虚拟语气(2)

9．1 虚拟语气概说

虚拟语气是英语学习中的一个难点，也是大学英语四级考试及其它各种考试的一个考点。因此，我们应该熟练掌握虚拟语气的各种形式，较好地把握虚拟语气的用法。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人表达的不是事实，而是一种与实际事实相反的假设、愿望、怀疑或者主观的设想以及没有把握的建议等。虚拟语气主要用在条件句中。

9．2．1 与现在事实相反的假设

这种虚拟语气表示一种在现实事实中并不存在的假设情况，其主句、从句谓语动词的表现形式如下表。

If 从句谓语主句谓语

与现在事实相反过去式（be的过去式一律用were）would (should, could,

might) + 动词原形

例 1 If I were you, I would not go out with him.假如我是你，我不会跟他出去。

例 2 You wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning if you went to bed earlier.

假如你早点睡觉的话，早上就不会打瞌睡。

例 3 If I had time, I would certainly go. 如果我有时间，我一定去。

例 4 If John were here, we could play tennis.

要是约翰现在在这儿，我们就能打网球。

例 5 If Mary weren’t always ready to help, I would not ask her to look after the children while I was away.

如果玛丽不是一向乐于助人的话，我外出的时候就不会请她帮我照看孩子们的。

9．2．2 与过去事实相反的假设

这种虚拟语气表示过去实际上没有发生过的事情，其谓语动词的时态要用过去完成式表示过去时。主句、从句的谓语动词的表现形式如下表。

If 从句谓语主句谓语

与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would (should, could, might) + have + 过去分词例 1 If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met her at the bus station.当时我们要是知道她计划今天到，我们就会到汽

车站去接她。

例 2 I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time.

当时我若是有更多的时间，我会把试卷再检查一遍的。

例 3 If the policeman had arrived earlier, he would have seen the accident.

如果警察早来一步，他就会看到这起事故了。

例 4 If she had been given some information, she could have answered the questions.

如果给他提供了一些资料的话，她原本是能回答这些问题的。

例 5 If we had started earlier, we might have go there by noon.

如果我们早点出发的话，到中午我们就已经到那儿了。

9．2．3 与将来的事实可能相反的假设

这种虚拟语气表示一种将来实现的可能性不大的假设情况。它的谓语动词的时态要用过去将来式，表示虚拟将来式。其主句、从句的谓语动词形式如下表。

If 从句谓语主句谓语

与将来事实可能相反should + 动词原形

were to + 动词原形would (should, could, might) + 动词原形

例 1 If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do?

假如明天下雨的话，你们怎么办？

例 2 If he were to come tomorrow, I might ask him to help with my paper.

他如果明天来的话，我会请他帮我写论文的。

例 3 If he should consider the problem again, he might get a correct conclusion.

如果他把那个问题再考虑一遍，他也许会得出一个正确结论。

例 4 If you were to attend Mary’s birthday party, what present would you bring to her?

如果你参加玛丽的生日舞会，你将给她带什么礼物？

例 5 If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday.

如果他今天能动身的话，他星期五就能到达那儿了。

备注

虚拟条件句中的谓语动词形式可以有一定的灵活性，表现在相对应时态的替换。1）用进行时替换相应的一般时，用过去进行时代替一般过去时，仍然表示与现在事实相反的假设。2）用完成进行时替换相应的完成时，用过去完成进行时代替过去完成时，仍然表示与过去事实相反的假设。

例 1 If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light, the electrons would not be moving around at random.

如果导线把电输送到电灯去，电子就不是任意运动。

例 2 If it had been raining yesterday, he would not have come here.

如果昨天还在下雨的话，他就不会来这儿。

9．2．4混合虚拟式

按照一般条件句的谓语动词形式表，主句和从句谓语动词是相互呼应的，有着固定的搭配。但是有时会出现主句和从句的谓语动词动作发生的时间不一致的情况。这种时间错位的主、从句结构称为混合型虚拟式。这时，动词的形式要根据所表示的时间加以调整。

例 1 If I were you, I would have gone to the football game.

如果我是你的话，我会去看足球赛的。（从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去）例 2 If you had studied hard, you should not be in such a difficult situation.

