2012海文考研英语语法讲义

2012考研英语基础班语法讲义

一：考研语法重要性

考研语法是解决各个题型的一个基础所在。

（2002 年阅读）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.

二：考研语法的实质——破解长难句

三：如何有效破解——通过一套完整的拆分信号，而这套信号就是我们在这次语法课程当中讲到的考研语法体系。

This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

看到这句是不是有些稍许的茫然

This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion.

看到这句心里边升起了光明的一线

This trend began during the secondWorldWar.

再看这句，人生变的色彩斑斓

This trend began.

这句一看，所有的疑问便烟消云散。

以上的那个句子经过层层的抽丝剥剥茧，达到了以下的最精炼的一个呈现。达到这样的境界的话，你能第一时间抓住句子的主干，从而提高理解的速度和精度。

四：语法体系的内容

在总结了近十年的考频之后，我们得出了如下一个考研语法的重难点即：三个从句、三个非谓语、四个特殊结构。

三个从句包括：名词性从句、形容词性从句、状语从句

三个非谓包括：分词、不定式、动名词

四个特殊结构包括省略、比较、倒装、分割

这三大类别中的十个点就组成了我们这套语法体系。这些概念听起来似乎抽象，但学完之后你就会发现，它们会友好的融入你身体的一部分，成为帮助你理解句子的助手。

五、考研语法内容详解

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（一）基本概念

1：句子成分的概念

句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“ ”的部分是主干部分。例：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates.

2：两个简单句及其扩展的介绍：

主语+谓语+宾语

主语+系动词+表语

注：其实所有的句子都是在这两个句子的基础之上通过重组、叠加变复杂的。

I (主语)+love(谓语)+you（宾语）

主语的扩展：

I, full of creativity and imagination, love you.

I, the most considerate and handsome boy in the world, love you.

I who is the most considerate and handsome boy in the world love you.

谓语的扩展

I love you with heart and soul.

I love you more than I can say.

I love you, willing to do everything for you.

宾语的扩展

I love you , the smartest girl in the world.

I love you who is the smartest girl in the world.

句型拓展图

3.复合句的概念：

以上给大家介绍了两组简单句及其扩展，其实所谓简单句就是句子中只有一个独立的谓

语动词。与简单句相对立的概念是复合句。复合句说的更直白一些就是通过连词把各个分句连接起来，包括并列复合句和主从复合句。并列复合句是指通过and, or, but 等连词连接起来

的句子，分句间的关系是平等的。而主从复合句指的是由that, which,how,whether 等连接起来的句子。

—1—，（2）主（3）+ 谓+ （5）宾（6），—7—

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（二）名词以及名词性从句

1.（1）名词的语法功能：主语、宾语、表语、同位语

（2）各种名词性形式

主语的部分可以有如下变形：名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-主语从句

宾语的部分可以有如下变形：名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-宾语从句

表语的部分有如下变形：名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-表语从句

同位语部分可以有如下变形：名词-名词词组-同位语从句

2.动名词与不定式

（1）概念：由动词转换而来，可是不能再担当独立的谓语，但是保留部分动词的特征（2）结构：也就说它长的啥模样：

a、动名词：动词+ing

b、不定式：to+动词原形

（3）动名词做主语

Getting enough vitamins is essential to life.

Really using a language is not an easy task.

(2005.49) Creating a “European Identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions

which go to make up the connecting fabric (组织) of the Old Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task

and demands a strategic choice.

（4）不定式做主语

To err is human; to forgive, divine.

It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. （5）动名词与不定式做宾语

(2003Text1) The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other

gentlemen’s e-mail.

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（1997Text2）It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on

the part of the settlers.

(2004 完形) All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a

criminal act.

3.名词性从句：

（1）概念：主语、宾语、表语、还有同位语这几个部分终极复杂的变化就是变成一个从句来承担相应的成分。

例句展示：

a. 主语以及主语从句

The reasons are clear now.

Why he murdered his wife is clear now.

