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一、名词解释。

（1）兴奋性：是指机体或组织对刺激发生反应的能力或特性。

（2）反射：是指在中枢神经系统的参与下，机体对刺激产生的规律性反应。

（3）反馈：由部分发出的信息反过来影响控制部分活动的过程称为反馈。

(4) 血液凝固：血液由流动的液体变为不能流动的凝胶状态的过程成为血液凝固，简称凝血。

（5）血清：血液凝固后，血凝块逐渐回缩，析出的淡黄色液体，成为血清。

（6）血浆：是沟通机体内、外环境的桥梁。

（7）心动周期：心房或心室每收缩和舒张一次所用的时间成为心动周期。

（8）搏出量：每侧心室每次收缩所射出的血量称为每搏排出量，简称搏出量。

（9）血压：是指血管内流动的血液对单位面积血管壁的侧压力。

二、简答题。

1）红细胞正常生成需要哪些条件？

A.红细胞的生成条件：

a.红骨髓的正常造血功能（前提条件）

b.足够的造血原料（蛋白质和铁）

c.必要的红细胞成熟因子（维生素B12和叶酸）

2）简述血液凝固的基本过程。

凝固酶原激活物形成、凝血酶形成、纤维蛋白原形成。

3）ABO血型系统是如何分型的？

ABO血型系统根据红细胞膜上A凝集原和B凝集原的有无和种类分为四型。

4）比较第一心音与第二心音的产生原因和特点。

项目第一心音第二心音

特点音调低，响度大持续时间长音调大，响度小，持续时间短

主要成因心室收缩，房室瓣关闭心室舒张，动脉瓣关闭标志意义心室收缩开始，反映心室肌收心室舒张开始，反映动脉血压高低

缩力强弱和房室瓣的功能和动脉瓣功能

5）简述微循环的血流通路及意义。

血流主要途径开放情况主要生理功能

直接通路通毛细血管经常开放保证静脉回流

迂回通路通真毛细血管交替开放进行物质交换

动-静脉短路通动-静脉吻分支必要时开放调节体温

6）简述减压反射的调节过程。

动脉血压升高→劲动脉窦窦神经主动脉

压力感受器（+）→（+）为兴奋（-）为抑制

主动脉弓神经传入冲动

a.心迷走中枢（+）→心迷走神经（+）

延髓 b.心交感神经（-）→心交感神经（-）→动脉血压下降

c.交感缩血管中枢（-）→交感缩血管神经（-）→血管舒张外周强力

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