你当时要是努力学习的话，你现在的境况就会好得多。（从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在）例 3 You would succeed if you had taken his advice.

如果你听了他的劝告，你现在就会成功。（从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去）

例 4 If you hadn’t turned them away, they wouldn’t have a hard time.

如果你不解雇他们，他们就不会过艰难的日子。（从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在）

9．2．5 省略if的虚拟条件句

在书面语中，如果条件句中的谓语动词部分有were，had 或should，连接词if 可以省略，

而把were，had 或should移到主语之前，如果没有were，had 或should，则不能省略。

例 1 Were I in your position, I should go. 如果我处于你的地位，我就去。

例 2 Had you not helped me, I should have failed the CET– 4 test.

你如果不帮助我的话，我过不了大学英语四级考试。

例 3 Had he come yesterday, I would have asked him not to do that.

如果他昨天来的话，我就会告诉他别做那件事儿。

例 4 Had Alice been more hardworking, she would not have failed.

如果爱丽斯再用功一点的话，她考试就不会不及格。

备注如果if引导的条件句的谓语部分是被动语态，则主语和助动词都可以省略，只留下分词短语表示条件。

9．2．6 表示虚拟条件的其它形式

1）用介词without，but for来表达条件，表示“如果没有”。

例 1 Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.

没有电，也就没有现代工业。

例 2 But for your help, I would have failed the test.

要是没有你的帮助，考试我就不会及格。

例 3 But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan.

要不是你的话，我们当时无法实行那项计划。

例 4 I would have failed without her advice.

假使没有她的劝告，我想必已失败了。

2）用If it were not for …, If it had not been for …表达条件，意思相当于but for。

例 1 If it were not for the Project Hope, many children in the poverty-stricken mountain areas could quit school.

如果没有“希望工程”，许多贫困山区的孩子就会辍学。

例 2 If it had not been for your help, I really don't know what I would have done.

当时如果没有你的帮助，我真不知道会做些什么。

例 3 If it had not been for these interruptions, the meeting would have finished half an hour ago.

如果没有这些干扰的话，会议在半小时前就结束了。

例 4 If it were not for you, I would be dead now.

要不是你的话，我现在已经死了。

3）用副词otherwise表达条件，意思相当于if …had not。

例 1 I ran all the way to school, otherwise I’d have been late.

我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了。

例 2 They got two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d have never been able to afford to go.

他们得到了两张去加拿大的赠票，要不然的话，他们是负担不起这笔费用的。

例3 A surveyor’s inspection of the building revealed the faults that might otherwise have been overlooked.

测量员对大楼的勘察查到了误差，要不然它们就会被忽视了。

例 4 He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten.

他提醒了我，要不然我就会把这事给忘了。

备注虚拟语气的条件有时不一定要明示出来，表示与事实相反的词语或语境都可以表达虚拟条件。

9．2．7 情态动词在从句中的应用

情态动词could, might, would除了用于主句外，还可以用于从句。这些情态动词除了表示虚拟结构外，本身还有独立的意思：would表示“意愿，决心”，could 表示“能够”，might表示“或许”。

例 1 I would help you if I could.假如我能够的话，我一定帮助你。

例 2 If he could have come, I would have been happy.

如果那时他能来的话，我会很高兴。

例 3 If I could fly, I would be so glad. 我要是能飞，我会高兴得不得了。

例 4 I should have gone if I might have done so.如果我可以去的话，我早就去了。

9．2．8省略主句或从句的虚拟结构

虚拟结构中的主句或从句有时在形式上可以省略，但在意义上却仍然存在。省略情况主要有以下几种形式。

1）条件从句的省略

例 1 That would be fine.

那就太好了。（省略了if you should do it或类似条件）例 2 He would never have done it.

他是决不会做这件事的。

（省略了if he had known the grave consequences或类似条件）例 3 You might stay here forever.

你可以永远呆在这里。（省略了If you wanted to或类似条件）例 4 Who would have thought of it? 谁会想到是这样的呢？

2）结果主句的省略

常用于表示愿望，以“If only …句型”为主。

感叹句“If only …!”表示与事实相反的愿望。“

If only + 主语+ 过去式”表示与现在事实相反，“If only + 主语+ 过去完成式”表示与过去事实相反。

例 1 If only I could work out the mathematical problem!

