微生物学重要名词解释(英英)

U11

Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen.

Immunoglobulins(抗体), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses and aiding in their destruction.

Antigen, any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An antigen may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells.

An epitope(表位), also known as antigenic determinant(抗原决定簇), is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. For example, the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen that an antibody binds to.

Haptens(半抗原) are small molecules that elicit(引出) an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself.

Immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex, is a molecule formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen. The bound antigen and antibody act as a unitary object, effectively an antigen of its own with a specific epitope.

Innate host resistance(先天性宿主抵抗力), compare to adaptive immunity

Endotoxin A toxin produced by certain bacteria and released upon destruction of the bacterial cell.

Exotoxin a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings.

Pathogenicity refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease (ie, harm the host). This ability represents a genetic component of the pathogen and the overt damage done to the host is a property of the host-pathogen interactions. Commensals(共栖) and opportunistic pathogens lack this inherent ability to cause disease.

Toxoid(类毒素) bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties,

typically immunogenicity, are maintained.

U10

Amensalism(偏害共栖), association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited(抑制) or destroyed and the other is unaffected.

Commensalism(偏利共栖), in ecology, is a class of relationships between two organisms where one organism benefits from the other without affecting it.

Compromised host, a patient with acquired or congenital(先天的)immunologic deficiency at increased risk for infectious disease complications.

Cooperation, the action or process of working together to the same end.

Mutualism(互利共栖), the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation.

Normal microbiota(正常微生物群), microorganisms that reside on the surface and deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa(口腔黏液膜), in the conjunctiva(结膜), and in the gastrointestinal(胃肠的) tracts of every human being.

Opportunistic pathogen/microorganism(条件致病微生物) organism that is capable of causing disease only when the host's resistance is lowered, for example, by otherdiseases or drugs.

Parasitism a form of living in which two organisms that are phylogenically different (unrelated) co-exist over a long period of time (usually for the lifetime of one of the individuals).

Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).

Symbiosis(from Greek σ?ν "together" and β?ωσι? "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species.

U9

Domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, empire, or regio) is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

Genus a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and

below family. In binomial nomenclature(命名), the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) the percentage of nitrogenous bases on a DNA molecule that are either guanine or cytosine (from a possibility of four different ones, also including adenine and thymine).

Polyphasic classification(多相分类)a consensus approach to bacterial systematics via more than one phase.

A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms where two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring (hybrids), typically using sexual reproduction.

Strain(biology), variants of plants, viruses or bacteria; or an inbred(选种产生的) animal used for experimental purposes.

Type strain is the strain, which was used when the species was described for the first time and which was selected by the author as the type strain. A strain designation including superscript T (e.g. B78T) shows the the strain is a type strain.

Chlamydia a very small parasitic bacterium that, like a virus, requires the biochemical mechanisms of another cell in order to reproduce. Bacteria of this type cause various diseases including trachoma(沙眼), psittacosis(鹦鹉热), and nonspecific urethritis(尿道炎).

The elementary body(EB原体)the nonreplicating infectious particle that is released when infected cells rupture(破裂).

The reticulate body(RB网状体) an intracytoplasmic(胞质内) form, highly involved in the process of replication and growth of these bacteria.

Chlamydiae exist as two stages: (1) infectious particles called elementary bodies and (2) intracytoplasmic, reproductive forms called reticulate bodies.

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam(β内酰胺) antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

Rickettsia(立克次氏体) a genus of nonmotile(不能动), Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic(可变形) bacteria that can present as cocci, rods, or thread-like.

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria. They are often called blue-green algae.

Heterocyst (异生胞) differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen fixation. The heterocysts function as the sites for nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions. They are formed in response to a lack of fixed nitrogen (NH4 or NO3).

Fruiting body a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia(担子体) or asci(子囊孢子), are born. Fruiting body may also refer to: Fruiting body (bacteria), the aggregation(聚合体) of myxobacterial(粘液性细菌) cells when nutrients are scarce.

Myxobacteria(粘液性细菌) a group of bacteria that predominantly live in thesoil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large genomes, relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9–10 million nucleotides.

Myxospore spore formed by myxobacteria.

Actinobacteria(放线菌) a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA. The G+C content of Actinobacteria can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content. They can be terrestrial(地生) or aquatic(水生).

Methanogens microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions. They are classified as archaea, a domain distinct from bacteria.

Haloarchaea a kind of the achaea, found in water saturated(饱和) or nearly saturated with salt.

Pseudopeptidoglycan (假肽聚糖also known as pseudomurein) is a major cell wall component of some archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure.

Hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ?φ?, huph?, ―web‖) is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium(菌丝体).

Mycelium the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The mass of hyphae is sometimes called shiro, especially within the fairy ring fungi. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates.

Septate(有隔膜的) Hyphae with cross-walls.

Sporagium a receptacle(容器) in which asexual spores are formed.

Gametanium a specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, and

some other plants.

Ascomycete(子囊菌) a fungus whose spores develop within asci. The ascomycetes include most molds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens, and a few large forms such as morels and truffles.

Ascospore(子囊孢子) a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes (Ascomycota). Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores. The eight spores are produced by meiosis followed by a mitotic division.

Basidiomycete(担子菌) a fungus whose spores develop in basidia. Basidiomycetes include the majority of familiar mushrooms and toadstools.

Basidiospore(担孢子) spore produced by bysidium.

Zygomycete(接合菌)A class of fungi that usually has a coenocyte(多核的) mycelium with chitinous cell walls.

Zygospore the thick-walled resting cell of certain fungi and algae, arising from the fusion of two similar gametes.

U8

Cloning vector(克隆载体) a small piece of DNA, taken from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.

Expression vector(表达载体), otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for protein expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.

Genetic engineering (GE) the modification(修改) of an organism's genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species.

Genomic library a collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism. The DNA is stored in a population of identical(同一的) vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technology in molecular biology used to amplify(放大) a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude(等度), generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

Restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are enzymes that cut a DNA molecule at a particular place. They are essential tools for recombinant DNA technology. The enzyme "scans" a DNA molecule, looking for a particular sequence, usually of four to six nucleotides.

Recombinant DNA technology: A series of procedures that are used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more different DNA molecules.

Metagenomics(宏基因组学) is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics.

U7

Ames test a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More formally, it is a biological assay(鉴定) to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds.

