in bone structures of males and females determine how they walk, their gestures, and other nonverbal behavior. Body shape is also considered as it relates to nonverbal communication since it affects posture -- larger shoulders in man, and breasts in women. 2. secondary - modeling or observation of same-sex role models. Children model the behavior of parents and consequently learn to follow the patterns of same-sex role models, boys using nonverbal movements similar to their fathers' and little girls act like their mothers. 3. tertiary - popular explanations of reinforcement or conditioning for male or female behavior. Positive reinforcement of behavior increases the behavior, whereas negative reinforcement decreases it and culture is thought to shape appropriate behavior for boys and girls (Payne, 2001). In childhood play, boys are encouraged in activities that involve rough-and-tumble play for boys and girls have been cuddling and nurtured. Although this has been changing in recent times, this division still exists in some societies and cultures.
Nonverbal differences are said to exist along lines of the sex role expectations of society. Specific gender role nonverbal communicative behavior is learned however men and women also use other nonverbal styles not typical of their sex for practical purposes (Payne, 2001). Here the external influences of the situation may dictate the use of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communicative behavior is also affected by culture.For example the use of space varies from culture to culture, from an appreciation and respect for personal space to a negation. Studies involving the use of space as a part of interpersonal communication recognizes that "people of different cultures do have different ways in
which they relate to one another spatially" with spatial use defining social relationships and social hierarchies (Payne, 2001). Examples include the difference in posture between manager and employee, the close proximity by Arabic speakers, and the traditional position of the male at the head of the table in Western society.
Nature versus nurture The concept of nature versus nurture has been used to explain the differences in verbal and nonverbal communication. It was introduced in 1874 by Francis Galton and since then there has been a debate on which accounts for the observed differences.
Nature relates to biological evolution, genes, hormones, and neural structures. In contrast, nurture is related to culture, social roles, settings and learning, and stereotypes. Nature and nurture both produce sex differences in behavior and gender-related individual differences within the sexes. Advances in biological psychology, neuroscience, and molecular genetics have resulted in new findings that provide evidence on the theory of nature versus nurture of gender (Lippa, 2002).
The influence of gender differences begins very early in childhood and can shape the communication of style of the adult (Tannen, 2001). Studies on children have shown that there are language differences between boys and girls as early as preschool (Eckes, 2000). Tannen highlights differences in the way young girls and boys use language in childhood, stating that girls make requests, use language to create harmony and use more words while boys make demands, create conflict and use more actions.
The differences in adults are thought to stem from influences in childhood such as parents and playtime instruments. In the first few years of life girls are more used to physical touch by their mothers during childhood compared with boys. Women therefore use touch to express caring, empathy and emotions. In contrast, men regard touch as way to communicate sexual interest, orders, and as a symbol of control. Men are seen as being more competitive and verbally assertive due to childhood influences of toys such as guns and swords.
A person's communication skills in addition to being partially genetic, are therefore also shaped by factors such as society,
culture and education. Society often expects that a woman should be polite and well behaved. This stems from childhood when girls were told that it is better to be seen and not heard. Status and Role One argument that has been ongoing since the early 20th century is that gender varies with status and role in society. Even with the advances in thinking, there still exists a division of labor that allocates different work and responsibilities to men and women in societies and cultures. Interactions involving women are characterized as being that which draws out supportive, cooperative behavior, whereas men interact to elicit dominant, directive behavior. A comparison of men and women in the same social roles is therefore important in the investigation of whether a true gender difference exists or the observed difference is confounded by status.
In addition, gender differences can also be accounted for by the difference in status. Research has shown that aggressiveness and dominance found to dependent on status on top of gender (Aries, 1998) and that the differences in communication are sometimes less noticeable in men and women at the same societal level (Powell & Graves, 1998). Situation The context in which communication occur can have an effect dependent on who is taking part in the interaction, i.e. the characteristics (age, race, class, ethnicity, sexual orientation), relationships and setting. Communication between friends may be less stilted than between strangers and acquaintances. In the studies of differences, strangers were grouped together and communicative behavior observed over time. Some may be shy, others concerned with making a good impression and yet others having a laissez faire attitude. These situations will not replicate interactions between families, friends and co-workers and therefore caution should be applied in the interpretation of the observed differences. Meaning of Behavior Researchers consider interruptions to be a mechanism of power and dominance in conversation. They use this as a benchmark to demonstrate the pervasiveness of male dominance in daily interactions. However the context in which the interruption occurred should be considered before application of a meaning to the behavior. Interruptions may serve many purposes -- as a show of support, understanding and agreement (collaboration) or as a disruption or violation
of the speaker's right of speech (dominance). Hence occurrences of interruptions cannot be considered without regarding the reason and function of the interruption.