我要能算出这道题该有多好！

例 2 If only I had more money! 要是我有更多的钱就好了！

例 3 Maggie had an accident yesterday. If only she hadn’t driven so fast!

麦琪昨天开车出了事故，要是她不开这么快就好了！

例 4 If only he had not left! 如果他没有走，那该有多好！

3）what …if引导的虚拟结构

what …if表示“如果……怎么办？”或“即使……又有什么系？”。

例 1 What if aliens should invade the earth?

如果有外星人侵袭地球该怎么办？

例2 What if (= What would happen if) I came tomorrow instead of this afternoon?

如果我不是今天下午而是明天来，又有什么关系？

4）suppose / supposing引导的虚拟结构

suppose / supposing可作从属连词，引导条件状语从句。从句中动词用“过

去式”，表示与现在事实相反。而suppose接间接宾语从句，用“should

+ 动词原形”，相当于what if …?

例1 Suppose your parents knew what you are doing at school.

想想你父母要是知道你在学校做了些什么会怎么样。

例 2 Supposing you lost your job tomorrow.假如明天失了业，你该怎么办。

例 3 Suppose he should not keep the appointment? 他要是失约怎么办？

例 4 Suppose a lion should come out of the forest?

倘若一只狮子从森林里跑出来将会怎样呢？

9．3．1 表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句

在表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”的虚拟式，should常省略。从句的虚拟式是固定形式，不随主句谓语动词的变化而变化。这类动词有demand，suggest，insist，order，propose，prefer，require，recommend，ask，decide，motion，advise，desire，maintain，urge等。

例 1 I ask that he come by 10 o’clock. 我要求他十点钟来。

例 2 The chairman proposed that we (should) discuss the problem.

主席建议我们讨论这个问题。

例 3 The doctor suggested that she not smoke. 医生建议她不要吸烟。

例 4 Al’s doctor insists that he rest for a few days.

艾儿的医生坚持要他休息几天。

例 5 The director recommended that she study more English before going abroad.

那位导师劝她出国前多学点英语。

例 6 They request that the problem be discussed at the meeting.

他们要求把这个问题提到会上讨论。

例7 The lawyer asked that the case be postponed for one month.

律师要求这个案子延期一个月。

例8 Would you prefer that I go with you? 你要我和你一起去吗？

例9 The President desires that you visit him next week.

总统希望你下个星期去拜访他。

9．3．2 动词wish后的宾语从句

用“wish + 宾语从句”可以表示一种愿望，它通常有下列三种形式：

1）表示现在不可能实现的愿望，谓语动词用一般过去式，be用were的形式。

例 1 I wish it were true. 我但愿这是真的。

例 2 I wish I had money to buy a computer.我真希望有钱买台计算机。

例 3 “Do you work in the lab every afternoon?”

“No, but sometimes I wish I had time to.”

“你每天下午都在实验室工作吗？”

“不，但愿我有时间这么做。”

例 4 I wish you stopped making that noise. 我希望你不要再出声。

2）表示将来可能实现的愿望，谓语动词用“could (would，might) + 动词原形”。

例 1 I wish he could stay with me.我希望他能和我住在一起。

例 2 I wish Mary would go with us to the theatre.

我真希望玛丽能同我们一道去看戏。

例 3 I wish I could come tomorrow.我希望明天我能来。

例 4 “We’re going to the movie tonight.”

“I wish I could go with you, but I have to finish my homework.”

“我们今晚打算去看电影。”

“我希望能跟你们一起去，但是我不得不完成我的作业。”

3）表示过去实现不了的愿望，谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could (would，might)

+ have + 过去分词”。

例 1 We wish you had come to our Christmas Party.

我们想你来参加我们的圣诞晚会就好了。

例 2 I wish you could have called yesterday. 我希望你昨天能来电话。

例 3 I wish you hadn’t caused such a great deal of fuss.

我真希望你们不要那样大惊小怪就好了。

例 4 Mary wished her daughter had started to learn piano years ago.

