A级语法考点归纳
A级语法考点归纳
一．Subjunctive mood(虚拟语气)
1．虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法
从句时态主句时态
与现在事实相反be----were would (could, should, might)+do
do----did
与过去事实相反had done would (could, should, might)+have done 与将来事实相反 1.be—were
do---did
2.should+do would (could, should, might)+do
3.were to+do
If I were you, I would further my study abroad.
If you had time, you should go to see the film Gone with the wind.
If I had taken your advice, I would not have made such mistakes.
If you became/ should become / were to become a millionaire, what would you do first?
2．虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1)虚拟语气在表示建议、愿望、要求、命令这类词后宾语从句中的谓语
动词用should + do , should 可以省去。
表建议：suggest, advice, recommend, propose
表要求：ask, require, request, demand, petition
表命令：order, command,
表愿望：desire
Eg. He suggested that a library should be set up quickly.
She demands that I should pay her immediately.
He ordered the man should be released.
The Queen desires that you should come at once.
A级真题：
The policeman demanded that she ______ her identity card.
A. show
B. showed
C. would show
D. had shown
2) 虚拟语气在wish, would rather, would sooner后宾语从句中的用法。
用一般过去时表示现在的情况did
用过去完成时表示过去的情况had done
Eg. I wish I were young again.
I wish I had listened to your advice then.
I would rather you told me the truth now.
I would sooner you didn’t ask me that question.
I’d rather you hadn’t told me the news yesterday
A级真题：
1. I would rather you ( leave) ________ for Hang Zhou last week.
2. My father wishes he ( go) _______ to college when he was young.
3. I wish I (can ) _______ help you.
3. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：
句型：it is important / essential / appropriate / imperative / vital / strange / surprising / natural that + （should ）do
Eg. It is important that he work hard.
It is essential that the mission not fail.
It is imperative that you should not be seen here.
It is vital to her health that she take this medicine.
It is surprising that he should kill time like that.
4．虚拟语气在It’s high time that引导的定语从句中的用法：
从句中用一般过去时（did）表示与现在事实相反，
意思是：到了该做什么的时候了
A级真题：
It’s high time that we ________ ( buy) a new car.
It’s high time that we ________ ( stop) playing computer games.
二．Attributive clause（定语从句）
限制性定语从句
1.关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as在从句中充当句子成分
This is the boy ______ broke the vase. (who)
He is the teacher ______ everyone respects. (whom)
The plane is a machine _______ can fly. (which/that)
This is the best film ______ I have ever seen. (that)
I want to book a room _______ window is facing the sea. (whose)
He is such a lovely boy _______ makes everyone happy. (as)
2. 关系副词：when, where, why在从句中不充当句子成分
I will never forget the day _______ I joined the Party. (when/on which)
This is the house ______ I lived two years ago. (where/in which)
Do you know the reason _______ he is crying? (why/for which)
只用that 的情况：
1. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：
The first thing that should be done is to work out a plan.
He is the most excellent student that I have ever taught.
2. 先行词是指物的不定代词all, everything, nothing, something, anything,
little, few, much, none.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
All that glitters is not gold.
There is little that can be done about it.
3. 先行词被any, every, only, very, all修饰时：
He is the only person that can be trusted.
He is the very person that I am looking for.
4. 先行词既包括人也包括物时：
There are many persons and things that we must deal with in our daily
非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。这时，连词选which或as.
一般情况下，先行词在从句中充当主语时用which；先行词在从句中充当宾语或表语时用as.
Eg. Our class has won the basketball, which made us happy.
此句中Our class has won the basketball整个句子是先行词，在从句中作主语As we all know, New York is the capital of the America.
此句中New York is the capital of the America整个句子是先行词，在从句中作宾语
A级真题：
She has fallen in love with Jack, _______ I find hard to imagine.
A. who
B. whom
C. that
D. which
此题中She has fallen in love with Jack整句是先行词，作从句中find的宾语，故选D.which
三．Noun clause （名词性从句）
从属连词that, whether 在从句中不充当句子成分
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
在从句中充当句子成分
连接副词when, where, how, why在从句中不充当句子成分
1. 主语从句
_____ he became an artist is due to his father’s influence. (that)
_____ it will do us harm remains to be seen. (whether)
_____ she wants on her 18th birthday is a mobile phone. (what)
_____ we say must be based on fact. (what/whatever)
_____ team will win the game remains a mystery. (which)
_____ will be in charge of the project hasn’t been made public. (who)
_____ I spend my holiday is none of your business. (when/where/whether)
It is not clear _____ he was absent from the meeting. (why)
It is unlikely ______ he could accept such an offer. (that)
2. 宾语从句
At first, he didn’t realize _______ he had succeeded. (that)
I think _______ you missed an instructive lecture. (that)
I didn’t know ______ they were satisfied with the arrangement. (whether)
Do you know ______ they left for HongKong? (why/when/whether)
I want to know _____ Tom said. (what)
3. 表语从句
The reason was ______ he was too poor to see a doctor. (that)
The question is ______ you are after in life: fame or personal gain. (what)
April is ______ the lilacs bloom. (when)
4.同位语从句
在同位语从句中被修饰的名词Fact, idea, news, belief, truth, hope, doubt, opinion, decision, suggestion, impression, conclusion, evidence, proposal, question, problem, theory, information, possibility.