( 2005Text2)But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global

warming seriously.

b. 宾语以及宾语从句

He has made clear the facts.

He has made clear what they had done yesterday.

c. 表语以及表语从句

It is a question.

The discussion is whether the book is worth reading.

d. 同位语以及同位语从句

We found out the murderer, Tom.

We found out the fact that he was killed.

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months

old.

（2）名词性从句检测：

名词性从句

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（1995翻译）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the

amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information.

（三）形容词以及形容词性从句

1. 形容词的语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。

She is beautiful.（形容词做表语）

We find the NETEM difficult.（形容词做宾语补足语）

The girl stood there, full of fear.（形容词短语做状语）

He is a handsome boy. （形容词做定语）He is a boy who is handsome.（从句做定语）2.定语从句详解：

（1）定语从句的构成

该从句基本构成是：先行词（被修饰的名词）+关系词（引导词）

（2）定语从句的类别

从修饰的语义紧密与否的角度可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，其实从

结构上来看就是看被修饰的词与后面的引导词之间是不是有一个逗号隔开。例如以下这句。He studies hard at school when he was young, which contributes to his success in later life.

（3）相关引导词

定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词两种

a.关系代词：that 引导、which 引导、who 引导、whom 引导、whose 引导。

(2005.49) Creating a “European Identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions

which go to make up the connecting fabric (组织) of the Old Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task

and demands a strategic choice.

Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (模式) into which

they plug (嵌入，套入) each day’s events.

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b．关系副词引导的定语从句：when 引导、where 引导、why 引导、whereby 引导。

The day when we stop learning is the day when we die.

Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.

c. as 引导的定语从句：

as 引导限定性定语从句的条件：

如所修饰的名词前有such、the same、as出现，后面的从句将由as引导。

例如：He’ll repeat such question as are discussed in the book.

Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.

They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.

as 引导非限定性定语从句：

as引导非限定性定语从句和which相似，往往指代一整句话。不过位置相对来说比较灵活。可以位于句前，句中、或句末。

(1997Text2)As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals,

assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.

作文常用句型：

As is shown in the pictures,…

As is seen from the chart, …

As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon above,…

4.分词详解

（1）分词的类别：可分为现在分词，过去分词

a.现在分词

b.过去分词

（2）分词的语法功能

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a. 分词做定语：

We are often attracted by enchanting music.

再来看一个例句：

（2006Text4）After all, what is one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated

to depicting happiness?

（2003 年63 题）The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural

perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and

distinctly important social science.

b.分词做状语：

*Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.

再看这一句，

Given more time, I would be able to complete it.

(2004. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, whorf developed the

idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

独立主格结构

独立主格结构的实质就是分词的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致了。

a.名词+分词

Time permitting, we are going to Beijing Botanical Garden.

b.介词+名词+分词

A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust. (排气管)

c.副词+分词

Generally speaking, he is an honest person.

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分词检测题

（1999Text1）Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning

labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

(1999Text3)But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the right way to

go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having

a jo

b or not.

（四）副词性从句

类别：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。

（2004，48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the

solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the

factual aspects of those problems.

1．时间状语从句。

常用引导词：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as; the moment, the minute,

the day everytime; no sonner ...than..., hardly...when, scarcely ...when.

a. 连词引导词when , while, until

(2008Text1)Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. (1999Text1)A football player was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.

(1994Text2)While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too.

not...until 结构的四种句式:

正常句式

倒装句式

Until 位于句首

强调句式

译文：直到……才

（2002年完形）As was discussed before, it was not ___ the 19th century that the newspaper

became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet (小册子) and

the book and in the company of the periodical (期刊).

A. after

B. by

C. during

D. until

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b. 短语引导词

(2005text3)As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream.

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

c. 时间名词引导词

The baby starts crying the minute he sees his father.

(2004text 1) Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.

d. 检测题：

Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below

one part in one million. （2005 完形）

Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that American’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of

working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.(2004 年阅读)

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of

thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

2.让步状语从句

(1)Though 系列：

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常见的引导让步状语从句的连词有though, although, even though 和even if。

(1999passage4)The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although

some details have not been settled.