玛丽真希望她女儿几年前就开始学钢琴。

9．3．3 would rather等后的宾语从句-

在would rather，would (just) as soon，would sooner后，宾语从句表示与事实相反的愿望。谓语用动词“过去式”表示现在和将来的含义，用“过去完成式”表示过去的含义。

例 1 She would rather that you had not arrived last night.

我宁愿你昨天晚上没有到达。

例 2 I’d rather that you didn’t do that. 我宁愿你现在别做那件事。

例 3 We ‘d rather that you came tomorrow.我们希望你明天来。

例 4 I’d just as soon you didn’t speak rudely to her.

我但愿你对她讲话时不粗鲁。

例 5 I would just as soon you didn’t drive the car while I’m gone.

我不在的时候我宁愿你不要开车。

9．3．4 表示情感的动词后的宾语从句

表示情感的动词如rejoice，regret后, 以及在表示惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等形

容词后的宾语从句，谓语动词可用“should + 动词原形”和“should + 现在完成式”虚拟句型。这类形容词有sorry，disappointed，surprised，ashamed，anxious 等。

例 1 I regret that you should have behaved so badly that night.

我感到遗憾，你那天晚上的行为竟然这样不好。

例 2 I am sorry that you should think so.我很遗憾你竟然有这种看法。

例 3 I’m surprised that you should do that.我很吃惊你竟然会做那件事。

例 4 Mary is disappointed that Tom should have failed the test.

玛丽很失望汤姆竟然没有通过考试。

9．4 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用

1）“It is + 形容词+ that + 主语+ （should +）动词原形”

这类形容词通常是表示要求、建议、命令等动词的派生词以及表示情感、观点的形容词，实际主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。

这类形容词有advisable，desirable，preferable，urgent，right，wrong，remarkable，incredible，

queer，peculiar，curious，surprising，essential，imperative，important，natural，necessary，odd，possible，probable，vital，strange等。

例 1 It is strange that she have left with the light still on.

真奇怪，她怎么让灯亮着就走了。

例 2 It is quite natural that he should think so.他这样想是很自然的事情。

例 3 It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.

有必要马上解决这个问题。

例 4 It is advisable that you disconnect the computer before opening it up.

打开计算机前你应该切断电源。

例 5 It is desirable that you be present at the meeting.

希望你能够出席会议。

例 6 It is imperative that you arrive here in time.迫切要求你及时赶到这里。

2）“It is + 过去分词+ that + 主语+ （should +）动词原形”

这些分词都是表示建议、命令等动词的过去分词，主要有suggested, required, requested, demanded, proposed, urged, recommended, ordered, desired, advised 等。

例 1 It has been decided that the meeting be put off. 已决定推迟会议。

例 2 It is requested that students return the books to the library before they are overdue.

要求学生到期归还图书馆的图书。

例 3 It was ordered that the classroom be put in order.

指示我们把教室整理得井然有序。

例 4 It was suggested that we write that into the contract.

建议我们把这一点写进合同。

9．6．1 由as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句

这种虚拟语气跟if 所引起的非真实条件句一样有三种形式。

1）与现在的事实相反的假设。

谓语动词用过去式（系动词be一律用were）。

例 1 Kent is running about as if he were a mad man.

肯特跑来跑去，像个疯子似的。

例 2 My mother looked after the orphan as if he were her own child.

我母亲像对自己的亲生儿子一样照顾那个孤儿。

例 3 He talks as though he were a doctor. 他谈起话来，好像是个医生。

例 4 Mary treats him as if she treated a patient.玛丽对他就像对病人一样。

2）与过去的事实相反的假设。

谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”，表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句谓语的动作之前。

例 1 You talk as if you had been there at that time.

你说话的神情好像你当时在场似的。

例 2 He described the town as if he had seen it himself.

他描述了那个小镇，就好像他亲自看到过一样。

例 3 He stopped before he reached the end, as though he had lost interest in the subject.

他还没搞到头就停了下来，好像对这个题目已不感兴趣了。

例 4 I remember the story as though I had just read it.

我记得这故事，就像刚读过一样。

3）对未来的事实的一种假设。

谓语动词用“would + 动词原形”，表示从句谓语的动作可能发生在将来。

例 1 She cried as if her heart would break.她哭得好像心要碎了。

例 2 The engines sounded as if they would begin to beat irregularly.