Auxotroph(营养缺陷型) an organism thatunable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth.

Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.

The Fertility/F factor (first named F by one of its discoverers Esther Lederberg) allows genes to be transferred from one bacterium carrying the factor to another bacterium lacking the factor by conjugation. The F factor is carried on the F episome(因子副体), the first episome to be discovered.

F-plasmid, or F-factor is a prototypical conjugative plasmid which is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous recombination) with a length of about 100 kb.

A high-frequency recombination cell(Hfr cell) (also called an Hfr strain) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often the F-factor) integrated(嵌合) into its genomic DNA. The Hfr strain was first characterized by Luca Cavalli-Sforza.

Prototroph(原养型)having the same metabolic capabilities and nutritional requirements as the wild type parent strain.

Reverse mutation the reversion of a mutant to the original phenotype(表现型). Contemporary definitions for reverse mutation Expand. A mutation that causes a gene

to revert to its original wild or original type; also called back mutation.

Specialized transduction(局限性转导) is the process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium. The genes that get transferred (donor 给予体genes) depend on where the phage genome is located on the chromosome.

Transduction the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector.

Transformation the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA外源基因) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s).

Wild type(WT) a strain, gene, or characteristic that prevails(占上风) among individuals in natural conditions, as distinct from an atypical mutant type.

U6

Lithoautotroph a microbe which derives energy from reduced compounds of mineral origin. They may also be referred to as chemolithoautotrophs, a type of lithotrophs, reflecting their autotrophic metabolic pathways.

Photoautotroph any organism that derives its energy for food synthesis from light and is capable of using carbon dioxide as its principal source of carbon.

Chemoorganotroph an organism that depends on organic chemicals for its energy and carbon.

Photoheterotrophs heterotrophic phototrophs—that is, they are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source.

Aerobic respiration a type of respiration in which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are produced; also, the use of oxygen in the breakdown of foodstuffs to create energy.

Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.

Denitrification/ Dissimilatory nitrate reduction(硝酸盐异化还原)the loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds; specifically: reduction of nitrates or nitrites commonly by bacteria (as in soil) that usually results in the escape of nitrogen into the air.

Fermentation(发酵) is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid(乳酸) fermentation.

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.

Nitrifying bacteria chemoautotrophic or chemolithotrophs depending on the genera (genus pl.) bacteria that grow by consuming inorganic nitrogen compounds.

Respiration a catabolic(分解代谢的) process where the microorganisms convert biochemical energy from nutrients into Adenosine Tripohsphate(ATP).

U5

Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0 or below). These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

Aerobic organism or aerobe an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.

Alkaliphiles are microorganisms that grow optimally or very well at pH values above 9, often between 10 and 12, but cannot grow or grow slowly at the near-neutral pH value of 6.5.

Anaerobic organism or anaerobe any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if oxygen is present.

Batch culture A technique used to grow microorganisms or cells. A limited supply of nutrients for growth is provided; when these are used up, or some other factor becomes limiting, the culture declines. Cells, or products that the organisms have made, can then be harvested from the culture.

Biofilm(生物膜)any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS, 外细胞聚合物).

Chemostat (from chemical environment is static, 恒化器) a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid containing left over nutrients, metabolic end products and microorganisms is continuously removed at the same rate to keep the culture volume constant.

Colony-forming unit (CFU) a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample. Viable is defined as the ability to multiply via binary fission under the controlled conditions.

Extremophile an organism adapted to living in conditions of extreme temperature, pressure, or chemical concentration, as in highly acidic or salty environments. Many extremophiles are unicellular(单细胞) organisms known as archea.

Facultative anaerobe(兼性厌氧)an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen ispresent, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen isabsent.

Generation time the average time between two consecutive generations(连续的代) in the lineages(世系) of a population.

Halophiles organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations. They are a type of extremophile organism. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".

Hyperthermophile(极端嗜热菌)an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments— from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C (176 °F).

Mesophile(中温菌) an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 20 and 45 °C. The term is mainly applied to microorganisms.

Neutrophile(中性菌) an organism that thrives in neutral pH environments.

Obligate anaerobes microorganisms that are killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen.

Psychrophiles(嗜冷菌)extremophilic bacteria or archaea which are cold‐loving, having an optima(最适合的) temperature for growth at about 15°C or lower, a maximal temperature for growth at about 20°C and a minimal temperature for growth at 0°C or lower.

Pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another.

Thermophile an organism —a type of extremophile —that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C. Many thermophiles are archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the earliest bacteria.

Auxostat is a continuous culture device which, while in operation, uses feedback from a measurement taken on the growth chamber to control the media flow rate, maintaining the measurement at a constant. Auxo was the Greek goddess of spring growth, and as a prefix represents nutrients.

Turbidostat(恒浊器) is a continuous culture device, similar to a chemostat or an auxostat, which has feedback between the turbidity(浑浊) of the culture vessel and the dilution(稀释) rate. The theoretical relationship between growth in a chemostat and growth in a turbidostat is somewhat complex, in part because it is similar.

Antiseptic(防腐剂) antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis(败血), or putrefaction(腐败).

Autoclave is a pressure chamber(室) used to carry out industrial processes requiring elevated(较高的) temperature and pressure different to ambient(周围的) air pressure. Autoclaves are used to perform sterilization.

Definition of Disinfection(消毒): The process of killing (inactivating) harmful and objectionable(不必要的) bacteria, cysts and other microorganisms (pathogenic) by various agents such as chemicals, heat, ultraviolet light, ultrasonic waves, or radiation.

Pasteurization partial sterilization of a substance and especially a liquid (as milk) at a temperature and for a period of exposure that destroys objectionable organisms withoutmajor chemical alteration of the substance.

Sanitization(卫生消毒) The process of making something sanitary(卫生), as by cleaning or disinfecting(灭菌).

Sterilization the removal of all microorganisms and other pathogens from an object or surface by treating it with chemicals or subjecting it to high heat or radiation. Sterilization also refers to procedures that result in infertility.

Antibiotics(抗生素) or antibacterials are a type of antimicrobial used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infection. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Antimetabolite(抗代谢物) a chemical that inhibits the use of a metabolite, which is another chemical that is part of normal metabolism.

Chemotherapeutic agent

An agent used to treat canceradministered in regimens(生活规则) of one or more cycles, combining two or more agents overa period of days to weeks. Such agents are toxic to cells with high proliferative(复制周期) rates.