(2007Text2)The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even

though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.

检测题：

And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the

powerless and environmental destruction.(1998passage1)

(2)While 系列

示例：

Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a

significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, ____ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their

lives around. (2006)

A. when

B. once

C. while

D. whereas

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ____

others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.

A. when

B. since

C. for

D. whereas

(3)No matter 系列

具体例子：

No matter what happens, he will not change his mind.

No matter who breaks the law, he will get punished.

它们都可以转换成：

难点：

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No matter how complicated the problems may seem to be, he always finds ways to solve them.

同样地：

However farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years

to come they may be regarded as normal.

(4)as 系列

a.形容词/副词/分词/名词（无冠词）/短语+as+主语+谓语动词

b.动词原形+as+主语+助动词（may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did）

第一类：

Although he was a king, he was unhappy.

Although he is a child, he knows to help others.

Though he is young, he already knows what career to go into.

Though it sounds stupid, everybody show no objection to it.

Although it is raining hard, I’m going out for a walk.

Although we were surrounded by the enemy, we managed to march forward.

Although he was munching the apple, he had got an eye for all John’s movement. Although they tried hard, they couldn’t make her change her mind.

以上句子可以分别转换成：

第二类：

Although you may object, I’ll go.

Although he might try, he couldn’t solve the problem.

Although they would search, they would find nobody in the house.

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检测题：

, she often behaves like a child.

A. As old is she

B. As old she is

C. Old as is she

D. Old as she is

, the postman kept on delivering our letters which we so much looked forward to.

A. Tired as he was

B. As he was tired

C. Tiring as he was

D. As tired he was

Much I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness.

A. that

B. as

C. although

D. what

3. 条件状语从句

(1) if 和unless

（）winter comes, can spring be far behind?

A man can’t ride your back （）it is bent.

(2) only if 和if only

only if 可以看作if 的加强版，表示“只有”，而if only 多用于虚拟，表示“要是......就好了”。

比如2000 年完形填空里就出现过这么个题：

He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus。（2000 年完形）

而if only 一般都这样出现：

If only I had another chance.

If only one had an unlimited supply of money!

(3) 短语引导词suppose/supposing (that), assuming (that), provided/providing (that), as (so)

long as等

So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.

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更多的例子：

Suppose/Supposing that it rains, can we play football indoors?

Farmers will have a good harvest, assuming the weather is favorable.

Provided/Providing we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.

检测题：

（1993 语法）You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting you don’t mind

night train.

A. provided

B. unless

C. though

D. until

（2002Text4）As long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the

doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten (加速) death.

4.原因状语从句

介词、连词和复合连词都可表示因果关系。

a.介词：Because of/due to/owing to

（） his carelessness we had an accident.

b.连词及复合连词

引导词：because; now that; seeing (that), now (that),considering (that), given (that)

____ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional

challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from

achieving success and knowing that their accomplishment are admired by others.(2003) A. If B. Although C. whereas D. Because

Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ___ it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.

其实，除了in that 还有很多复合连词也能引导原因状语从句，如now that; seeing (that), now

(that),considering (that), given (that)等。下面是例句，大家可以体会一下意思。

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Seeing that it’s raining hard, we’ll have to stay here for the night.

Seeing she is lawfully enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her. They did the job very well, considering that they had no experience.

Given that they are inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.

Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once. 检测：

Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior

they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal

behavior through interaction with others.（2004 完形）

A. before

B. unless

C. until

D. because

5.结果状语从句

常用引导词：so ...that; such ...that; so that; such that；从句位于主句之后。

And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in

the breakout of a new psychological disorder---kitichen rage.（2001 翻译）Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to

they are coming or going.

检测题：

(2004, 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well

studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir

of fabricating their data.

Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being

talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

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However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some

of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. (1996 翻译)

6.目的状语从句。

引导词：so that , in order that，从句中常含有may/might, shall/should, will/would, can/could 等。

so that 不仅能引导结果状语从句，也能引导目的状语从句，区别就是：引导目的状语从句时，

从句中常含有may/might, shall/should, will/would, can/could 等。

When two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe

what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.(2005text1)

再看其他例句：

Learn to subsist upon only one job so that you could have time to focus on other things that brings

your joy.

替换下面这种形式也是可以的：

Learn to subsist upon only one job in order that you could have time to focus on other things that

brings your joy.

检测题：

In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span. A

variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wan t

and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants

down. （2003.35）

A. if only

B. now that

C. so that

D. even if

Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm

"have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their

potential.(2003text4)

7.地点状语从句。

Where 可以引导时间状语从句，wherever, anywhere, everywhere 也可以引导。

Where there is a will, there is a way.

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The credit card may cash money wherever he wishes to.( 1994passage2) Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival.(1998passage2) 8.方式状语从句

引导词主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way 等。

Work like you don’t need money, love like you’ve never been hurt, and dance like nobody’s

watching.

Prepare for the NETEM like you’ve got only one chance a lifetime.

Do as the Romans do when in Rome. Do it the way you like.

（五）特殊结构

1.省略结构：

And 省略要学会

It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

（2002 翻译）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,

and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

检测：

（1995Text3）As families move away from their stable community , their friends of many years,

their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the

confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

状语省略要清晰

Though still distant, the prospects for passing the exam become bright.

When published, the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year. Although hard-working, he couldn't earn enough to support himself.

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2.比较结构

As…as…要记牢

(1999.71) There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians. (2005.46) Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as

in the recent events in Europe.

(1994.74) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of

genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. Than的比较结构要分清

more...than...；less...than...；no more ...than...；no less ...than...

The population in America is smaller than that in China.

Michelle Obama is less beautiful than intelligent.

She is no more intelligent than her sister.

She is no less intelligent than her sister.

The present crisis is no more an economic crisis than a political crisis.

she is no less beautiful than intelligent。

真题示例：

The “failed” experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately

“works”.

Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments than on the preparedness of the minds of

the men who watch the experiments.

(2006.49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity,

any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of

conduct in business.

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3、倒装结构

否定词位于句首;only位于句首的倒装；if从句省略倒装；为强调而构成的倒装。

否定词位于句首

He did not realize that he had forgotten to attend the conference until he got home. It is by no means a simple task for a human。

At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use or menace to use nuclear

weapons.

only位于句首

Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this

effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.（2009）if虚拟条件句省略倒装

If I were the president of America, I would make more efforts to enhance Sino-US realtions.

If the internet had been invented at that time,Wild Bill Donovan would have loved it.(2003年)

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup

tournaments, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.（2007年真题第一篇首句）

For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not

tell how able an

underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

(1995，75)

为强调而构成的倒装

At the core of this debate was chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in

1992.（1997, passage 4）

Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to

geologists as hot spots. (1998passage 5)

4、分割结构

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(2003，65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics,

is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and

understanding.

其他成分介入中间

His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as

obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006.47)

成分顺序被调整

I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the

activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2006,46)

2008，48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his

critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

四：长难句综合分析：

（一）长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。（二）五个拆分信号：

那么，我们该如何进行拆分呢？其实，我们讲过的语法体系，就是我们进行拆分的信号所在。按照从宏观到微观的过程，我们这些信号可以利用。

a.标点符号：

b. 连词：并列句的并列连词and, or, but, yet, for；从句的从属连词which, that, when, if 等。

c.介词：

d. 不定式符号to：

e. 分词：

（三）长难句分析

20

1.(1999翻译) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only

the external and

internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with

specific techniques.

2.(1995Text3)As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years,

their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the

confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable

3.(2005翻译) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive

in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less

than 50% took a loss in 1989.

4.(1996Text3)Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the

numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing

irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally

detached from the responsible management of business.

