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Chapter13 Chinese handicrafts文本版

Chapter13 Chinese handicrafts文本版
Chapter13 Chinese handicrafts文本版

Chapter 13 Chinese handicrafts

Handmade crafts folk in China has a long history.It is the treasure of Chinese culture and art.It is famous for its long history, exquisite skill and various categories all over the world.For thousands of years, traditional handicraft products is one of the symbols of major characteristic industry of the Chinese nation. The traditional handicraft is not only the cultural work of art, but also the daily living goods, which is closely related to the people's life.

Folk arts and crafts refer to arts and crafts goods made to meet the needs of life and aesthetic requirements. There are a variety of handicrafts such as Songjin, bamboo, straw, handmade embroidery, blue calico, batik, hand carved, umbrella, clay sculpture, paper cutting, the folk toys, etc. Because of differences between regions and nations as well as social history, customs and habits, geographical environment, aesthetic point of view, handicrafts of all regions have different characteristics.They fully show the style and charm of the Chinese arts and crafts.

Here we will share with you several famous folk handicrafts: Chinese knot, shadow play, paper-cut and stone lion.

13.1 Chinese Paper-Cut

13.1.1 Brief introduction

Chinese paper cutting is rich in content from the animals and plants to the vividly daily life scenes. Some of them even are created into a series to telling you an interesting Chinese mystique. Some are cut into many creatures in the world on one sheet with great imagination.

13.1.2 Origin and History

According to the unearthed relics, paper cutting appeared during the Northern Dynasty (386 A.D. - 581 A .D.) at least. Hence, it has the history more than 1,500 years.

At first, Paper cutting was only popular among the countryside, and the masters

were farmwives. They might do it for their whole lives from teenagers to the grey hairs, creating hundreds of vivid pieces.

Today, the art has developed into art forms that can fully represent Chinese traditional folk culture. As the paper cutting combines many folk art forms such as painting and cutting, it can serve as the window for one who wants to know the traditional Chinese folk art.

13.1.3 Papercuts in different places

As a folk art, paper cutting has a strong local feature. Many places in China are famous for their featured paper cutting.

Shaanxi Province stresses the simplicity of the cutting. Wei County in Hebei Province and Guangling in Shanxi Province, for example, are well known for their dyed paper cutting, which is of the brilliant colors, and with the most famous pattern of the opera characters. The paper cutting of Nanjing in Jiangsu Province has the hidden refinement under the skin-deep roughness. As to the paper cutting of Foshan in Guangdong Province, it has the highly ornamental function for its various colors and pattern as well as the fine workmanship.

13.1.4 Categories

Paper cutting falls into the many categories according to their sticking places and functions. There are cutting for window, door, wall, and those for roof and light as well as for marriage and different festivals. Many of them are used during the New Year and marriage to add up the happy and auspicious atmosphere.

As to the Patterns, it has a distinctive usage. Pattern serves as a model to make other paper cuttings. Once a cutting is finished, it is fastened to a white sheet. Then place the sheet above the candle light to make the pattern appear on the sheet by smoking. By this simple way, the farmwives have passed down many valuable patterns.

Paper cutting requires rather simple tool that only consists of engraving knifes, scissor and papers but deft skill as well as experience and carefulness.

13.1.5 The implication of paper cutting

People find hope and comfort in expressing wishes with paper cuttings. For example: for a wedding ceremony, red paper cuttings are a traditional and required decoration on the tea set, the dressing table glass, and on other furniture. A big red paper character 'Xi' (happiness) is a traditional must on the newlywed's door. Upon the birthday party of a senior, the character 'Shou' represents longevity and will add delight to the whole celebration; while a pattern of plump children cuddling fish signifies that every year they will be abundant in wealth.

13.2 Embroidery

13.2.1 Xiang Embroidery

Xiang embroidery is well known for its time-honored history, excellent craftsmanship and unique style. The earliest piece of Xiang embroidery was unearthed at the No 1 Tomb of Mawangdui, Changsha City of the Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220). The weaving technique was almost the same as the one used in modern times, which demonstrated that embroidery had already existed in the Han Dynasty. In its later development, Xiang Embroidery absorbed the characteristics of traditional Chinese paintings and formed its own unique characteristics. Xiang embroidery experienced its heyday at the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and in the early Republic of China (early 20th century), even surpassing Su embroidery. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xiang embroidery was further improved and developed to a new level.

