张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案

《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案

【Chapter 1】

3.Sound is the physical aspeact of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their connection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use /shu/树to refer to the same thing. This examples why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept.However, in the same language, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/can mean right, rite, and write.

6. Worde of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language.They are the words

essential to native speakers’daily communication.Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.

7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl

8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid

9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings.For example, euro（欧元）, e-book（电子书），SARS（非典），netizen（网民），are newly coined words.Words like mouse(鼠标)，web(网络)，space shuttle(航天飞机)etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.

【

Ex.1

The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.

2. Indo-European Language Family

Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic

Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English

Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish

Prussian Irish Italian German

Polish Portuguese Norweigian

Slavenian Icelandic

Russian Danish

Bulgarian Dutch

3. The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one other. Old English has (1) a small

vocabulary(50000-60000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3)the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2)tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.

Yes , we can divide the development in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doning so, the logical continuation of the three phrases of the original division is lost.

6.

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.

8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]

falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]

saxophone [German + Greek]

heirloom [ French + English]

joss house [ Portuguese + English] television

[Greek + Latin]

9.

amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)

peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)

judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)

grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)

jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)

gender (E) début (L) morale (L)

state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)

11.

allegro, f轻快

andante, j 行板

diminuendo, g 渐弱

largo, d 缓慢

pianoforte, a轻转慢

alto, i女低音

crescendo, b渐强

forte, e 强

piano, h轻

soprano, c女高音

12.

cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)

coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)

lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)

shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)

tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)

kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)

chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)

cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)

loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)

13.

a. alligator

b. loco

c. rodeo

d. bonanza

e. igloo

f. blitzkrieg

g. wigwam h. canoe

i. hurricane j. boomerang

k. panchos

14. The characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all othe major language of the world; (3) the words have lost most of their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes andinfluence of other cultures and langulages.

15.The major modes of vacabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other languages and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.

【Chapter 3】

1. a. morpheme b. allomorph

c. bound morpheme

d. free morpheme

e. affix

f. informational affix

g. derivational affix h. root

i. stem j. base

3. individualistic

individualist + ic [stem, base]

individual + ist [stem, base]

individu + al [stem, base]

in + dividu [root, stem, base]

undesirables

un + desirable [stem, base]

desir + able [root, stem, base]

free morpheme = free root

4. morpheme bound root

bound morpheme inflectional affix

affix prefix

derivational affix

suffix

【Chapter 4】

Affixation

5. non-smoker incapable impractical

disobey insecurity irrelevant

immature inability/disability unofficially

unwillingness illegal disagreement

illogical disloyal inconvenient

non-athletic

6. harden horrify modernize

memorize falsify apologize

deepen glorify sterilize

lengthen intensify beautify

fatten sympathize

a. apologized

b. beautify

c. lengthening

d. sympathized

e. fatten

f. falsify

g. memorizing h. Sterilize

7. a. employee b. politician c. participant

d. waitress

e. conductor

f. teacher

g. pianist h. examinee/examiner

8.

trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world

mono- = one: monorail, monoculture

super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural

auto- = self: autobiography, automobile

sub- = below: subculture, subconscious

mal-=bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition

inter-=between:internation, interpersonal,interact

mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar

pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection

ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer

Compounding

heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]

movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]

far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]

lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]

boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]

snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]

on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]

light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]

4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homebound

needle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthy

bar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wide

clear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyle

self-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadness

sister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-produced

half-way/half-done

ever-lasting/ever-green

age-conscious/status-conscious

consciousness

conscience

conscientious

campus-based/market-based

combining form

neo-classical compounds

Conversion

5.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examples.

When adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversion, and other are partially changed , thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status , i.e. having all the characteristices of nouns. That means they can take a/an or –s/es to indicate singular or plural forms: a native, a republician, a pair of shorts, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features. They should always be used with the, and they cannot take –s/-es to show plural forms. More over, the words can have comparative or superative degrees: the poor, the poorer, the young, the very unfortunate.