5.(2001翻译) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be

the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic

human before the end of the next century.”

6.(2008年Text4)Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after

observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong

opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. 7．（2008年完形）He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial

cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

21

8．A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.

9. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America,

disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators

will act if

firms fail to provide adequate data security.

10.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust , that most valuable of economic

assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to

destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.（2007Text4）

11.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its

advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem

today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (2000passage3)

12.（2001Text4）I have discovered , as perhaps Kelsey will after her much –publicized resignation

from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling

your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards

than financial success and social status.

22

考研英语语法基础班讲义—附录（长难句释义）

一：考研语法重要性

（2002 年阅读）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern

hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.

释义：强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。

二：考研语法的实质——破解长难句

三：如何有效破解

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

释义：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家政府得出这样的结论：具体的要求通常是无法具体地预见到的。

四：语法体系的内容

五、考研语法体系详解

（一）基本概念

（二）名词以及名词性从句

1.名词

2.动名词与不定式

(2005.49) Creating a “European Identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which

go to make up the connecting fabric (组织) of the Old Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task and

demands a strategic choice.

释义：创造一种能够尊重不同文化与传统的欧洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情，而这些文化传统将会成为维系旧大陆的基础结构。这需要一种战略性的选择。

(2003Text1) The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s

e-mail.

释义：最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题。

（1997Text2）It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the

part of the settlers.

释义：对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。

(2004 完形) All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a

23

criminal act.

释义：所有这一切都会增加儿童犯罪的可能性。

3.名词性的从句：

( 2005Text2)But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global

warming seriously.

释义：很显然，大多数总统顾问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖这个问题。

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

释义：有证据显示，六个月大的婴儿能够识别特定的语音。

（1995翻译）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the

amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information.

释义：这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

（三）形容词以及形容词性从句

1. 形容词的语法功能

2.定语从句详解：

Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (模式) into which they

plug (嵌入，套入) each day’s events.

释义：多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。

Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future. 释义：文学是一个殿堂，在那里，过去与未来想衔接，为的是更好的思考未来。

as 引导的定语从句：

(1997Text2)As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural

signals,

assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.

释义：同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。

4.分词详解

（2006Text4）After all, what is one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to

depicting happiness?

释义：归根结底，几乎完全致力于描写快乐的那种现代表现方式是什么呢?

（2003 年63 题）The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a

cross-cultural

perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and

distinctly important social science.

24

释义：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去与现在的文化时采用的跨文化视角，这使人类学研究成为一门独特而且非常重要的社会科学。

(2004. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, whorf developed the idea

that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

释义：沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯性思维的结构。

（1999Text1）Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,

trying to anticipate every possible accident.

释义：公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。

(1999Text3)But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the right way to go

since well developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a

job or not.

释义：但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。

（四）副词性从句

1．时间状语从句。

(2008Text1)Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

释义：压力面前，男性和女性显示出不同的倾向。

(1999Text1)A football player was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. 释义：一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪。

(1994Text2)While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages

for sellers too.

释义：计算机为消费者提供诸多方便的同时，也给商家带来很多优势。

Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part

in one million. （2005 完形）

释义：即使人类的气味被稀释到百万分之一以下，我们的鼻子也有能力觉察到这些气味Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that American’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of

working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. (2004 年阅读) 释义：即使在格林斯潘还未承认美国过热的经济正在冷却的时候，许许多多的劳动者已经看出经济渐缓的迹象。

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of

thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could

be.(2004, 61)

释义：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

2.让步状语从句

25

(1999passage4)The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some

details have not been settled.

释义：随后，该小组非正式地接受了几条一般的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。

(2007Text2)The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even

though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.

释义：人类有关智力的定义性术语似乎仍然是智商分数，即使人们并不像以前那样经常进行智商测试。

And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the

powerless and environmental destruction.(1998passage1)

释义：尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。

3. 条件状语从句

（2002Text4）As long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor

has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten (加速) death. 释义：只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。

4.原因状语从句

5.结果状语从句

And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in

the breakout of a new psychological disorder---kitichen rage.（2001 翻译）

释义：家用电器将变的如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们将会导致/引发一种新的精神疾病的爆发---厨房狂躁症。

Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether

they are coming or going.