I got the impression ______ you are unhappy today. (that)
There is a doubt _______ she will come to the party. (whether)
He had no idea ______ she left home. (why)
四. 分词
1. 分词的形式
主动被动
现在分词一般形式doing being done
完成形式having done having been done
过去分词done
2. 分词的基本用法：
1）作表语：
The football match was exciting.
She looks disappointed.
2) 作定语：
He is a promising young man.
The wounded soldier was taken off to the hospital.
A little child learning to walk often falls.
What’s the language spoken in that country?
3) 作状语：
伴随：We sat on the sofa, watching TV.
The students came out of the classroom, laughing and chatting.
The teacher came out, ______ by the students. ( followed)
时间：He hurt his leg while playing football.
Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant.
After ______ a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant.(finding)
条件：If given a chance, I would go abroad to further my study.
原因：Being short of money, he can’t afford a new car.
Not having received an answer, I decided to write him another letter.
结果：He died, leaving five children.
五．动名词和不定式在句中作宾语时的区别
1．以下动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语
Avoid, consider, appreciate, delay, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, pardon, postpone, prevent, practise, resist, risk, suggest, understand.
It’s no use, be worth, have trouble/difficulty in, be tired of, devote one’s life to, insist on, look forward to, be successful in, be fond of, be busy, be capable of, be proud of, can’t help, keep on
A级真题：
1)Do you have any difficulty in _______ Japanese?
A) learn B) learning C) to learn D) having learnt
2)It's better to avoid ______ downtown during the rush hour.
A) to drive B) having driven C) to be driving D) driving
2. 以下动词或短语后只能跟动词不定式
Decide, desire, expect, wish, want, pretend, promise, refuse, manage, agree，permit A级真题：
1.We decided ______ the house.
A) not to buy B) buying C) not buying D) not bought
3. 有些动词后既可跟动名词，也可跟不定式，但意思不同
1)Remember, forget, regret
+ doing 表示动作已发生
+ to do 表示动作还没发生
Eg. I remembered being taken to Beijing when I was a child. ( 已发生) Remember to check your mailbox. （未发生）
I forget locking the door. ( 门锁过了，但忘记了这件事)
I forget to lock the door. （忘记锁门了，门没锁）
I regret telling her the truth. ( 我后悔告诉了她真相)
I regret to tell you that your application was denied. ( 我很遗憾地要告诉你你的
申请被否决了)
2）stop + doing 停止正在做的事情
+ to do 停下来去做另一件事情
Eg. Stop talking please.
Stop to listen to me.
3)want, need, require
物作主语时
+ doing 用主动语态代替被动语态
+ to be done 用被动语态
Eg. His shoes need mending / to be mended.
The problem needs looking into / to be looked into.
4)try + doing 试着做某事
try + to do 努力，企图做某事
Eg. He tried sending flowers to the girl, but she didn’t accept.
You should try to adjust to the cold weather here.
5)be afraid + of doing 生怕做某事
+ to do 不敢做某事
Eg. She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. ( 她不敢踏进草丛深处因为怕被蛇咬)
六．倒装句：部分倒装
当否定副词用于句首时，句子部分倒装：hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, never, nowhere, no longer, little, few
Hardly/barely could I understand what he said.
Seldom did he go anywhere except to his office.
Never have I seen such a nice movie.
Nowhere were they to be found.
No longer was he in charge of the work.
Little did he think of the consequences.
Few words did they exchange.
七. 情态动词的完成体：
Should /ought to have done ( 本应该)
He should have told her about it. 他本该把这事告诉她。( 抱怨)
You should have come to the class at 8 o’clock.
Could have done (本能够)
You could have typed this for me. 你本可以把它用打字机打出来的。( 责备)
I could have finished the paper. But I’m late for the exam.
Needn’t have done ( 本不必)
You needn’t have brought me flowers- how kind of you. 你本不必带花给我，你真好。（赞许）
Must have done ( 一定做过，表猜测)
You must have misunderstood her words.
You must have had a good sleep last night, you look energetic.
