英美概况II9

Chapter 9 Technology in America

I. Definition

---A technology is a system of practices, often involving a physical device, that accomplishes some result desired by some influential segments of society: government planners, military leaders, businessmen, or even a large proportion of citizen consumers.

II. The American System of Manufacture

---This is the system of using assembly line for mass manufacture of products. The system originated in John H Hall’s idea of producing weapons using interchangeable parts, was developed into the science of management by Frederick W Taylor, and was first successfully used on a large scale by Henry Ford in the production of Model T. The system significantly lowers unit cost and makes less demand on the skill of workers. On the other hand, it has been blamed for making work dreary, mindless, and alienating.

III. Some inventors

---1.John H Hall

John H Hall was the director of the Rifle Works at the Harpers Ferry Armory. He played a significant role in developing the American system of production in early 19th century –using interchangeable parts for mass manufacturing, which lowered costs and improved efficiency.

---2.Cyrus H McCormick(1809-1884)

He was an inventor in early 19th century, known for inventing the mechanical reaper, which harvested countless acres of wheat in he Midwestern plains. The machine made farming more profitable, and US agriculture began to move away from subsistence farming towards a food marketing enterprise.

---3.The Stevens

The Stevens family played a significant role in improving transportation in early 19th century. The father, John Stevens made the first steam engine locomotive and worked with his two sons to develop cost-effective long distance transportation.

---4.Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872)

―the inventor of telegraph and a system for telegraph transmission called Morse Code. Telegraph replaced Pony Express System

(This was system of using riders and horses (ponies) to transmit messages and mail orders in the Wild West in mid-19th century.)

---5.Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)

－the inventor of telephone

---6. Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas Alva Edison is a well-known American inventor. Among his many inventions are: electric lamp, phonograph, motion pictures and parallel circuit and electric light. He had the title “the Wizard of Menlo Park”.

---7.Frederick Winslow Taylor

He is the founder of management science. He was the first to conduct time-motion studies to discover the most efficient ways for laborers to accomplish the tasks.

---8. Henry Ford

Henry Ford was an American entrepreneur in the late 19th century. He was the first to use assembly line for manufacturing cars. The method significantly lowered unit cost and made it affordable to ordinary Americans. (Automobile facilitated the out-migration －movement into

suburban locations)

---9.Robert Hutchings Goddard（1882－1945）

He is the founder of modern rocketry technology. He was the first to launch liquid propellant missiles. (Rocketry is an example of results of military research and development used for peacetime activities. Its most important contributions to our present lives is from communication satellites.)

* James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1897)

---British physicist who published his famous theory linking the phenomena of electricity and magnetism. According to his theory, light and sound were electromagnetic waves, which could be transmitted over the distance. This was the basis for the invention of radio.

* On Christmas Eve 1905, the Canadian-born American physicist Reginald Fessenden made the fist long-distance broadcast talks and music. But it was not until 1920 that the first commercial broadcasting station KDKA began broadcasting from Pittsburgh.

* In the post World War I age, commercial radio served many functions. In the countryside, radio provided entertainment and information; for the urban newcomers, the radio served to connect them with neighbors; radio was also beginning to become a chief media for advertisement for consumer goods.

IV. household inventions in mid-20th century

---refrigerator, automatic laundry machine, vacuum cleaner, electric dishwasher, electric blender, food processor, microwave oven

V. military research and development used for peacetime activities

radar for traffic control, microwave cooking, nuclear energy , peaceful uses of computers and rocketry

computers

---PC

PC is shortened from Personal Computer, also called desktop computer. It was first develop by two amateur inventors and was mainly meant for computing. But today, the most widespread use of the PC is for word processing and communications.

---The central part of a computer where the transistors are incorporated together with no wiring is called chip.

---The most well-know computer companies are IBM and Apple. Now the largest software company is Microsoft whose director is Bill Gates.

nuclear energy

---possibly the most significant technology of the latter part of 20th century.