发动机的声音听上去好像要开始不规则地冲击。

例 3 She acts as if she would never grow up. 她做起事来好像从没长大。

备注as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句的谓语部分也可以省略，只剩下后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词等。

例 1 Uncle Tom’s shoulders were bent as though under a weight.

汤姆叔的双肩弓着，好像身负重荷似的。

例 2 Jack leapt up as though shot.杰克跳了起来，好像中了子弹似的。

例 3 She hurried away as though angry.

她匆匆离开房间，似乎很生气。

9．6．2以“be + 主语+ 其它”引导的让步状语从句

例 1 Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.

不论物体的形状如何复杂，总可以求出它的体积。

例 2 The chemical composition of water is , be it solid, liquid or water vapor.

不管水是固体、液体或气体，其化学组成都是。

例 3 Be the problem easy or difficult, this method applies.

不管题目容易还是难，这种方法都适用。

例 4 Be the weather what it may, I will go out.

不管天气如何，我一定要出去。

备注whether也可以引出带虚拟式的让步状语从句，动词用原形，但不及陈述句普遍。

例 1 Whether this succeed or fail, it will not matter to him.

不管这件事成功与否，对他无关紧要。

例 2 A fresh pepper, whether it be red or green, lasts about three weeks.

新鲜辣椒，不管是红辣椒还是青辣椒，保存期大约是三周。9．6.3 由连词for fear that，lest等引导的目的状语从句

在由连词for fear that（以免，惟恐），lest（以免）等引导的目的状语从句中，从句的谓语动词用动词原形或“should + 动词原形”。

例 1 She closed the window lest she catch cold.她关上窗户，以免着凉。

例 2 The young driver looked over the engine carefully for fear that it should go wrong on the road.

担心路上出问题，这个青年司机仔细检查了发动机。

例 3 You should exercise vigilance lest you should be killed.

你应该提高警惕，以免被杀害。

例 4 Let us hide the candies for fear that the boy should eat too much.

我们把糖果收起来，以免孩子吃得太多。

例 5 He ran away lest he should be caught.他逃跑了，以免被抓。

例 6 Lucy hid her jewelry for fear that it should be stolen.

露丝把宝石藏了起来，以免被偷。

9．7 “It is (high / about) time that +

在该结构中，从句里的谓语动词用过去式，表示“早就该做某事”之意，其中high/about起强调作用。

例 1 It’s time we had a party.我们早该举行晚会了。

例 2 You look so tired tonight. It is time you went to sleep.

你今晚看上去很累，你早该去上床睡觉了。

例 3 It is high time that we started.我们该出发了。

例 4 It is high time that you made up your mind. 是该你拿主意的时候了。9．5 虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用

在表示建议、命令、要求等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，可以用（should +）动词原形的虚拟句型。这类名词有idea，demand，order，preference，proposal，suggestion，requirement，recommendation，desire，decision，advice，motion等。例 1 His proposal is that we put on a play at the English evening.

他提议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧。

例 2 I agree to the suggestion that the meeting be put off.我同意推迟会议的建议。

例 3 Your suggestion that he be invited was rejected.

你提出邀请他来的建议已被拒绝。

例 4 The captain gave orders that a salute should be fired.舰长下令鸣礼炮。

例 5 The regulation is that manuscripts be written on one side only.

按照章程，稿子只单面誊写。

例 6 My suggestion is that the meeting be postponed till next Tuesday.