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高考语法填空考点总结 Jenny was compiled in January 2021
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3. Three people ____(take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. . were taken 4. She told him that she ________ (bring) him the water in ten minutes. would bring 二、非谓语动词 若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非 谓语动词就要确定用现在分词、过去分词，还是不定式。非谓语动词的形式一 定要考虑它与其逻辑主语之间的关系。 技巧一：作主语或宾语，通常用现在分词形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式 表示具体的情况。 1. But it is not enough only_______________(memorize) rules from a grammar book. 解析：因it是形式主语，后面用不定式作真正的主语，故填to memorize。(speak) out your feeling won’t make you feel ashamed. 解析：句中已有谓语won’t make，所以speak应为非谓语动词；谓语前面应为主语，作主语，表示一般情况，要用动名词短语，故填Speaking。 技巧二：作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式。 1. ______________ (complete) the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
四级英语知识点总结
四级英语知识点总结 四级英语知识点总结 英语不像汉语可以有固定的形容过去与现在的词语，要想表达不同时间的内容就必须懂得时态的转换。英语中事情发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，发生的方式可分为一般、过去、进行和完成进行四种形式。 将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下：一般、完成、进行、完成进行几种时态。下面我们为大家仔细总结了英语中常用的几种时态，希望对大家的考试有所帮助。 现在：现在一般时do、现在完成时have done、现在进行时is doing、现在完成进行时have been doing 过去：过去一般时did、过去完成时had done、过去进行时was doing、过去完成进行时had been doing 将来：将来一般时will do、将来完成时will have done、将来进行时will be doing、将来完成进行时will have been doing、过去将来：过去将来一般时would do、过去将来完成时would have done、过去将来进行时would be doing、过去将来完成进行时would have been doing 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词：第三人称单数：does。
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4、一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago be动词+行为动词的过去式，否定句式：在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词，或waswere+doing+其它 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在20xx年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6、过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 7、一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year等表示将来的时间状语连用。 am/are/is+going to+do 或will/shall+am/is/are/about to + do 、am/is/are to + do;
2020最新中考英语语法知识点汇总
马上就要中考了，祝大家中考都考上一个理想的高中！欢迎同学们下载，希望能帮助到你们！ 2020最新中考英语语法知识点汇总
一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、 程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通 常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小 姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词 担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打 扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者 “怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由
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40天攻克大学英语四级(词汇·语法·完形填空分册)-【免费下载】
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四级语法知识点总结
四级语法知识点总结 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
二：非谓语动词 1．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do
近五年高考英语语法填空从句总结
近五年高考英语语法填空从句总结 从句一直以来都是高考英语语法填空题的必考点。从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属 于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句 (即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。 高考中从句知识点考查最多的是定语从句。我们将近五年高考题中语法填空题涉及的从句 进行总结，希望可以为英语老师们帮助学生解答这一类题型提供助力。 2019年 全国I卷 While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 全国 II卷 Now Irene Astbury works from9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Maccles field,62she opened with her late husband Les. 全国 III卷 They were well trained by their masters64 had great experience with caring for these animals. 浙江卷 On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth 58 gives off light in the dark. 2018年 全国I卷
英语四级语法总结
四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 ? CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 ? 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于 虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细)
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you" What is the most important in your life? ", maybe you will say" Computers and the Internet". The________（one）computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked________（slow）. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But________work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, "People can't live________computers today." The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-three years later than computers. But now it can________（find） almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do________（shop）, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often surf the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don't know their real________（name）, ages, and even sex（性别）. They are so________（interest） in making the "unreal friends" that they can't put their hearts into study. Many of them can't catch up with others on many subjects________of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at________same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.【答案】first；slowly；they；without；be found；shopping；names；interested；because；the 【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章介绍了电脑的发明时间，以及电脑的用途。还有电脑对我们生活的影响。 （1）句意：第一台电脑是在1946年制造的。根据定冠词the，可知应使用序数词first，故答案是first。 （2）句意：它很大，但是工作得很慢。slow修饰动词worked，应使用副词slowly，故答案是slowly。 （3）句意：但是他们工作的越来越快了。空缺处指代前文的computers，因此使用they，故答案是they。 （4）句意：现在没有了电脑人们不能生活。因为电脑在我们日常生活中越来越重要。所以没有电脑就不能生活，没有without，故答案是without。 （5）句意：但是现在到处都可以发它。主语it 和find是被动关系，应使用被动语态，含有情态动词的被动语态是：情态动词+be+过去分词，故答案是be found。 （6）句意：我们可以用电脑读书、写信和购物，购物do shopping，固定搭配，故答案是shopping。 （7）句意：他们不知道他们真正的名字。name名字，可数名词，根据their可知应使用复数形式，故答案是names。 （8）句意：他们对于结交不真实的朋友那么感兴趣，以致于不能把心思用在学习上。be interested in，对……感兴趣，故答案是interested。 （9）句意：因为这个原因，他们中的许多人在许多课程山上跟不上其他学生。because of