Chloramphenicol(氯霉素)

Penicillin(青霉素)

Sulfornamide(磺胺药)

Tetracycline(四环素)

U4

Bacteriophage a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek: φαγε?ν, "to devour".

Capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric(低聚物) structural subunits made of protein called protomers(原体). The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres(病毒壳衣). The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus.

Enveloped viruses, viruswith the nucleocapsid(病毒壳衣) is surrounded by a lipid bilayer derived from the modified host cell membrane and studded with an outer layer of virus envelope glycoproteins.

Induction(诱导) is the ability of one cell or tissue to direct the development of neighboring cells or tissues.

A lysogen or lysogenic bacterium is a bacterial cell in which a phage exists as DNA in its dormant state (prophage). A prophage is either integrated into the host bacteria's chromosome or more rarely exists as a stable plasmid within the host cell.

Lysogeny(溶原性), or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two cycles of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle is the other).Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formations of a circular replicon in the bacterium's cytoplasm.

The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.

Nucleocaspid(核衣壳)the basic viral structure consisting of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

Spike/peplomer(刺突) is a glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope. These protrusions will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell: they are essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity.

Provirus(原病毒) is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages),proviruses are often referred to as prophages.

Prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome or existing as an extrachromosomal plasmid. This is a latent form of a phage, in which the viral genes are present in the bacterium without causing disruption of the bacterial cell.

Segmentedgenome(分段基因组)Among RNA viruses and certain DNA viruses, the genome is often divided up into separate parts, in which case it is called segmented. For RNA viruses, each segment often codes for only one protein and they are usually found together in one capsid.

Retrovirus enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription.

Temperate phages are basically bacteriophages which can choose between a lytic and lysogenic pathway of development. The lytic pathway is similar to this of virulent phages. In the lysogenic pathway virus remains dormant(休眠) until induction.

Viron capsid of virus

Viroids the smallest infectious pathogens known, larger only than prions, which are misfolded proteins. Viroids are consisted of solely short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats.

Virulent phage a bacteriophage that causes the destruction of the host bacterium by lysis. Temperate phages, on the other hand, rarely cause lysis.

Satellite (biology) a satellite is a subviral agent composed of nucleic acid that depends on the co-infection of a host cell with a helper or master virus for its replication. When a satellite encodes the coat protein in which its nucleic acid is encapsidated it is referred to as a satellite virus.

U3

Bacillus a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Bacillus species can be obligate aerobes, or facultative anaerobes.

Capsule a tough sheath or membrane that encloses an organ or other structure in the body, such as a kidney or a synovial joint.

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis, 趋化性) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

Coccus is any bacterium that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. It is one of the three distinct bacterial shapes, the other two being bacillus and spiral-shaped cells.

Endospore(芽孢) is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family. The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.

Fimbria (plural fimbriae) also referred to as "attachment pili" by some scientists] is an appendage composed of curlin(涡心) proteins that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum.

A flagellum is a whip-like(鞭状) structure that allows a cell to move. They are found in all three domains of the living world: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota, also known as protists, plants, animals, and fungi. While all three types of flagella are used for locomotion, they are structurally very different.

Gas vacuoles are aggregates of hollow cylindrical structures called gas vesicles. They are located inside some bacteria . A membrane that is permeable to gas bound each gas vesicle. The inflation and deflation of the vesicles provides buoyancy, allowing the bacterium to float at a desired depth in the water.

Glycocalyx a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia and other cells. Most animal epithelial cells have a fuzz-like coat on the external surface of their plasma membranes.

Inclusion(内含物)

Lipopolysaccharides, also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond;

N ucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore(遗传小片段). In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Peptidoglycan(肽聚糖), also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.

The periplasm(周质空间) is found in gram-negative bacteria and is the space in between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. (Many feel a periplasm is also present in gram-positive bacteria in between the cytoplasmic membrane and the peptidoglycan.)

Plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.

Protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means.

Sex pilus. In bacterial conjugation, an appendage of a male bacterium by which it attaches to a female bacterium, preparatory(准备的) to the transfer of DNA from male to female.

S-lay er (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria, as well as among archaea. It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins.

Slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed (by centrifugation, etc.), unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

Spheroplast(球状体)a bacterium or plant cell bound by its plasma membrane, the cell wall being deficient or lacking and the whole having a spherical form.

Spirillum a genus of Gram-negative bacteria within family Spirillaceae. There are two species in Spirillum with standing in nomenclature, Spirillum winogradskyi and Spirillum volutans.

Spirochete a flexible spirally twisted bacterium, especially one that causes syphilis(梅毒).

Vibrio a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.

While active transport requires energy and work, passive transport does not. There are several different types of this easy movement of molecules. It could be as simple as molecules moving freely such as osmosis or diffusion.

Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of

molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient).

Group transportation(基因转位)

U2

Q11 Whats the difference between specific and nonspecific immunity? Load example

specific immunity involve 3th line of defense mechanisms that is involve only lymphocytes.

non specific immunity involve 2th line n 1st line of defense mechanisms.

for specific immunity, when pathogen is detected, a series of process will triggered and specific antibodies will be produced.

butnon specific immunity, the process of destroying pathogen is not so specific.

for specific immunity, after pathogen is detect memory cell will also be produced. so upon second infection, antibodies can produced in faster way where no need to pass through series of process. that's mean that person will immune to that disease. howevernon specific cant .

example of non specific immunity

fever , inflammation, skin, hydrochloric acid in stomach, mucus

specific immunity

cell-mediated response,humoral response

Active and Passive Immunity. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen.

W hat are the differences between natural and artificial immunity?

In artificial immunity, the antibodies are produced elsewhere and injected. In natural immunity, your body produces its own antibodies. Each of these types can be either active or passive. You can find explanations of these in any Biology text...