释义：外交官和螃蟹的行为方式如此之像，以至于无法判断他们到底是向前走还是往后退。(2004, 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well

studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir

of fabricating their data.

释义：这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。

However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of

the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. (1996 翻译)

释义：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言无法解决世界上一些更加引人入胜和令人高兴的问题。

6.目的状语从句。

(2005text1) When two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each

26

could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly

different.

释义：但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

(2003text4)Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and

infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize

their potential.

释义：据说，科罗拉多州前州长理查德拉姆曾经说，老年多病者“有责任死去和让位”，以·让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。

7.地点状语从句。

( 1994passage2)The credit card may cash money wherever he wishes to.

释义：信用卡可以让他们随时随地取现。

(1998passage2)Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. 释义：在美国任何地方，你都可以听到企业复苏的神话。

8.方式状语从句

Work like you don’t need money, love like you’ve never been hurt, and dance like nobody’s

watching.

释义：干活吧，像不需要钱一样去爱吧，像不曾受过一次伤一样跳舞吧，像没有人欣赏一样。

（五）特殊结构

1.省略结构：

（2003Text4）It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California

optional.

释义：据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。（2002 翻译）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,

and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

释义：)(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟

一方式可能也随之受到排斥

（1995Text3）As families move away from their stable community , their friends of many years,

their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the

confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

释义：随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。

2.比较结构

27

(1999.71) There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians. 释义：不同的历史学家对于历史有不同的定语。

(2005.46) Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as

in the recent events in Europe.

释义：电视从未像近期的欧洲事件中那样把不同的国家和民族联系在一起。

(1994.74) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of

genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 释义：他们说科学之所以向前发展与其说是因为天才伟人的洞察力，还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。

The “failed” experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately

“works”.

释义：失败了的试验和最终成功的试验一样都是整个过程的组成部分。

(1995 passage5)Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments than on the preparedness

of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.

释义：在实践中，科学与其说是依靠有准备的实验，不如说依靠观察实验者的有准备的头脑。(2006.49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity,

any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration

考研英语语法大全———自己总结

考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后， 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：

即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时； 在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 （三）时态详解 16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。

英语语法练习题

英语语法练习题（一） Part I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given word in the brackets. (20%) 1. This pair of trousers ____________ (cost) fifty yuan. 2. All their belongs, together with the remains of torn-up newspapers, _________ (lie) scattered over the carpets. 3. The class _________ (be) taking notes, their pens scribing quickly over their exercise books. 4. John, rather than his roommates, ___________ (be) to blame. 5. It’s high time that we _________ (have) a rest. 6. When she ___________ (arrive) I ___________ (telephone) Harry. (= She arrived during my telephone call.) 7. I wouldn’t object to ___________ (ask) some questions. 8. It is recommended that the work ___________ (not start) until all the preparations have been made. 9. I didn’t mean ___________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ________ (try) one. 10. A President’s power is very strong. He is the most _________ (power) executive in t he nation. 11. What _____________ (happen) if they can’t reach an agreement? 12. If we ___________ (catch) the 10 o’clock train, we _________ (get) there by lunch time. 13. What is __________ (funny) joke you have ever heard? 14. It’s _________ (pr etty) well impossible to travel over these mountains. 15. Unreliable delivery dates are one of the most important obstacles to ____________ (increase) our exports. 16. Lee __________ (learn) English for several years, and at last he _________ (master) the irregular verbs. 17. It’s the first time I __________ (explain) this particular aspect of grammar. 18. This time tomorrow everyone __________ (read) of your success, and all sorts of people __________ (ring) up to congratulate you.

考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】

考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】 1. —How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? —Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 3. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 4. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 5. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 6. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 7. ________ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.

实用英语语法训练

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