When status and role, culture, situation, and assigning meaning to behaviors are taken into consideration as confounders, the magnitude of gender differences and the effect size can sometimes appear to be small. Taken into context this means that while there are some differences that can be attributed to gender, the overall magnitude of the difference must also include the interaction of several factors. Masculinity, femininity and communication There are contexts in which men display feminine behavior, contexts in which women display masculine behavior, and contexts in which the behavior of is differentiated by gender. Behaviors that society label as feminine or masculine are displayed by both men and women; they are not always sex specific.
A study by Rahman et al. (2003) found within sex differences in verbal fluency. The researchers examined gender differences amongst heterosexual men and women, and homosexual men and women. The results of the study showed that homosexual men and women had opposite-sex shifts in their verbal fluency scores. To test verbal fluency, subjects were assessed on letter, category and synonym fluency. Homosexual men had the highest scores on letter and synonym fluency while homosexual women had the lowest scores for letter fluency. The differences were related to the difference in the functioning of the prefrontal and temporal cortices of the groups.
Four theories have been used to explain gender differences in communication. These are on the basis of biological, psychological/sociological, cultural, and religious differences (Payne, 2001). The discussion will focus on culture and biological differences.
Culture The word culture indicates the lifestyle of the people within a group and denotes the values, beliefs, artifacts, behavior and communication. Culture is learned being passed down from generation to generation, providing guidance for ethical and moral behavior. Gender communication can be considered to be a sub-culture since it is passed down from generation in the interactions that children have with their
parents and other adults. This idea appears to validate the theory of nurture and its effect on communication. Tannen (2001) has shown that the role of culture is critical to the understating of the communication skills of a person. Tone, aggressive speech, and interruption of the speaker all depend on cultural background. In Asian culture, aggression is not considered to be appropriate behavior, with both men and women showing politeness in their conversation with others. Depending on status, tone is used to indicate displeasure. Studies have shown that preschool Chinese girls are bossy and argumentative with boys depending on the scenario (Eckes, 2000). In the Chinese culture women are dominant in the domestic context while men play a more powerful role in business. Role play in which domestic scenes are performed show a difference in tone, language and behavior with girls showing dominance and boys being deferent. In contrast Western culture does not show such a demarcation of roles.
A literature review on gender differences in Japan and the United States looked at sex, cultures (i.e., nationality), and the interaction of sex and culture to determine which accounted for differences in communication in men and women (Waldron & Di Mare, 1998). The review concluded that there are not many major differences in communicative styles between Japanese men and women. A similar study on Asians in Hong Kong also found that although some, there was not that many significant difference in communication styles between the sexes. When the effects of culture and sex were compared, culture appeared to be the more important variable in affecting communication. The authors of this study concluded that sex differences manifest themselves differently in Japan than in the United States.
Biology and brain structure Gender difference in communication has been related to biological factors. This age old theory is regarded by some as sexist since it was used in the past centuries to subjugate women. The current view leans toward a biological basis of sex differences in brain and behavior. This area has been developed in recent time with an increasing numbers of studies in the behavioral, neurological and endocrinological sciences.
That there exist differences in the male and female brain structure has been the topic of academic research and popular books such as Moir and Jessel's Brain Sex, where they discuss the theory in relation to the processing of information. Differences in cognition between the sexes has been documented since the last century, with males showing great aptitude on visuospatial tasks and females scoring higher in verbal fluency tests (Allen and Gorksi, 2002).