医学微生物学名词解释总结

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微生物学名词解释汇总

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生理学名词解释及二十八道简答题

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微生物学名词解释(完美整理版)分析

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生理学名词解释

运动生理学名词解释 1、稳态的概念： 在正常情况下，内环境中的各种理化成分都保持相对稳定，只在一定范围内波动。且只有内环境理化性质保持相对稳定，机体才可能生存。但内环境理化性质的相对稳定并不是一种凝固状态，而是各种物质在不停地转换中达到平衡的状态，即动态平衡。美国生理学家坎农将内环境这种动态平衡状态及调节过程称为稳态。 2、反馈的概念： 机体在实现反射过程中。不仅有反射中枢不断向效应器传出信息，以触发，控制效应器的活动，而且效应器也不断有信息送回到反射中枢，以便反射中枢根据效应器的具体情况不断纠正和调整它对效应器的影响。由效应器回输到反射中枢这种信息，称为反馈信息，回输过程称为反馈。 3、新陈代谢概念： 生物体是在不断的更新自我，破坏和清除已经衰老的结构，重建新的结构。这是一切生物体存在的最基本的特征，是生物体不断的与周围环境进行物质与能量交换中实现自我更新的过程。新陈代谢一旦停止，生命也就终结。 4、肌电图的概念： 肌肉活动时总是兴奋发生在前，收缩出现在后。如果采用适当的方法将肌肉兴奋时的电变化，经过引导，放大，记录所得到的图形，称为肌电图。 5、肌纤维类型的概念： 骨骼肌纤维类型的区分是依据骨骼肌的形态、结构、功能、和代谢特征，对其性质进行判别的过程。

6、肺活量：是指在最大吸气后，再尽力呼气，所能呼出的气体量。 7、时间肺活量：在最大吸气之后，以尽快的速度完成呼气，分别测量第1、2、3秒末呼出气体量，计算其所占肺活量的百分数，分别称为第1、2、3秒的时间肺活量。 8、肺通气量的概念 （一）每分通气量 单位时间内吸入或呼出的气量称为肺通气量。通常以每分钟为单位计算，也称每分通气量 每分通气量=潮气量×呼吸频率 （二）最大通气量 在最大限度地做深而快的呼吸时，每分钟所能吸入或呼出的最大气量，称为最大通气量或最大随意通气量。 （三）肺泡通气量 肺泡通气量是指每分钟吸入肺泡能实际与血液进行气体交换的气量。 9、通气\血流比值 通气|血流比值是指每分肺泡通气量与每分肺泡毛细血管血流量的比值。肺内气体要进行充分的气体交换，除有足够的肺泡通气量和肺泡血流量外，还要求这两者的比例适当。 10、体液的概念 体细胞内外含有大量液体，总称体液。 11、心动周期的概念 心房和心室收缩和舒张一次构成一个机械活动周期称为心动周期。

微生物名词解释

名词解释： 2.致病微生物(病原微生物):能够引起人类和动植物发生疾病的微生物. 3.条件致病微生物:在正常情况下不致病,只有在特定情况下导致疾病的一类微生物. 4.菌落:菌落是细菌在固体培养基上生长,由单个细菌分裂繁殖成一堆肉眼可见的细菌集团. 5.质粒:质粒是染色体外的遗传物质,存在于细胞质中,为闭合环状的双链DNA,带有遗传信息.控制细菌的某些遗传性状,可独立复制,不是细菌生长必不可少的,失去质粒的细菌仍然能正常生活. 6.芽胞:芽胞是某些细菌在一定条件下,在菌体内部形成一个圆形或椭圆形小体,是细菌的休眠形式. 7.细菌L型:细菌的细胞壁的肽聚糖结构受到理化或生物因素的直接破坏或合成被抑制,这种细胞壁受损的细菌在高渗环境下仍可存活者,称细菌细胞壁缺陷型或细菌L型. 8.中介体:中介体是细菌部分细胞膜内陷、折叠、卷曲形成的囊状物,多见于革兰阳性菌.它能有效的扩大细胞膜的面积,相应的增加了呼吸酶的含量,可为细菌提供大量的能量.功能类似于真核细胞线粒体,又称为拟线粒体. 9.普通菌毛:普通菌毛是遍布于某些细菌表面的很细、很短、直而硬的丝状物,每菌可达数百根,为细菌粘附结构,能与宿主细胞

表面的特异性受体结合.与细菌的致病性密切相关. 10.性菌毛:性菌毛比普通菌毛长而粗,呈中空管状结构.由致育因子F质粒编码. 11.菌毛:菌毛是某些细菌表面存在着的一种直的、比鞭毛更细、更短的丝状物.与细菌的运动无关.由菌毛蛋白组成,具有抗原性. 12.鞭毛:鞭毛是在许多细菌的菌体上附有的细长并呈波状弯曲的丝状物,为细菌的运动器官. 13.荚膜:荚膜是某些细菌在细胞壁外包绕一层粘液性物质,为多糖或蛋白质的多聚体,用理化方法去除后并不影响菌细胞的生命活动.凡粘液性物质牢固地狱细胞壁结合,厚度≥0.2μm,边界明显者为荚膜. 14.热原质:热原质是细菌合成的一种极微量的注入人体或动物体内能引起发热反应的物质.为细胞壁的脂多糖结构,故大多源于革兰阴性菌. 15.细菌素:细菌素是某些菌株产生的一类具有抗菌作用的蛋白质.其作用范围窄,仅对有近缘关系的细菌有杀伤作用.可用于细菌分型和流行病学调查. 16.培养基:培养基是由人工方法配制而成的,专供微生物生长繁殖使用的混合营养制品. 17.消毒:消毒是指杀死物体上病原微生物的方法,并不一定杀死