7. a. stomach [n → v]

b. room [n → v]

c. wolf [n → v]

d. come/go [v → n]

e. familiar [a → n]

f. innocent [a → n]

g. flat [a → n]

h. ah/ ouch [int → v]

i. warm [a → n]

j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]

k. Hamlet [proper n → v]

l. buy [v → n]

m. smooth [a → v]

Blending

motel (motor + hotel)

airtel(air + hotel) botel

humint (human + intelligence)情报

advertisetics (advertisement + statistics)

psywarrior (psychological warrior)

hoverport (hovercraft + port)

chunnel (channel + tunnel)

hi-fi (high + fidelity)

cinemactress (cinema + actress)

Clipping

copter (helicopter) dorm (dormitory)

lab (laboratory) prefab (prefabricated house)

gas (gasoline) prof (professor)

scope (telescope) champ (champion) sarge (sergeant) mike (microphone) ad (advertisement) tec (detective)

Acronymy

2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer

cm = centimeter $ = dollar

ibid = ibidem etc. = et cetera

VIP = very important person

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

TOEFL = test

of English as a foreign language

IELTS 雅思：International English Language Testing System

GPA: grade point average

ACT: american college test

SAT: scholastic aptitude test

SAT: scholastic assessment test

GRE: graduate rocord exams

商务英语证书（BUSINESS ENGLISH CERTIFICATE）

3. a. SALT

b. radar

c. AIDS

d. BASIC

e. Laser

f. WHO

g. sonar

h. G-man

Acronymy

1.Both initialisms are formed to a certain extend from initial letters. Is there any difference between

them? Illustrate your point with examples.

Yes, there is difference between them.The difference lies in the formation and pronounciation.

Initialisms are formatiom pronounced leter by letter, e.g. UFO(u nidentified f lying o bject), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(v ery i mportant p erson) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(a cquired i mmune d eficiency s yndrome), MAD/mad/(m utually a ssured

d estruction), radar/reida:/(radio d etecting a nd r anging).

Backformation

2. lase (laser)

escalate (escalator)

babysit (babysitter)

peeve (peevish)

orate (orator)

commute (commuter)

Commonization of Proper Names

a. tantalize:to teese or torment by keeping sth wanted out of reach—Tantalus

b. Argus-eyed:to be extremely watchful—Argus

c. narcissism:excessive admiration of oneself or one’s apperance—Narcissus

d. sabotage:①to destroy or damage deliberately;②deliberate demage or destruction—sabots

e. martinet:strictor stern (military)trainer

f. yahoo:a lout or ruffian- Yhoo

g. Shylock:a ruthless money lender-Shylock

h. hoovering:cleaning by using a vacuum cleaner-Hoover

i. utopia:an imaginaryplaces of ideal perfection-Utopia

j. Uncle Tommism: behaving subserviently to whites —Uncle Tom

【Chapter 5】

Chapte r5

5. The four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.

Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc.;

Morphological motivation explains words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profitter(profit+eer), darkroom(dark +room), deconstruction(de+construc+ion),etc;

Semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth,etc.; Etymological motivation. explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by doing going on a diet discovered be Doctor Banting) and Brille(language used by the blind created by Brille), etc.;

6. apes—b birds—a

cattle—m cricket—n

doves—c foxes—j

geese—k sheep—f

wolves—g monkeys—e

pigs—l hyenas—h

turkeys—d swans—i

7.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. Lexical meaning includes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatiacl meaning, i.e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.

8.Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.

9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with ―atomic‖, such as ―benefit, energy‖, etc.

b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with ―atomic‖, such as ―suffering, kil ling, death, horror", et

c.

c. To a student of nuclear physics, ―atomic‖ might be associated with ―mystery, science, knowledge‖, etc.

10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)

articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)

gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)

rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)

fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)

mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)

cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]

calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE]

rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]

hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]

+MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]

chicken [-HUMAN

【

Polysemy

3.A word develops its meaning through the process of either radiation or concatenation, and in many cases, of both.

Radiation is a semantic process which which shows that the primary meaning and each of the derived meanings are directly connected.

Concatenation is a semantic process which which shows that the primary meaning gives birth to a second meaning and this second meaning in turn gives birth to a third meaning and so on. Each of the drived meanings is related only to the the previous meaning and there is no direct connection between the primary meaning to the latest developed meaning.

4

Homonymy

1.Homonyms fall into three types: (1) pefect homonyms, (2)homographs, (3)homonphones.