Recent studies on structural differences in the brain of men and women account for the greater verbal fluency by showing that the corpus callosum (the huge crescent-shaped band of nerve fibers connecting the brain hemispheres) is larger in women than in men (Lippa, 2002). Since parts of the corpus callosum as well as the anterior commissure, another connector, appear to be larger in women they are thought to permit better communication between hemispheres. Anne Campbell's (1989) work on brain lateralization supports the theory of brain structure differences accounting for differences in gender communication. The planumtemporale, a region of the brain involved in verbal ability has been shown to have greater symmetry in females (Allen and Gorksi, 2002). Campbell concluded that the female brain is therefore better organized for communication being less lateralized with functions spread over both sides of their brains. This she states explains the reason why women use words more expressively than men. Based on brain differences women are better communicators than men, a difference that probably existed at birth.
Current research using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) has shown that differences in brain anatomy of males and females may explain differences in cognitive behavior (Gur et al., 1999). The superior performance by women on verbal and memory tasks has been explained by the difference in hemispheric specialization of cortical function. Using this background as the basis for their study, Gur et al. (1999) found that parallels between gender differences in cognition and differences in gray matter exists. Results showed that the percentage of gray matter was higher in women and in the left language hemisphere and women outperformed men on the language tasks.
In a more recent study, researchers in France have found differences amongst males and females groups on brain activation strength linked to verbal fluency (words generation) (Gautier et al., 2009). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the study showed that there is a gender effect, as well as a performance effect, on cerebral activation. The gender effect was found regardless of performance with men activating several regions of the brain in comparison to women having high fluency.