---applications in nuclear medicine

---to generate electricity

*Television marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”

*One characteristic of present research and development in technology is that individual inventors are being replaced by massive teams.

英美国家概况课后答案

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American History 英美概况美国历史

American History ?I. America in the colonial era ?II. The War of Independence ?III. The Civil War ?IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era ?Who were the very first Americans? ?Who was the first one discovering the new continent? ?After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era ?1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). ?2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. ?In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ?In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. ?These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). ?1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. ?2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies ?3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ?Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans ?People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. ?"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: ?"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and ?“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in

《最新英美概况》练习参考答案(美国部分)

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[0035]《英美国家概况》

[0035]《英美国家概况》 1 The River Thames is the famous "mother" river in Britain. Also known as the Thame River, which originated in the Cotswold Hills in southwest England, it has a total length of 346 kilometers. It spans over 10 cities in London, the UK capital, and along rivers. The basin covers an area of 13,000 square kilometers and changes in the downstream river in London. Wide, forming an estuary with a width of 29 kilometers, into the North Sea. Upstream in London, there are many places of interest along the Thames, such as Eaton, Oxford, Henry and Windsor. The estuary of the Thames is full of Britain’s busy merchant ships, but its upstream river is known for its static beauty. In the history of the United Kingdom, the Thames River Basin occupies a pivotal position. 2 It is changeable. 3 The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize 6 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they a re eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult. 7 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they are eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult 9：The Mississippi river, also known as “old man river”, is the most important and largest river of theUnited States. Nearly all the rivers west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Rockies flow toward each other and empty into this largest river, the “father of waters”, ofAmerica. The

英美概况美国部分整理

America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants

英美概况

英美概况 《英美概况》第一版于2010年出版后，因其语言通俗易懂、内容新颖、趣味性强而深受广大师生喜爱，多次重印。但出版至今的四年多来，世界发生了很大变化，尤其是英美两国的政治、经济和军事。为了给广大师生提供最近的成果，有必要对此书进行必要的修订。 新修订的教材体例保持了原版的风貌，只是对部分内容进行了更新，使其更符合英美国家现实。譬如，英国现任首相是卡梅伦，2013年英国的GDP为2.522万亿美元，人口是6 410万;美国的GDP则为16.8万亿美元，人口是3.161亿。另外，概要、历史、政治、经济、军事、文化与教育、宗教、文学艺术等内容也根据最新成果作了更新。 参加本书修改版的教师分别为:概要(刘雪，部寒)、历史(张军燕，宋艳梅)、政治(王春玲，王莉，王晓琳)、经济(韩小宁，刘白玉)、军事(顿小慧，王建波)、文化与教育(刘夏青，刘璐丝)、宗教(包芳)、文学艺术(包芳，顾征)。"保持乐观"部分由刘白玉编写，"附录"部分由扈珺编写。 你想了解英美吗？你想知道英美文化的根源吗？你想了解英语语言的故事吗？ 又或许你有游历英美的计划，又或者你希望能提升自己的英语能力，那么这是一门适合你的课程。

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英美文学专业开题报告

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(Gothictradition)。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20世纪二三十年代,到70年代以后,由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响,该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。 根据在国际互联网上的搜索,到2000年9月为止,英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外,还至少出版专著达184部,其中1970年以后为126部,仅90年代就达59部,几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加,更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展,并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲): 1.ASurveyofGothic1.1DefinitionofGothic 1.2theOriginofGothicNovels

英美国家概况总结

英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party

英美概况 美国篇

一、概况 1.50 States Its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. 2.Races and Population 在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度） 3.The Composition of American Population 1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potato famine 2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: the number of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;The Hispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America, such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous among them);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;More than a million Chinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and in some big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there during the Second World War and achieved great success in America. 3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: came to America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The Immigration Quota Law was passed by the American government in 1924. 二、Early History 1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thus discovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”) 2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English colonies came to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia. 3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouth on a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule” 4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance of education 5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony. 三、American Revolutionary