Xiang embroidery uses pure silk, hard satin, soft satin and nylon as its material, which is connected with colorful silk threads. Absorbing the spirit of Chinese paintings, the embroidery reaches a high artistic level. Xiang embroidery crafts include valuable works of art, as well as materials for daily use.

13.2.2 Shu Embroidery

Also called Chuan embroidery, Shu embroidery is the general name for embroidery products in areas around Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Shu embroidery enjoys a long history. As early as the Han Dynasty, Shu embroidery was already famous. The central government even designated an office in this area for its

administration. During the Five Dynasties and Ten States periods (907-960), a peaceful society and large demand provided advanced conditions for the rapid development of the Shu Embroidery industry. Shu embroidery experienced its peak development in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), ranking first in both production and excellence. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, the Shu embroidery industry was formed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Shu embroidery factories were set up and the craft entered a new phase of development, using innovative techniques and a larger variety of forms.

Originating among the folk people in the west of Sichuan Province, Shu embroidery formed its own unique characteristics: smooth, bright, neat and influenced by the geographical environment, customs and cultures. The works incorporated flowers, leaves, animals, mountains, rivers and human figures as their themes. Altogether, there are 122 approaches in 12 categories for weaving. The craftsmanship of Shu embroidery involves a combination of fine arts, aesthetics and practical uses, such as the facings of quits, pillowcases, coats, shoots and screen covers.

13.2.3 Yue Embroidery

Also called Guang embroidery, Yue embroidery is a general name for embroidery products of the regions of Guangzhou, Shantou, Zhongshan, Fanyu and Shunde in Guangdong Province. According to historical records, in the first year of Yongyuan's reign (805) during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), a girl named Lu Meiniang embroidered the seventh volume of the Fahua Buddhist Scripture on a piece of thin silk 30 cm long. And so, Yue embroidery became famous around the country. The prosperous Guangzhou Port of the Song Dynasty promoted the development of Yue embroidery, which began to be exported at that time. During the Qing Dynasty, people animal hair as the raw material for Yue embroidery, which made the works more vivid. During Qianlong's reign (1736-1796) of the Qing, an industrial organization was established in Guangzhou. At that time, a large number of craftsmen devoted themselves to the craft, inciting further improvements to the weaving technique. Since 1915, the work of Yue embroidery garnered several awards at the

Panama Expo.

Influenced by national folk art, Yue embroidery formed its own unique characteristics. The embroidered pictures are mainly of dragons and phoenixes, and flowers and birds, with neat designs and strong, contrasting colors. Floss, thread and gold-and-silk thread embroidery are used to produce costumes, decorations for halls and crafts for daily use.

13.2.4 Su Embroidery

With a history of more than 3,000 years, Su embroidery is the general name for embroidery products in areas around Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. The craft, which dates back to the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280), became a sideline of people in the Suzhou area during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Well known for its smoothness and delicateness, Su embroidery won Suzhou the title City of Embroidery in the Qing Dynasty. In the mid and late Qing, Su embroidery experienced further developments involving works of double-sided embroidering. There were 65 embroidery stores in Suzhou City. During the Republic of China period (1912-1949), the Su embroidery industry was in decline due to frequent wars and it was restored and regenerated after the founding of new China. In 1950, the central government set up research centers for Su embroidery and launched training courses for the study of embroidery. Weaving methods have climbed from 18 to the present 40.

Su embroidery features a strong, folk flavor and its weaving techniques are characterized by the following: the product surface must be flat, the rim must be neat, the needle must be thin, the lines must be dense, the color must be harmonious and bright and the picture must be even. Su embroidery products fall into three major categories: costumes, decorations for halls and crafts for daily use, which integrate decorative and practical values. Double-sided embroidery is an excellent representative of Su embroidery.