These studies involving magnetic resonance imaging of the brain during problem solving tasks provide evidence that supports the theory of brain structure and gender difference in communication. Of course, results of studies are still being debated since some studies are being reviewed for having yielded conflicting results.
Some studies have shown that a difference exists in hemispheric activity in men compared with during certain language tasks. And a few studies have failed to find differences in functional asymmetry. Since the task used in the studies may not be comparable, then the results should be interpreted with caution since a difference in task is shown rather than a gender difference. The question of group differences in verbal abilities which might account for neurocognitive differences elicited between men
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奋进强军新时代 “惟希望也，故进取；惟进取也，故日新。”党的十九大作出了“中国特色社会主义进入了新时代”的重大判断，这是新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的政治宣言和行动纲领，向全党全军全国各族人民发出了奋进新时代、开启新征程的进军号令。时代的面貌日新月异，唯有紧跟潮流、砥砺奋进、奋勇拼搏，奋进强军新时代，方能开创美好未来。 为什么要奋进强军 强国必先强军，强军才能安邦。 历史经验教育我们牢记强军。从1860年第一次鸦片战争以来近一百年的屈辱的近代史深深的展示了一个民族如果只有富裕的经济而没有强大的军队，那么只会沦为“人为刀俎，我为鱼肉”。中华民族作为有悠久历史的四大文明古国之一,历史上长期居于世界经济发展的前列,但是到了近代,西方列强用坚船利炮,打开了中国的大门,疯狂地瓜分抢劫中国。近百年的屈辱,使我们明白了一个道理——民族复兴必须有强有力的国防力量作保障。 当前局势促使我们加紧强军。我们不是出生在一个和平的年代，而是出生在一个和平的国家。进入新时代，中国周边地区形势发生着深刻而复杂的变化。有利因素和不利因素的存在与发展使周边地区形势呈现出总体稳定与局部动荡并存的局面。与此同时，周边安全环境在地缘方向上存在较大的差异性，表现为“陆稳海动、陆缓海紧”和“北稳、南和、东紧、西动”的不同态势。在外部因素中，台海问题，南海争端，中印边界争端，朝鲜半岛问题等，一直都是威胁着我国的安全，其中，美国是影响中国周边安全环境的最主要因素。由此可见，如果不加紧强军备战，一旦国际形势有变，将对我国安全及发展产生重大威胁。 实现复兴需要我们继续强军。今天，我国正处于由大向强的关键阶段，正处于近两百年来最好的发展时期，国家的命运、复兴的征程与军队的现代化建设紧密地联系在一起。我军要为实现中国梦提供安全保障和战略支撑，困难不比战争年代少。当前，我国仍然面临严峻复杂的挑战，对我军履行新时代使命任务是一种严峻考验。只有登高望远、居安思危，深入推进练兵备战，扎实开展实战化训练，提升部队战斗力，才能掌握主动，有效化解风险，应对挑战，实现发展强大、复兴民族的重任。 奋进强军的意义 是我们党建军治军理念的凝练升华 在不同的历史阶段，我党根据形势任务的变化，及时提出明确的目标要求，引领我军建设不断向前发展。在国防和军队建设的实践中，我们党始终强调必须坚持党对军队绝对领导的根本原则，始终强调军队必须履行战斗队的根本职能，始终强调军队必须牢记全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，使军队建设发展与党的历史任务相一致、与国家发展战略相协调、与国家地位相适，充分彰显了我党建军的主张，展示了我党治军的理念，体现了我党伟大思想的发展进步。 是实现民族复兴中国梦的战略抉择 伟大的中国梦，承载着全体中华儿女的共同向往，体现了中华民族和中国人民的整体利益，昭示着国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福的美好前景。强国梦蕴含强军梦，强军梦支撑强国梦，富国和强军，是实现中华民族伟大复兴的两大基石，两者相辅相融，互为支撑。中华民族伟大复兴绝不是轻轻松松、顺顺当当就能实现的，我国由大向强发展进程中无法回避会出现各种挑战，这是实现中华民族伟大复兴绕不过的门槛。建设一支强大的人民军队，实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福才能有更好的保证。 是加快推进国防和军队现代化的根本遵循 经过多年的发展，我军建设站在了新的历史起点上，虽然我军建设有了大的发展进步，但现代化水平与国家安全需求相比差距还很大，与世界先进军事水平相比差距还很大，打现代化战争能力不够。定好强军目标体现了对军队建设发展现状的清醒认识，能使广大官兵清醒起来、警醒起来、发奋起来，正确看待存在的差距不足，找到解决矛盾问题、应对挑战考验的思路办法，进一步激励广大官兵攻坚克难、勇于超越，焕发投身强军兴军实践的高昂斗志。 怎样去奋进强军 铸牢强军之魂，坚定理想信念