微生物学名词解释

1、微生物:指一切肉眼瞧不见或瞧不清的微小生物的总称。 2、微生物学:就是一门在细胞、分子或群体水平上研究微生物形态、构造、生 理代谢、遗传变异、生态分类与分类进化等生命活动基本规律,并将其应用于工业发酵、医药卫生、生物工程与环境保护等实践领域的科学,其根本任务就是发掘、利用、改善与保护有益微生物、控制消灭或改造有害微生物,为人类社会的进步服务。 3、磷壁酸:就是结合在G+细菌细胞壁上的一种酸性多糖,主要成分为甘油磷酸或 核酸醇磷酸。 4、原核微生物:即广义的细菌。指一大类细胞核无核膜包裹,只存在核区的裸露 DNA的原始单细胞生物。 5、原生质体:指在人为条件下,用溶菌酶除尽原有细胞壁或用青霉素抑制新生细 胞壁合成后,所得到仅有一层细胞膜包裹的圆球状渗透敏感细胞。 6、细菌:就是一类细胞细短(直径约0、5um,长度约0、5～5um),结构简单、胞 壁坚韧、多以二分裂方式繁殖与水生性较强的原核生物。 7、固质空间:在G-细菌中,其外膜与细胞膜间的狭窄胶质空间(约12～15nm),其 中存在着多种固质蛋白,包括水解酶类、合成酶类与运输蛋白等。 8、 L-型细菌:在实验室或宿主体内通过自发突变而形成遗传性稳定的细胞壁缺 损菌株。 9、球状体:又称原生质球。指还残留了部分细胞壁(尤其就是G-细菌外膜层)的 原生质体。 10、外膜:就是G-细菌细胞壁所特有的结构,位于壁的最外层,化学成分为脂多糖。 11、脂多糖(LPS):就是位于G-细菌细胞壁最外层的一层较厚(8～10nm)的类脂多 糖类物质,由类脂A-核心多糖与D-特异侧链等部分组成。 12、伴孢晶体:少数芽孢杆菌,在形成芽孢的同时,会在芽孢旁形成一颗菱形、方 形或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体。 13、放线菌:一类主要呈菌丝状生长与以孢子繁殖的陆生性较强的原核生物。 14、间体:由细胞膜内褶形成的囊状构造,其内充满着层状或管状泡囊。多见于 G+菌。 15、芽孢:某些细菌在其生长发育后期,在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形,厚壁, 含水量低,挑选性强的休眠结构。每一个营养细胞内仅形成一个芽孢,故并无繁殖功能。 16、支原体:一类无细胞壁,介于独立生活与细胞内寄生生活间的最小型原核生 物。 17、蓝细菌:一类进化历史悠久,G-,无鞭毛,含叶绿素a,能进行产氧光合作用的 大型原核生物。 18、菌落:在固体培养基上(内)以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的,有一定形态, 构造等特征的子细胞集团。 19、立克次氏体:一类专性寄生于真核细胞内的G-原核生物。 20、衣原体:一类在真核细胞内专性能寄生的小型G-原核生物。 1、真核微生物:一大类细胞核具有核膜包裹,能进行有丝分裂。细胞质中存在线粒体或同时存在叶绿体等多种细胞的生物,叫真核生物。真菌、显微藻类与原生动物等就是属于真核生物类的微生物,故称为真核微生物。 2、酵母菌:一般泛指能发酵糖类的各种单细胞真菌。

生理学名词解释

生理学名词解释 1、稳态：正常情况下，机体内环境的理化性质能保持相对稳定，这种状态称为稳态。 2、反射：是指机体在中枢神经系统参与下对内、外环境刺激所作的规律性应答。 3、负反馈：受控部分发出的反馈信息调整控制部分的活动，最终使受控部分的活动朝着与它原先活动相反的方向改变，称为负反馈。 4、正反馈：受控部分发出的反馈信息促进与加强控制部分的活动，最终使受控部分的活动朝着与它原先活动相同的方向改变，称为负反馈。 5、单纯扩散:脂溶性物质通过脂质双分子层由高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧转运的过程 6、易化扩散:是指非脂溶性或脂溶性很小的物质，在细胞膜特殊蛋白质的帮助下，从膜的高浓度侧向低浓度侧移动的过程。 7、主动转运：指需要细胞消耗能量，即动用分解ATP释放的能量，将物质逆浓度差和（或）逆电位差跨膜转运的过程。 8、受体：是指能与某种化学物质特异结合并能产生生物效应的特异蛋白质。 9、动作电位：是可兴奋细胞在静息电位的基础上，受到一个适当刺激后产生的可向远处传播的电位变化过程 10、阈强度：指如果固定刺激持续时间和刺激强度—时间变化率，只改变刺激强度，即可找到刚能引起可兴奋细胞产生动作电位的最小刺激强度，这个刺激强度称为阈强度。 11、兴奋性：可泛指生物体或组织细胞受刺激后发生兴奋的能力；对可兴奋细胞来说，兴奋性即为其在受刺激后产生动作电位的能力。 12、阈电位：膜去极化达到的可引发动作电位的膜电位临界值，称为阈电位。 13、局部兴奋：指由阈下刺激引起的局部细胞膜的微小去极化，由于单个局部兴奋达不到阈电位水平，因而不能引发动作电位。 14、终极电板：当乙酰胆碱通过接头间隙到达接头后膜（终板膜）时，立即与接头后膜上N2型乙酰胆碱受体阳离子通道膜外侧的受体结合，通过蛋白构想的改变使电压门控钙通道开放，从而允许钠离子和钾离子通过，但以钠离子内流为主，引起终板膜去极化，这一电位变化称为终板电位。 15、兴奋—收缩耦联：骨骼肌细胞兴奋后，要引起肌细胞收缩需经历一个中间过程，这个联系及细胞兴奋与收缩的中间过程称为兴奋—收缩耦联 16、收缩蛋白：肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白直接参与肌细胞的收缩，故称为收缩蛋白。 17、等长收缩：是指肌肉的张力增加而长度不变的收缩形式。 18、等张收缩：是指肌肉的长度缩短而张力不变的收缩形式。 19、血细胞比容：指血细胞在全血中所占的容积百分比。 20、血浆晶体渗透压：由晶体物质所形成的渗透压(由蛋白质形成的叫胶体渗透压) 21、等渗溶液：渗透压与血浆渗透压相等或相近的溶液称为等渗溶液。 22、红细胞悬浮稳定性：正常情况下红细胞下沉的速度很慢，能相对稳定地悬浮于血浆中，红细胞的这一特性称为红细胞悬浮稳定性。 23、红细胞沉降率：将经抗凝处理的血液放入一沉降玻璃管（分血计）中垂直静置，测定第一小时末红细胞下沉的距离以示红细胞沉降速度，称为红细胞沉降率。 24、红细胞渗透脆性：是指红细胞在低渗盐溶液中发生膨胀、破裂的特性。 25、生理性止血：指小血管损伤后血液流出，经过一段时间出血自然停止的现象。 26、血液凝固：指血液从流动的溶胶状态转变成不流动的凝胶状态的过程。 27、内源性凝血：是指参与血液凝固的所有凝血因子均来自血液，由血液接触带负电荷的异物表面（如玻璃、白陶土、硫酸酯、胶原等），FXII首先被激活，进而有序地激活一系列