13.3 Kite

13.3.1 Brief Introduction

Kites were invented by the Chinese people over 2000 years ago. About in the

12th century, Chinese kite spread to the West and oriental and Western kite culture was formed after years of development. In this process, the traditional culture integrated with the kite craft, and finally formed the kite culture with unique characteristics.

13.3.2 Origin&Development

Uses of kite have been changed several times in history. According to historical record, kite was first used in military. In the mid Tang Dynasty (618-907), in which the society was stable and peaceful, the use of kites was gradually changed from military to entertainment. With the innovation of papermaking, the raw material of kite changed from silk to paper. Kite became popular among civilians with a richer variety of forms and reached the peak point in the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Participated by the literary, the making and the decoration of kites underwent great development. Kite making became a profession due to the large demand.

The Ming (1368-1644) and Qing dynasties, was the peak period of the Chinese kite. The kites underwent great development in size, design, decoration and flying skills. Literators at that time made kite by themselves, and sent to relatives and friends as a gift, regarding it a literary pursuit. In recent years, kite flying has publicized as a sports activity as well as entertainment.

13.3.3 Creation Method

To make a kite, first, the right kind of bamboo strips must be selected for the frame. It should be thick and strong for a kite of large dimensions in order to stand the wind pressure. The regular paper or sometime silk is used to cover the frame. Silk kites, especially, are more durable and generally of higher artistic value. Third, painting the kite may be done in each way. Kites could be generally divided into two categories: the Hard Wing and the Soft Wing. The Hard Wing can endure more air pressure and competitively fly higher, whilst the latter can fly farther, although it can not fly as high. In patterns, besides the traditional ones of animals, birds, worms, fishes, new patterns of human images emerged in modern times.

13.3.4 Epilogue

China has a large area of territory. As a traditional culture and folk art, kite has formed unique style of different regions during its development, among which the most famous ones are the styles of Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang in Shangdong Province, Sichuan and Guangdong Province.

13.4 Cloisonné

13.4.1 Brief Introduction

The art of Jingtailan (Cloisonné) is a unique combination of sculpture, painting, porcelain making and copper-smithing that is said to have originated in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The oldest extant piece was made during the Yuan Dynasty, but Jingtailan underwent a major change during the Ming Dynasty when at about 1450 to 1456, a new blue pigment was discovered and gave Jingtailan its current name based on the Chinese word lan for blue. Ming Dynasty Jingtailan is also considered to be the most intricate. Nevertheless, Jingtailan reached its peak during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) due to great innovations in copper-melting techniques.

13.4.2 Classification

At present, Jingtailan is classified into two categories: Jingtailan and Flower-strip Jingtailan, each of which has several sub-varieties respectively.

13.4.3 Craftsmanship

The making of Jingtailan requires rather elaborate and complicated processes; base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering, enamel-filling, enamel-firing, polishing and gilding. The products are featured by excellent quality. The skill and workmanship have been handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Since the founding of new China, quite a number of new varieties have been created. It enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad with most of its products for export.

13.4.4 Characteristic & Practicability

All the products are beautiful and elegant in molding, brilliant and dazzling in colors and splendid and graceful in design. It is a famous local handicraft in Beijing region.

Jingtailan can be found on large objects such as vases and other large utensils and decorative items, as well as small items like earrings, bracelets, chopsticks or jars.

13.5 Chinese Stone Lion

13.5.1 Brief introduction

Stone lion is carved out of stone, which is the common ornament in Chinese traditional architecture, such as imperial palace, temple, Buddha pagoda, bridge, mausoleum, mansion, gardens and so on.

Generally, stone lion refers to the paired lions outside the gate; however, their appearances turn out to be the lions we are not familiar with. Maybe the most people in central plains of ancient China had never seen the real lion. There is another saying that the lion of ancient Western Region is distinctive from the ones of Africa.

13.5.2 Cultural meanings

It is said that the lion was introduced into China in Han Dynasty (206B.C. -220 A .D.) from the Western Region. In Chinese culture, lion is a mythical figure rather than a real animal. Together with Kylin, lion is regarded as the divine beast. After its introduction, lion gradually becamethe mascot outside the gate, for Chinese people think that lion can drive away the evil spirits.