我的建议是会议推迟到下个星期二举行。

虚拟语气详解

虚拟语气详解 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望（往往与客观事实相反），或是表示假象和猜测。虚拟语气无论从形式上还是时态上都比较复杂，需要归类记忆。 虚拟语气大体分为三类：(1) be型虚拟(2) were型虚拟(3) if 条件句及主句虚拟下面会详细说每种虚拟形式的特征和规律，考试时先判断属于哪种虚拟类型，剩下的皆是套路~ （1）be型虚拟（基本是套路） 形式：should + 动词原形，should可以省略 用法：1）表示“命令、建议、要求”等意义词语之后的宾语从句用be型虚拟，常见的词如下: demand, desire, insist, order, ask, command, propose, recommend, suggest, prefer, require, request等 最常见的形式是这类动词后面接着一个宾语从句，则宾语从句的谓语部分要用（should）+ 动词原形来虚拟 例: We demand that the meeting（should）be postponed. The manager suggested that we (should) work together. 注意：有时候你所见到不一定是上述动词引导的宾语从句，而是由上述词变体后所引导主语从句(it做形式主语，如：it is advised/ suggested/ requested/ ordered/ proposed that…)、表语从句或同位语从句 例如：It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language. (主语从句) The requirement is that all the equipment in the meeting room (should) be checked twice before. (表语从句) We didn’t stand for his proposal that the meeting (should)be postponed. (同位语从句) 只要看到句中有上述动词或其变体，不管词性怎么变、句型怎么变，都用be型虚拟！ 特例：suggest和insist这两个比较特殊，当suggest作“暗示、表明、说明”讲，insist 作“坚持说”讲，后面一般跟的是客观事实，不需要虚拟~这是一个比较重要的考点，体会下面两组句子： We all suggest that a lab (should) be built. 我们都建议建一个实验室。 Her expression suggests that she is angry. 她的表情说明她生气了。 She insisted that we should find the source of the river. 她坚持主张我们应该找到河的源头。 She insisted that she had done nothing wrong. 她坚持说自己没做错事。 suggest 的区别很明显，但insist有点难辨别，一般来说如果insist后面跟的是某种主张，或是坚持要做一件事，那么用虚拟。 2）表示主观看法，常表示“某事是必要的、重要的。。。怎么怎么样的”，尤其是在“ it is +名词/形容词+ that从句”结构中，常见的形容词包括：advisable, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, dispensable, impossible, natural, surprising等 例如：It is advisable that you (should) leave now. It is necessary that teenagers (should) take part in outside activities. It is of great importance that smoking (should) be banned in public area.

虚拟语气2

虚拟语气 1．虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 e.g. He would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night. If it were not for… / If it had not been for… = but for 3) 特殊结构的条件句but for without (with no) e.g. If it were not for his, help, I could never go to college. e.g. But for air and water, nothing could live. e.g. Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. 4) 条件句的省略 a.省if，用倒装，限于谓动为were, had, should e.g. Were I you, is shouldn’t so it like that. Had you not helped me, I should have failed. 如果没有你的帮助我就失败了。 b.省主句的虚拟结构（表愿望） e.g. If only I could help you! 如果我能帮助你就好了。 If only I had more money! 要是我有更多的钱就好了。 If only you had not told him what I said! 要是你没有把我的话告诉他就好了。 2. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用 1）It is + adj. + that …+ (should) v.: 表愿望，要求，建议等 necessary, important, essential, imperative, natural, impossible, strange, vital, obligatory, resolved, desirable, advisable, preferable, urgent, etc. e.g. It is strange that she (should) have left with the light still on. 2) It is + p.p. + that…+ (should) v.: 表愿望，要求，建议等 suggested, required, demanded, urged, ordered, desired, advised requested, urged, proposed, recommended, etc. e.g. it is suggested that the automobile be oiled every day. 3) It is (high / about) time + (that)…+ 一般过去式（be →were） e.g. It is high time that we were off to London. 3. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用 1) suggest, require, order, demand, propose, advise, insist, maintain, recommend, urge, prefer, request, command, desire, ask, object, direct, pray, propose等后的宾从宾从谓动(should) v. 2) wish后的宾从 a. 表无能为力的过去愿望 sb. wish + (that)…+ had ved. / could (would, might) have ved.

2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义if非真实条件句中的虚拟语气知识点整理总结(6页)

2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义if非真实条件句中的虚拟语气知识点整理总结 虚拟语气是一个很不讨人喜欢的语法知识，因为它不仅晦涩难懂，而且还容易混淆。笔者将分三期带大家轻松掌握虚拟语气的全部知识，今天我们首先来看i f非真实条件句。 01 两个最基本的概念 在开始本文之前，我们先得搞清楚两个概念。 何为非真实条件句？ 答案：在第二讲中，笔者将条件句分成真实条件句和虚拟条件句，其中的虚拟条件句就指的是非真实条件句。它是指说话者假设了一种和客观事实相反的情况。 何为虚拟语气？ 答案：虚拟语气是指说话人的某种与客观事实或规律不符的愿望、猜测、假设、主张、建议等。 02 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气，也即if引导的虚拟条件句的三个句型，详情见下面的表格。 注意：其中的虚拟对象分别指和现在、和未来、和过去相反。