医学微生物名词解释大全

微生物名词解释 第1、2章细菌的形态结构与生理 microorganism微生物：存在于自然界形体微小，数量繁多，肉眼看不见，必须借助于光学显微镜或电子显微镜放大数百倍甚至上万倍，才能观察的一群微小低等生物体。 microbiology微生物学：用以研究微生物的分布、形态结构、生命活动（包括生理代谢、生长繁殖）、遗传与变异、在自然界的分布与环境相互作用以及控制它们的一门科学。 medical microbiology医学微生物学：主要研究与人类医学有关的病原微生物的生物学性状、对人体感染和致病的机理、特异性诊断方法以及预防和治疗感染性疾病的措施，以控制甚至消灭此类疾病为目的的一门科学。 代时：细菌分裂倍增的必须时间。 bacterium细胞壁：是包被于细菌细胞膜外的坚韧而富有弹性的膜状结构。 peptidoglucan or mucopeptide肽聚糖或粘肽：是原核细胞型微生物细胞壁的特有成分，主要由聚糖骨架、四肽侧链及肽链或肽键间交联桥构成。 lipoplysaccharide,LPS脂多糖：革兰阴性菌细胞壁外膜伸出的特殊结构，即细菌内毒素。由类脂A、核心多糖和特异多糖构成。 plasmid质粒:是细菌染色体外的遗传物质，结构为双链闭合环状DNA，带有遗传信息，具有自我复制功能。可使细菌获得某些特定性状，如耐药、毒力等。 capsule荚膜：某些细菌能分泌黏液状物质包围于细胞壁外，形成一层和菌体界限分明、不易着色的透明圈。主要由多糖组成，少数细菌为多肽。其主要的功能是抗吞噬作用，并具有抗原性。 flagella鞭毛：是从细菌细胞膜伸出于菌体外的细长弯曲的蛋白丝状物，是细菌的运动器官，见于革兰阴性菌、弧菌和螺菌。pipi菌毛：是存在于细菌表面，有蛋白质组成的纤细，短而直的毛状结构，只有用电子显微镜才能观察，多见于革兰阴性菌。 spone芽胞：某些细菌在一定条件下，在菌体内形成一个圆形或卵圆形的小体。见于革兰阳性菌，如需氧芽胞菌和厌氧芽胞杆菌。是细菌在不利环境下的休眠体，对外界环境抵抗力强。 L-form of bacterium细菌L型：有些细菌在某些体内外环境及抗生素等作用下，可部分或全部失去细胞壁，此现象首先由Lister研究发现，故称细菌L型。在适宜条件下，多数细菌L型可回复成原细菌型。 磷壁酸:为大多数革兰阳性菌细胞壁的特有成分，约占细菌细胞壁干重的20-40%，有2种，即壁磷壁酸和膜磷壁酸。

生理学 名词解释总结

新陈代谢: 机体与环境之间不断进行物质和能量交换、实现自我更新的过程。 ?兴奋性: 机体或组织对刺激发生反应的能力或特性。 刺激: 引起机体或细胞发生反应的各种内、外环境的变化称为刺激。 阈强度: 能引起组织发生反应的最小刺激强度，也称为刺激阈或阈值。 稳态:内环境的理化性质保持相对稳定的状态。 正反馈:从受控部分发出的信息促进与加强控制部分的活动，称为正反馈。 负反馈:受控部分发出的信息反过来抑制或减弱控制部分活动的调节。 ?单纯扩散:脂溶性物质由膜的高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧移动的过程。 ?易化扩散:非脂溶性或脂溶性甚小的小分子物质或带电离子，在膜上特殊蛋白质的帮助下，顺浓度梯度或电位剃度由膜的高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧转运的过程。 生物电:细胞在进行生命活动时都伴随着电现象，称为电现象。 ?静息电位:细胞在安静时存在于细胞膜两侧的电位差，也称跨膜静息电位，简称膜电位。?极化:细胞膜内带负电荷，膜外带正电荷，膜两侧电位维持外正内负的稳定状态。 ?静息电位:细胞在安静时存在于细胞膜两侧的电位差，也称跨膜静息电位。 ?动作电位:可兴奋细胞受到有效刺激后，在静息电位的基础上发生的一次快速、可逆、可扩布的膜电位的倒转和复原的变化过程。 ?阈电位:能使Na+通道大量开放进而诱发动作电位的临界膜电位值。 ?前负荷:肌肉收缩前已承受到的负荷。 ?后负荷:肌肉开始收缩时才遇到的负荷，相当于肌肉收缩时遇到的阻力。 ★血细胞比容:血细胞占全血容积的百分比，接近等于红细胞比容。 ?渗透压:溶液中溶质分子通过半透膜吸引水的能力。 ?红细胞渗透脆性:红细胞在低渗溶液中发生膨胀和破裂的特性。 ?血液凝固:血液由流动的液体状态变成不能流动的凝胶的过程。 ?肝素:由肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞产生的一种酸性粘多糖。 ?纤维蛋白溶解:纤维蛋白被分解、液化的过程，简称纤溶。 ?血型:红细胞膜上凝集原的类型。 ?心动周期:心脏的一次收缩和舒张构成一个机械活动周期。 ?每搏输出量:一侧心室一次收缩所射出的血量，简称搏出量。 ?射血分数:搏出量占心室舒张末期容积的百分比。 ?心输出量:一侧心室每分钟射出的血量。等于搏出量与心率的乘积。 ?心指数:以单位体表面积计算的心输出量。 ■期前兴奋和期前收缩:在心房或心室肌的有效不应期之后、下一次窦房结传来的心奋到达之前，心房或心室受到一次人工刺激或异位起搏点传来的刺激，则可提前产生一次心奋和收缩，分别称为期前心奋和期前收缩。 ■代偿性间歇:在期前收缩之后出现的一段较长的心室舒张期。 ★?房-室延搁:心奋由心房传导至心室需经一个时间延搁，约需0.1s,这种现象称为房室-延搁。 ?血压:血管内流动的血液对单位面积血管壁的测压力。 ?中心静脉压:右心房和胸腔内大静脉的血压。 有效滤过压:滤过的力量与重吸收的力量之差值称为有效滤过压。=（毛细血管血压+组织液胶体渗透压）-（血浆胶体渗透压+组织液静水压） ?降压反射:颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受性反射。 ?肺通气:肺与外界环境之间的气体交换。 ?肺内压:肺泡内的压力。