Another saying of why take stone lion as the gate keeper is related to the pronunciation of stone lion (Shishi) in Chinese. Stone sounds like ‘Shi' in Chine se with the meaning of solid, and the second ‘Shi' referring to lion sounds similar to ‘Si', with the meaning of ‘to think about'. As the whole, stone lion has the moral that it is difficult to start and keep a business.

13.5.3 Stone lions in different dynasties

The appearances of different dynasties stones lions are distinctive. The ones of Han and Tang Dynasties are strong and dauntless, the thin but powerful ones are from Yuan Dynasty. As to the stone lions of Ming and Qing Dynasties, they appeared more meek and gentle. Besides, stone lions have the obvious local features. As a whole, the lions from the northern China are more decent and simple-carved, while the lions

from the South are more vivid and alive with many matching accessory sculptures. The stone lion usually is carved based on Xumizuo, a kind of architectural ornament frequently used as the base for decent building or carving. Most of lions have curly hairs.

13.5.4 Related to Yin and Yang philosophy

The location of the stone lion is settled in China. Generally, it should be a pair of lions with female in the right hand side and male the left according to Chinese traditional Yin and Yang philosophy. The female lion is usually carved to have a child lion between her paws, while the male lion is playing a ball with one paw. When people enter the building, the female lion should be at the left hand side and the male at the right.

However, there are the exceptions, such as the stone lions outside the Temple of Guan Yu in Jiayu Pass and the stone lions standing in front of the Confucian Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. One can see the famous stone lions before the Tian'anmen Rostrum, the Altar of Land and Grain in Zhongshan Park and Peking University as well as Lugou Bridge in Beijing.

13.6 Chinese knotting

Vocabulary Work

Chinese knotting中国结

Chinese New Year Festival 春节

decorative handicraft art 装饰性的手工艺品

Chinese folk art 中国民间艺术

Chinese knot decorations 中国结装饰品

Chinese knotting is a decorative handicraft art that began as a form of Chinese folk art in the Tang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China. It was later popularized in the Ming. The art is also referred to as Chinese traditional decorative knots.

Around the times of Chinese New Year Festival, you can see Chinese knot

decorations hanging on walls, doors of homes and shops as decorations to add some festival feel. Usually, these decorations are in red color, which traditional Chinese regards it as a color of "luck". Chinese knot have many different shapes.

13.6.1 Origin and History

In order not to forget important things, people invented Chinese knotting as a tool to remember them.It shows the fantastic wisdom and the cultural knowledge of ancient Chinese civilization; it is a metaphor of human reproduction from generation to generation. It is a complex and graceful curve, but it can be reduced to the simple 2-D lines. It is elegant and refined flavor, basic tools from the beginning of human life.

13.6.2 Types of different knottings

Double Coin knot

The shape of ancient Chinese coins like two semi-stacked format, named.

Button knot

It used to fasten clothing, named after its function.

Million characters knot

The knot body lines to as a symbol of Buddhism, named.

Cross knot

The two sides, one for a word, one for the Crusaders, it is known as Cross knot. Auspicious knot

It is on behalf of good luck and happiness to you and it will give you the most favorable wishes.

Auspicious became an extension of Cross knot,is also one of the oldest decorative knot, there are much auspicious meaningIt made simple, guitar-shaped appearance, besides,they change multiterminal and have very broad applications, when used alone, if the hoisting of heavy, guitar-shaped easy to become deformed, may be fixed amorphous plastic.

Ping knot

Ping knot is based on first-line or a dual axis, another line formed at both ends of the shuttle around the axis, Ping knot uses a wide range of thickness, can be used to connect the same string, It can be the preparation of bracelets,and other accessories.

13.7 shadow play

Vocabulary Work

shadow play皮影戏

shadow puppetry影子木偶

the Chaochow school of shadow puppet theatre潮州皮影

leather monkey shows皮猴戏

puppeteers皮影艺人

Shadow play or also known as shadow puppetry is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated figures (shadow puppets) to create the impression of moving humans and other three-dimensional objects.