Homonyms of type(1) are words with the same spelling and pronunciation, e.g. bank(银

行)—bank(岸)；

words (2) are words with the same spelling but different prouunciation, e.g. bow/ ?u /(n. 弓)—bow/

au /(v.鞠躬)；

words (3) are words with the same prouunciation but different, spelling, e.g. found/ f ?u nd /(v.建

立)—found/ faund /(past form of find v.发现) , ad/ ?d /--add/ ?d / and so on.

4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means ―have enough money for one’s needs‖. Here the butcher cleverly uses th e pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If

they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.

2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.

3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since ―a cannon ball took off his legs‖, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he ―laid down his arms‖, which means ―surrender‖. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.

Synonymy

3. avaricious: greedy

courteously: politely

emancipate: set free

customary: usual

width: breadth

adversary: opponent

gullible: deceived

remainder: residue

innocent: sinless

obstacle: obstruction

vexation: annoyance

5. a. identifiable b. safety

c. motivates

d. delicate

e. surroundings

f. artificial

g. prestige h. perspire

i. accomplishment j. silent

k. impressive l. evaporate

6. run move spin

turn whirl roll

7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. ripe

d. mature

e. effective

f. efficient

g. fatigued, children h. tired, kids

i. declined j. refused k. rancid

l. addled m. Penalties n. fines

o. rebuked p. accused

Antonymy

5. a. similar/same b. safe

c. sharp/ smart

d. send

e. stingy/ selfish h. simple

f. significant/sensible i. sure

g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth

j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy

k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber

m. subjective

n. sob/ scowl

6. a. old-fashioned b. completely

c. moisture

d. special

e. essential

f. similarity

g. innocent h. rigid

i. loosen j. clarity

k. deserted l. fruitful

m. peremptory n. depressed

o. indifferent

7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—follies

c. haste—leisure

d. penny—pound, wise—foolish

e. speech—silence

f. absence—presence

g. admonish—praise i. wise men—fools

h. young—old private—public saint—devil

j. mind—body k. foul—fair

l. danger—security m. deliberate--prompt

n. children—parents o. bully—coward

p. head—tail

8.right—wrong single—return

dry—sweet hard—easy

strong—faint rough—calm

light—dark cold—warm

high—low/deep

Hyponymy

3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bed

matter: liquid, gas, solid

meat: pork, beef, mutton

go: run, fly, walk

4. profession workplace

surgeon: clinic, hospital

plumber: house, building

lawyer: office, law courts

mechanic: garage

photographer: studio

foreman: worksite, factory

5.

6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.

In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better. Semantic field

1. Semantic fields refer to sets of words which are semantically related. Take the Semantic field

Of ―fruits‖ as example in which apple, pear, peach, apricot, date, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon, etc are Semantically related.

2.The meaning of a word does not exist in the wors itself, but spreads over the neighbouring words, because the neighbouring words words identify the semantic field and help pin down thew meaning. For example, orange doesn’t mean anything until we put it in a particular field. In the set orange, red, bule, yellow, orange is a kind of colour; in the set orange, apple, pear, peach, orange is kind of fruit; in the set orange,coke, pepsi, sprite is kind of drink

3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.

【Chapter 7】

4. 1) extension 2) extension

3) narrowing 4) degradation

5) elevation 6) narrowing

7) extension 8) extension

9) narrowing 10) elevation

11) narrowing 12) degradation

13) degradation 14) degradation

5. a. associated transfer

b. abstract to concrete

c. abstract to concrete

d. abstract to concrete

e. abstract to concrete

f. abstract of concrete

g. associated transfer

h. associated transfer

i. synesthesia

j. synesthesia

6. a. objective b. subjective, objective

c. objective

d. subjective

e. subjective

f. subjective

g. subjective h. subjective, objective

7. a. die b. graveyard

c. bedlam疯人院

d. old people

e. strike

f. Policeman

g. stupid pupil h. poor people

i. toilet j. fat person

k. unemployed mother

【Chapter 8】

2. a. to repair

b. measurement and determination of one’s position

c. predicament

d. injection

a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)

b. the theatre or acting as a profession

c. a particular point or period in a process of development

d. to plan, arrange and carry out

a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or

harmony

b. conversation

c. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)