如： If I were you, I would dump her. 如果我是你，我会甩了她。 If I were to do it, I would do it in another way. 如果让我做，我会采取不同的办法。 If I had been there, I would have helped him. 如果我在那里，我肯定会帮助他。 03 if三个句型的时态逻辑 对于if的三个虚拟语气句型，很多同学都不知道为什么这么用，只是死记硬背下来了。今天笔者就试着为大家简单解读一下噢。 上述句型中从句的本质是：从句带了i f，是一种假设情况，相对于虚拟对象往后退了一个时态位。 上述句型中主句的本质是：主句是站在已经退后的时态位上向将来看。其中，和现在、将来相反，都用过去将来时；和过去相反，由于主句的动作判断已完成，要用过去将来完成时。

德语虚拟语气讲解(第二虚拟式)

知识点一： 德语语法中最容易迷惑人的大概就是虚拟式了。为了帮助大家更好的理解虚拟语气，我们讲分成两部分讲解虚拟式。 虚拟式分为第一虚拟式和第二虚拟式。由于平常第二虚拟式用得较频繁，且常用第二虚拟式代替第一虚拟式，我们先来谈一谈第二虚拟式到底是何方神圣？到底要怎么用？ 一，虚拟式构成形式及与一般式对比 对比直陈式： 如大家所见，第二虚拟式只有两个时态：现在时，过去式。直陈式过去时有三种时态，而第二虚拟式只有一种。 二，时态 ?现在时：

①弱变化动词 弱变化动词的第二虚拟式形式上比较容易掌握的，与直陈式过去时相似： ②强变化动词 动词变化基本形式是动词过去时词根加上一下词尾： ③ 如： ④强变化动词词干元音为 a, o, u 时，须变为 ?，?，ü：

⑤助动词haben, sein, werden 第二虚拟式 ⑥ ⑦情态动词第二虚拟式

⑧特例：一些强变化动词和混合变化动词在构成第二虚拟式时元音和直陈式 过去时元音不一样，如： 但是这种形式现在用的比较少，常使用Würden+不定式。 ⑨特例：混合动词 senden 和 wenden 在第二虚拟式中一般用弱变化形式， 如： ⑩ ?过去时： 第二虚拟式过去时结构如下： 助动词haben/sein第二虚拟式形式+过去分词 需要注意的是： ?所有表示过去的直陈式形式改为虚拟式时，都用这种形式。

?sein第二人称形式du w?r e st 中间的e可以省略，即du w?rst. 三，被动态 四，第二虚拟式的代替形式 würde + 不定式 ?口语中，大部分动词的第二虚拟式由würden+不定式的形式来代替，如 Ich würde dich gern einladen. ?haben和sein的第二虚拟式形式很少用würde 形式来代替，情态动词几乎不用该形式代替。 ?但是，要避免住从句中都用würden形式。 Wenn ich dort eine Arbeit finden würde, würde ich an der See bleiben.(X) 五，第二虚拟式的用法 第二虚拟式主要表示一种非现实的情况。也常用于客套句中，表示婉转的请求、提问、谦虚的态度或者礼节性对话。 ①礼貌表达（客套句） ?K?nnten Sie mir bitte Handtaschen zeigen? ?K?nnte ich bitte mal das Salz haben? ?Würden so freundlich sein und mir helfen?

高中英语 第二册 语法总结 虚拟语气

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虚拟语气用法详解 (2)

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虚拟语气(二)

一、概念 中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。 二、语法结构 1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况） 与..事实相反If从句主句 过去Had done Would* have done 现在Were/did Would* do 将来Should do/were/were to do Would* do 例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去] If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在] If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来] 备注： （1）上表中’*’，would都可转换为should、could、might。 （2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。 例句： He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug. [与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反] (3) if可转换为其他形式 例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去] （=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …） Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来] (=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.) I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去] (=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..) 2、wish结构 与..事实相反 过去Had done 现在Were/did

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