文明建设演讲稿：文明守纪,团结进取,争创先进班集体
文明建设演讲稿：文明守纪，团结进取，争创先进班集体 老师们，同学们大家上午好： 新的学期已经拉开了帷幕，全校xx个班级xx多名同学今天齐聚在国旗下，意味着新的开始，新的征程，也蕴含着新的奋斗和新的辉煌。李校长在开学工作中明确指出：学生行为规范不仅是守好学生学习与成长的底线，更是营造良好的学习氛围、育人文化和提升学生做人做事的核心素养。我们要以完善文明班集体、优秀班主任考核评价为导向，以大数据管理为依托，使常规管理推陈出新。那么我今天国旗下讲话的题目是“文明守纪，团结进取，争创先进班集体”。 上学期末，学校启动了最新的班级常规考核机制，对于各班级各方面的表现以大数据的方式进行量化统计。负责提供考核数据的不仅有学生会的同学，医务室的老师，更有学校行政和值班老师。同学们可能已经看到，在学校文化书廊内我们升起了班旗，获得升旗资格的都是在文明班集体考核中表现优秀的班级。本学期，学校加强了值班工作，尤其是加强了班主任值班，值班行政和老师将加大对同学们日常行为规范的督查力度，这就要求同学们时刻牢记规范，用文明、勤奋书写省xx的求学生涯。在此我提出几点要求： 一、珍惜时间，做勤奋的xx学生。本学期是考试年，高一将面临新高考方案公布后的选科分班，高二迎接学业水平测试同时将做好准高三的准备，高三全力冲刺高考。这都要求同学们有良好的学习习惯。我虽然很感动我们的同学在宿舍打手电熬夜背书做作业，但绝不赞同，如果长期熬夜让你白天课堂效率低下，那是得不偿失的。所以我们要合理安排学习时间，不能成为刷作业的机器，要真正成为自主学习的主人。 二、文明礼貌，做有素养的xx学生。高一军训的时候，教官指导我们要懂礼貌，路上见到师长大声问候，同学有难时热情帮助。这些最起码的文明素养，我们有的同学慢慢淡忘了。于是同学们的宿舍不再象军训时整洁干净，教室与清洁区的卫生也需要时常提醒。我曾经拍过一段我们学生励志广场扫地的视频，“轻轻的我扫过了，未带走一片落叶”，还有的同学将落叶清扫后，不愿多走几步路，直接将落叶倒在周边的草坪中，美其名曰“回归大自然，生态系统的分解者会自动分解”。看到这些场景，试问省xx学生的文明素养何在？我们要做文明太仓人，我们不仅要创建文明校园，更要成为太仓创建文明城市的生力军。“社会主义核
付出心态演讲稿
付出心态演讲稿 Revised as of 23 November 2020
付出心态演讲稿 核心提示：提起付出心态，我立刻想起了“受得苦中苦，方为人上人”，这名格言，这句格言虽然是激励人艰苦奋斗，奋发向上的诗意，之间也包含了付出的意思，“受得苦中苦”实际就是一种不平凡的付出，你看那位古代练武的，为了练一身好武艺，冬练三九，夏练三伏，练的一身伤痕，两手老茧，吃尽了苦头，才有了成就，再看古代习文的书生，... 一个学生问智者：什么是地狱什么是天堂 智者回答：地狱就好像一群人围坐在一口锅周围，每个人手里都有一双很长筷子，都想把肉夹到自己嘴里，结果谁也无法办到，最后大家都骨瘦如柴，彼此诅咒谩骂。 那么天堂呢 天堂也是同样的锅与筷子，不同的是大家夹起肉彼此喂食，所有人都可以吃饱，最后大家都满面红光，谈笑风生。 随时随地的愿意为别人付出，任何地方都会是幸福的天堂。 在我们生活的周围，形形色色的人都有，自私心胸狭隘的人往往对别人心存嫉妒，任何利益都想沾边，而从来不愿意帮助别人一点点忙，那么当他遇到困难的时候也很少有人愿意帮他＿就好像地狱里的食客拼命往嘴里夹肉，最后却一无所得。 而另外一些人对别人的点滴帮助都铭记在心，在对待别人的时候也总是愿意多付出一点，在碰到困难的时候也会获得更多的帮助＿像天堂里的食客，总是有更多的人愿意把食物夹到他的嘴里。
付出汗水，才能收获麦穗；付出真诚，才能收获友谊；付出微笑，才能得到友善！我们知道行业给我们策划了一个美好的未来，可以让我们在实现自己的梦想。但罗马不是一天建成的，我们不可能一步登天，这个世界上没有白吃的午餐。不经历风雨，怎会见彩虹人生不去经历，不去拼搏，不去奋斗，再美好的事业都不可能实现！没有从天而降的幸福，也没有不劳而获的收获！斤斤计较的人一生只能得到两斤。我们付出的理由是荣耀和财富，但更多的是对美好人生的追求，对幸福生活的向往，促使我们不断付出努力。一个“以人为本，人人互助”的行业，主动去帮助别人其实也就没是帮助了自己，因为“人”字的结构就是相互的支撑，而“众”人的事业需要每个人的参与和付出。没有哪一个人富得可以不需要别人的帮助，也没有人穷得不能在某方面帮助别人，其关键就在于自身，在心理上的拒绝就表现了行动上的自私自利，我们可以没有金钱没有权势，但是不能没有互相帮助互相关怀的爱心。独在异乡结识了许许多多的朋友，感谢他们的热情、微笑、鼓励，大家齐心协力为一个哪怕只有1%的希望付出100%努力的精神，让我深受感动！有这样一个强大的团队做后盾，还有什么理由不成功！生活就象一面镜子，你对生活微笑，生活也会还你微笑；你给别人机会，别人也会给你机会；你帮助了别人，别人也会在需要的时候帮你一把。感谢并快乐的付出，不仅仅是一种美德，更是一种幸福，也是另外一种形式的收获。在帮助别人的同时也收获了高尚，收获了自我心灵的满足与幸福，收获了别人的友善与信赖。付出就好象在黑暗中为别人点亮了蜡烛，在照亮别人的同时也照亮了自己。如果你此时正取得成功，而你一直没有做出牺牲，那是走在前面的人已经为你付出，做过一些惠及于你的事情。如果你此时正付出着，但你又见不到任何成功，不用担心，总会有人在日后享受这些付出带来的果实，无论是你自己还是别人。赠人玫瑰，手留余