3. a. synonym

b. explanation/ definition

c. antonym

d. example

e. relevant details

f. relevant details

g. relevant details

4. a. stop people drinking

stop drinking by themselves

b. a stone house which is big

a house built of big stones

c. a picture possessed by Betty

a photograph of Betty

d. aunts who are visiting

paying a visit to aunts

e. take Jane as his wife

preside over Jane’s wedding

f. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its the

thing it aims at

an object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him

【Chapter 9】

6. a—2) b—9) c—3)

d—6) e—1) f—8)

g—5) h—4) i—7)

j—10)

7. a. stand out against

b. approve of

c. get … over with

d. looking into

e. come up with

f. comply with

g. cashed in on

h. go without

i. to profit by / from

j. dut down …to

8. a cool cat = a really calm person

blow one's stack = lose control over oneself

fly off the handle = become excessively angry

what's more = furthermore

get away with = commit an illegitimate act without penalty

of course = naturally

get on = get old

pepper and salt = grey (hair)

make up for = compensate for

lost time = time wasted

take it easy = relax, not worry

get up = rise from bed

turn in = go into bed

take care of = manage or look after

like a breeze = without effort or easily

time off = time for rest

get it made = be successful

this is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary

Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry.

Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.

9. a. ―Well, it's the old story of the stitch in t ime,‖ he said.

A stitch in time saves nine.

b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: ―Too many

cooks, better let me.‖

Too many cooks spoil the broth.

c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every

pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.

have a finger in the pie

d. I’m thinking of putting up a ―Silence is golden‖ placard in his offic

e. Nobody can hear

themselves think.

Speech is silver, silence is golden.

e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the

middle of a wheel.

wheel within wheels

f. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence,

because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.

make bricks without straw

10. wind and weather wheeling and dealing

waifs and strays town and gown

top and tail time after time

rules and regulations rise and fall

rags and tatters puff and blow

pick and shovel peace and quiet

over and above one and only

off and on neck and neck

shoulder to shoulder moan and groan

milk and water man and beast

11. a. 好奇伤身。

b. 闻声知鸟。／闻言知人。

c. 种瓜得瓜。／种豆得豆。

d. 美貌只是一层皮。／不可以貌取人。

e. 良药苦口。

f. 谨慎是安全之本。

g. 子为人之父。／从小看大。

h. 不满是前进的第一步。／不满就是进步的开始

i. 入乡随俗。

j. 吃一堑，长一智。

k. 烈火试真金，逆境炼意志。

【Chapter 10】

14.draft (AmE)—draught (BrE)

gaol (BrE)—jail (AmE)

aesthetic (BrE)—esthetic (AmE)

check (AmE)—cheque (BrE)

travel (AmE)—travell (BrE)

catalog (AmE)—catalogue (BrE)

16. subway (AmE) = underground/ tube (BrE)

subway (BrE): underground passage way across a road

public school (AmE) = private school (BrE esp. boarding school)

17. The information can be found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p590.

18. The expressions can be found in Language Notes entitled Thanks in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p1097.

19. The information can be found in Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995 Britain; 2000 上海外语教育出版社)。

rich: ◆◆◆◆◇ = belonging to 1200

wealthy: ◆◆◇◇◇= belonging to 3200

affluent: ◆◇◇◇◇= belonging to 8100

These words can not be used interchangeably because they differ in intensity of meaning, in range of meaning and in formality. Generally the higher the frequency of use, the more common it is. Comparatively, affluent is the most formal, strongest and most infrequently-used word.

20. dull has 9 meanings; 5 synonyms; 4 antonyms; 6 superordinates (CCED 1987, p439)

21. blurt has two meanings, for meaning 1, the information given in the Extra Column is: V + O/REPORT-CL/QUOTE + A(out), or V + QUOTE; ≠bottle up. That means blurt is a verb followed by object or object clause, or by direct quote (直接引语) followed by adverbial out; its antonym is bottle up.

For meaning 2, we find: V + O/REPORT/QUOTE + A (out).

22. on an empty stomach = Route to find information: empty (key word) →empty stomach →EAT 12 (EAT has 14 meanings), meaning without having eaten anything.

corporal punishment = Route to find information: punishment →corporal punishment, meaning punishment by hitting usually with a stick.

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