微生物名词解释精华版

B 病原体：凡能引起传染病的各种微生物和其他生物。 包涵体：病毒在增值的过程中，常使寄主细胞内形成一种蛋白质性质的病变结构，当其聚集并使宿主细胞发生变异，形成具有一定形态，构造并能用光镜可以观察与识别的特殊群体。 鞭毛、菌毛、性毛。鞭毛：生长在某些细菌表面的长丝状。波曲的蛋白质附属物。菌毛：又称纤毛、伞毛、线毛或须毛，是一种长在细菌体表的纤细，中空、短直且数量较多的蛋白质类附属物，具有使菌体附着于物体表面的功能。性毛：又称性菌毛，构造和成分与菌毛相同，但比菌毛长，且每个细胞仅一至少数几根。一般见于G细菌的雄性菌株中，具有向雌性菌株传递物质的作用，有的还是RNA噬菌体的特异性吸附受体。 巴氏消毒法：是一种专用于牛奶、啤酒、果酒或酱油等不宜进行高温灭菌的液态风味食品或调料的低温消毒方法。 补充培养基：凡只能满足相应的营养缺陷型突变株生长需要的组合或半组合培养基。 C 超氧化物歧化酶：一种在较高浓度分子氧的条件下，才能生

长的具有完整呼吸链、以分子氧作为最终氢受体的活性物质，能消除生物体在新陈代谢过程中产生有害物质的酶。 传染：指外源或内源性病原体突破其宿主的三道免疫“防线”后，在宿主的特定部位定植、生长繁殖或产生酶及毒素，从而引起一系列病理生理的过程。 F 防腐：利用某种理化因素完全抑制霉腐微生物的生长繁殖，即通过制菌作用防止食品、生物制品等对象发生霉腐的措施。 附加体：某些质粒具有聚合体染色体发生螯合与脱离的功能，这类质粒称为附加体。 复壮：狭义的复壮仅是一种消极的措施，指的是在菌种已发生衰退的情况下，通过纯种分离和测定典型性状、生产性能等指标，从已衰退的群体中筛选出少数尚未退化的个体，以达到恢复原菌株固有性状的相应措施；广义的复壮则是一项积极的措施，即在菌种的典型特征或生产性状尚未衰退前，就经常有意识的采取纯种分离的生产性状的测定工作，以在 G 固化培养基：由液体培养基中加入适量凝固剂而形成的液体培养基。 共生：指两种生物共居在一起，相互分工合作、互相有利，相依

微生物学名词解释

1. 微生物：指一切肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。 2. 微生物学：是一门在细胞、分子或群体水平上研究微生物形态、构造、生理 代、遗传变异、生态分类和分类进化等生命活动基本规律，并将其应用于工业发酵、医药卫生、生物工程和环境保护等实践领域的科学，其根本任务是发掘、利用、改善和保护有益微生物、控制消灭或改造有害微生物，为人类社会的进步服务。 3. 磷壁酸：是结合在G+细菌细胞壁上的一种酸性多糖，主要成分为甘油磷酸或 核酸醇磷酸。 4. 原核微生物：即广义的细菌。指一大类细胞核无核膜包裹，只存在核区的裸 露DNA的原始单细胞生物。 5.原生质体：指在人为条件下，用溶菌酶除尽原有细胞壁或用青霉素抑制新生细 胞壁合成后，所得到仅有一层细胞膜包裹的圆球状渗透敏感细胞。 6.细菌：是一类细胞细短(直径约0.5um,长度约0.5～5um)，结构简单、胞壁坚韧、 多以二分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核生物。 7. 固质空间：在G-细菌中，其外膜与细胞膜间的狭窄胶质空间(约12～15nm)， 其中存在着多种固质蛋白，包括水解酶类、合成酶类和运输蛋白等。 8. L-型细菌：在实验室或宿主体通过自发突变而形成遗传性稳定的细胞壁缺损菌 株。 9. 球状体：又称原生质球。指还残留了部分细胞壁(尤其是G-细菌外膜层)的原生 质体。 10.外膜：是G-细菌细胞壁所特有的结构，位于壁的最外层，化学成分为脂多糖。 11.脂多糖(LPS):是位于G-细菌细胞壁最外层的一层较厚(8～10nm)的类脂多糖类

物质，由类脂A-核心多糖和D-特异侧链等部分组成。 12.伴孢晶体：少数芽孢杆菌，在形成芽孢的同时，会在芽孢旁形成一颗菱形、 方形或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体。 13.放线菌：一类主要呈菌丝状生长和以孢子繁殖的陆生性较强的原核生物。 14. 间体：由细胞膜褶形成的囊状构造，其充满着层状或管状泡囊。多见于G+ 菌。 15. 芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期，在细胞形成的一个圆形或椭圆形，厚壁， 含水量低，挑选性强的休眠结构。每一个营养细胞仅形成一个芽孢，故并无繁殖功能。 16. 支原体：一类无细胞壁，介于独立生活和细胞寄生生活间的最小型原核生物。 17. 蓝细菌：一类进化历史悠久，G-，无鞭毛，含叶绿素a，能进行产氧光合作 用的大型原核生物。 18.菌落：在固体培养基上()以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的，有一定形态，构 造等特征的子细胞集团。 19. 立克次氏体：一类专性寄生于真核细胞的G-原核生物。 20. 衣原体：一类在真核细胞专性能寄生的小型G-原核生物。 1. 真核微生物：一大类细胞核具有核膜包裹，能进行有丝分裂。细胞质中存在线粒体或同时存在叶绿体等多种细胞的生物，叫真核生物。真菌、显微藻类和原生动物等是属于真核生物类的微生物，故称为真核微生物。 2. 酵母菌：一般泛指能发酵糖类的各种单细胞真菌。 3. 菌丝体：霉菌的许多菌丝相互交织而成的一个菌丝集团。 4. 霉菌：丝状真菌，通常指菌丝体发达又不产生大型肉质子实体结构的真菌。