A talented puppeteer can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh.

In China, shadow play is known as the representative art in Changsha, Hunan Province. And is popularized in Xiangtan county, Changsha county, Ningxiang county, Wangcheng district, Liuyang city, etc.. Influenced by the variety of environment and animal furs, shadow play roles were created with different tastes from place to place.

The key point of playing the shadow is singing skillfully and imitating remarkably. Also it needs to match with the music and the lamplight.

13.7.1 Brief introduction

The shadow puppet play, also called "shadow play", is a drama form in which the player holds the human figures that are engraved by the animal hides with colored paintings, and reflected on the curtain through the light, singing and dancing controlled by the player with the silk string, gongs and drums music, playing a series

of stories. It is widely spread in most regions in China, except Tibet and Xinjiang, with different styles of shadow puppet play in different places. However, the characters shaping and performance skills are all quite exquisite, with play themes including the Chinese ancient magic, myths, religions, monarchs, legal cases, wars, as well as talented scholars and pretty ladies, the secular life and etc.

Shadow play or also known as shadow puppetry is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated figures (shadow puppets) in front of an illuminated backdrop to create the impression of moving humans and other three-dimensional objects

13.7.2 Origin and History

The shadow puppet play with written records dated back to the Song Dynasty, and Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty had had the performance of shadow play yet. At that time, the shadow plays were divided into the shadow hand play, the shadow puppet play (including the shadow paper play), and the large shadow play. Many grand occasions of the performances had been recorded by the Song people. While in Yuan Dynasty, owning to the westward conquest by the Mongolia troops, the Chinese shadow plays were introduced into the Middle East, Arab, Turkey, Egypt, and other countries, and later brought to some East European countries. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contents and forms of the shadow plays had some new developments, thereby forming the various genres with local colors.

13.7.3 Propagate&Development

In Taiwan, shadow play developes from the Chaochow school of shadow puppet theatre,it is usually called leather monkey showsOlder puppeteers estimate that there were at least a hundred shadow puppet troupes in southern Taiwan in the closing years of the Qing. Traditionally, the 8 to 12-inch puppet figures, and the stage scenery and props such as furniture, natural scenery, pagodas, halls, and plants are all cut from leather.

The show began to spread to Europe in the mid-18th century, when French missionaries in China took it back to France in 1767 and put on performances in Paris

and Marseilles, causing quite a stir. In time, the Ombres chinoises (French for "Chinese Shadows") with local modification and embellishment, became the Ombres fran?aises and struck root in the country。

13.7.4 Technique of shadow play

A talented puppeteer can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh etc.The key point of playing the shadow is singing skillfully and imitating remarkably. Also it needs to match with the music and the lamplight.

13.7.5 Influnce

The principle and methods of shadow performance adopted by the shadow puppet played an important leading role in the invention of the modern movie and the development of the movies and cartoons. Nowadays, the Chinese shadow puppet plays have been collected by the museums of many countries in the world; meanwhile they are the best presents sent by the Chinese governmental leaders for their foreign counterparts.

EXERCISE

I. Translate the following Chinese words into English.

II. Explain the following words in English.

III. Answer the following questions.

实用类文本阅读新闻

实用类文本阅读——新闻 不管是那种文体的考察,都会涉及内容筛选整合、概括内容要点,分析重点词句含意等考点,在此,我们不就这些问题做细致分析,我们只就实用文本阅读中比较有文体特色的考题进行分析,旨在帮助同学们熟悉文体特征,把握更有针对性的答题思路。 范例一:10年广东卷(详见复习资料) 19. 请在画线部分任选两处,指出其所用修辞方法,并分析所用修辞方法在文中的表达效果。(4分) 20. 作者引用法拉第发现电磁感应现象的历史事实,在上下文中的作用是什么?请简要分析。(5分) 21. 文章标题“让法律来保护阳光”的含义是什么?作者是从哪个方面来论述的?(6分) 19【答案】①用拟人手法形象地表达出可再生能源没有被开发。②用反问手法强调了人类对可再生能源的不了解。③用排比句式突出新能源在推广过程中受到了的重重阻力。 【解析】本题考查品味精彩的语言表达艺术之修辞的能力。分析修辞方法需要我们把握常见修辞方法的基本特

征及作用。考生要熟悉常见修辞手法的判定,并能结合语句分析其表达效果。①处,“满肚子委屈”,把阳光当人来写,是拟人。②是反问。③句式相同,是排比。4分。第1句,拟人1分。赋予阳光、水等人的委屈情态,生动鲜明的表现了人们对新能源认识的局限。1分。第2句,反问1分。增强语气,再次强调应该正确认识并充分利用好新能源。1分。第3句,排比1分,增强气势,突出新能源发展受限制的现实原因。1分 启示:修辞手法只是一种表达的技巧,运用技巧的终极目的只有一个——那就是更好地为作者的观点(情感)服务!这也是我们在复习古诗鉴赏时一直强调的。 类题链接:20.这篇社论的语言具有强烈的冲击力,试从修辞的角度加以赏析。(5分) 【参考答案】①本文大量运用了排比的修辞手法。如“这种自由、这种平等、这种和平植根于美国的政体中”“我们将歌声献给爱和罗曼司、夜半的忧伤、落日时的帆影”等。 运用这些排比,加强了语势,强调了美利坚人民所拥有的自由、平等、和平的可贵,强化了人们的爱国感情。 ②运用了反复的修辞手法。如,“在这片国土上,在我们美利坚”反复出现,增强了语势,对“国家”“国土”等概念起到了强调作用。

建筑施工合同示范文本范文

建筑施工合同/示范文本/范文 发包人(全称): 承包人(全称): 依照《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》及其他有关法律、行政 法规,遵循平等、自愿、公平和诚实信用的原则,双方就本建筑工程施工事项协商一致, 订立本合同。 一、工程概况 工程名称: 工程地点: 工程内容: 工程立项批准文号: 资金来源:自筹 二、工程承包范围 承包范围:施工图内除合同约定的发包人分包项目外的全部土建工程、安装工程和预 埋工程的施工和竣工所需的劳务、材料、设备、施工机械和服务等全部内容(其中部分材 料和钢结构由发包人提供) 三、合同工期 开工日期:_____年____月___日(实际开工日期以发包人、监理人下达开工令为准); 竣工日期:_____年____月___日; 合同工期总日历天数:______天。 四、质量标准 工程质量标准:合格(其中主体为优质结构) 五、合同价款 金额(大写):________;预算价约计_______万元。 六、组成合同文件 本合同文件包括:

1、本合同协议书; 2、图纸; 双方有关工程的洽商、变更等书面协议或文件视为本合同的组成部分。 七、违约、索赔和争议 1、发包方、承包方应当共同遵守上述约定,如果一方违反约定给另一方造成经济损失,应当支付相应的赔偿; 2、本合同在履行过程中发生争议,由双方当事人协商解决或邀请第三方调解。协商或调解不成的,双方约定:向_____________仲裁委员会申请仲裁。 八、承包人向发包人承诺按照合同约定进行施工、竣工并在质量保修期内承担工程质量保修责任。 九、工程结算 1、工程竣工验收报告经发包方认可后____天内,承包方向发包方递交竣工结算报告及完整的结算资料,双方按照协议书约定的合同价款及专用条款约定的合同价调整内容,进行工程竣工结算。 2、办理工程价款竣工结算的一般公式为: 竣工结算工程款=预算(或概算)或合同价款+施工过程中预算或合同价款调整数额-预付及已结算工程价款-保修金。 3、发包人与承包人在建设工程承包合同中约定质量保证金,发包人从应付的工程款中预留,用以保证承包人在缺陷责任期内对建设工程出现的缺陷进行维修的资金,质量保证金为___________________________________元(人民币);¥:____________元(人民币)。 十、合同生效合同订立时间:__________年______月______日 1、合同订立地点:________________________。 2、本合同双方约定双方签字盖章后生效。在满足双方签订的《工程质量保修书》各项条款之规定并无任何纠纷后合同自行解除。 发包人: 法定代表人: _______年______月_____日

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