微生物学名词解释

微生物名词解释

微生物：是一切肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。 微生物学：是在分子、细胞或群体水平上研究各类微小生物的形态结构、生长繁殖、生理代谢、遗传变异、生态分布和分类进化等生命活动的基本规律，并将其应用于工业发酵、医学卫生和生物工程等领域的科学。 细菌：是一类细胞细短、结构简单、胞壁坚韧、多以二分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核生物。 细胞壁：位于细胞最外的一层厚实、坚韧的外被，主要成分为肽聚糖，具有固定细胞外形和保护细胞不受损伤等多种生理功能。 原生质体：指在人为条件下，用溶菌酶除尽原有细胞壁或用青霉素抑制新生细胞壁的合成后，所得到的仅有一层细胞膜包裹的圆球状渗透敏感细胞。 细胞质：是指被细胞膜包围的除核区以外的一切半透明、胶体状、颗粒状物质的总称。 核区：指原核生物所特有的无核膜包裹、无固定形态的原始细胞核。（又称核质体、原核、拟核或核基因组） 糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶体物质。 荚膜：糖被的一种，包裹在细菌细胞壁外，有固定层次的胶黏物，一般成分为多糖、少数为多肽或多糖与肽的复合物。 鞭毛：生长在某些细菌表面的长丝状、波曲的蛋白质附属物。（具有运动功能） 芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期，细胞内形成一个圆形或椭圆形、厚壁、含水量低、抗逆性强的休眠构造，无繁殖功能。 孢囊：是一些固氮菌在外界缺乏营养的条件下，由整个营养细胞外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体。不具繁殖功能。 伴孢晶体：少数芽孢杆菌，在形成芽孢的同时，会在芽孢旁形成一颗菱形、方形或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体。 二分裂：一个细胞在其对称中心形成一隔膜，进而分裂成两个形态、大小和构造完全相同的子细胞。 菌落：在适宜的培养条件下，微生物在固体培养基上以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的，具有一定形态、构造等特征的子细胞集团。 放线菌：是一类主要呈菌丝状生长和以孢子繁殖的陆生性较强的原核生物。（属革兰氏阳性菌） 蓝细菌：一类进化历史悠久、革兰氏染色阴性、无鞭毛、含叶绿素a、能进行产氧性光合作用的大型原核生物。（旧名蓝藻或蓝绿藻） 支原体：是一类无细胞壁、介于独立生活和细胞内寄生生活间的最小型原核生物。 立克次氏体：是一类专性寄生于真核细胞内的Gˉ原核生物。 衣原体：是一类在真核细胞内营专性能量寄生的小型Gˉ原核生物。 真核生物：是一大类细胞核具有核膜，能进行有丝分裂，细胞质中存在线粒体或同时存在叶绿体等多种细胞器的生物。 酵母菌：泛指能发酵糖类的各种单细胞真菌。 霉菌：会引起物品霉变的真菌，通常指那些菌丝体较发达又不产生大型肉质子实体结构的真菌。（丝状真菌的一个俗称） 菌丝体：当霉菌孢子落在适宜的基质上后，就发芽生长并产生菌丝，由许多菌丝相互交织而成的菌丝集团。 养菌丝：匍匐生长于培养基内，吸收营养的菌丝。（也称基内菌丝，较细、色浅） 气生菌丝：营养菌丝发育到一定阶段，伸向空间形成气生菌丝，较粗、色深。 孢子丝：气生菌丝发育到一定阶段，其上可分化出形成孢子的菌丝.

生理学名词解释

第一章绪论 1、内环境Internal Environment 体内细胞直接生存的环境（细胞外液）称为内环境。 2、稳态Homeostasis 内环境理化性质保持相对相对稳定的状态，叫稳态。 3、反射Reflex 在中枢神经系统的参与下，机体对内外环境的刺激产生的规律性应答反应，称为反射。 4、反馈Feedback 在人体生理功能自动控制系统原理中，受控部分不断将信息回输到控制部分，以纠正或调整控制部分对受控部分的影响，从而实现自动而精确的调节，这一过程称为反馈。有正反馈和负反馈之分。 5、正反馈Positive Feedback 从受控部分发出的反馈信息促进与加强控制部分的活动，称为正反馈。 6、负反馈Negative Feedback 反馈作用与原效应作用相反，使反馈后的效应向原效应的相反方向变化，这种反馈称为负反馈。 7、前馈Feedforward 干扰信号在作用于受控部分引起的输出变量改变的同时，还可以直接通过感受装置作用于控制部分，使输出变量在未出现偏差而引起反馈性调节之前得到纠正。这种干扰信号对控制部分的直接作用，称为前馈。 第二章细胞的基本生理 1、液态镶嵌模型Fluid Mosaic Model 膜以液态的脂质双分子层为骨架，其中镶嵌着许多具有不同分子结构与功能的蛋白质。 2、动作电位Action Potential（AP） 可兴奋细胞受外来的适当刺激时，膜电位在原静息电位基础上发生的一次膜电极的快速而短暂的逆转并且可以扩布的电位变化。 3、静息电位Resting Potential 活细胞处于安静状态是存在于细胞两侧的电位差，在大多数细胞中表现为稳定的内负外正的极化状态。 4、简单扩散Simple Diffusion 脂溶性的小分子物质顺浓度差的跨膜转运的过程。 5、易化扩散Facilitated Diffusion 某些非脂溶性或脂溶性较小的物质，在特殊膜蛋白的协助下，顺浓度差转运的过程。 6、主动转运Active Transport 通过耗能，在膜上特殊蛋白质的协助下，将某些物质分子或离子逆浓度差转运的过程。有原发性主动转运和继发性主动转运之分。 7、兴奋性Excitability 指细胞受到刺激后产生动作电位的能力。 8、可兴奋组织Excitable Tissuse 一般将神经、肌肉和腺体这些兴奋性较高的组织称为可兴奋组织。 9、阈强度Threshold Strength 指使细胞静息电位去极化到阈电位，爆发动作电位的最小刺激强度，又称阈值。 10、阈电位Threshold Potential 能使Na+通道大量开放而产生动作电位的临界膜电位值。通常比静息电位绝对值小10~20mV。 11、极化Polarization 指静息电位时膜内负外正的稳定电位差状态。 12、去极化Depolarization

微生物学名词解释汇总

1.微生物:指一切肉眼瞧不见得,需借助光学显微镜或电子显微镜才能观察到得微小生物得 总称(<０。1㎜)。特点:小、简、低。 2.微生物学就是一门在分子、细胞或群体水平上研究微生物得形态构造、生理代谢、遗传 变异、生态分布与分类进化等生命活动基本规律,并将其应用于工业发酵、医药卫生、生物工程与环境保护等实践领域得科学、 3.原核微生物就是指一大类只含1个DNA分子得原始核区而无核膜包裹得原始单细胞生 物。 4.细菌就是一大类细胞细小、结构简单、胞壁坚韧、多以二分裂方式繁殖与水生性较强得 原核生物。 5.原生质体指在人为条件下,用溶菌酶除尽原有细胞壁或用青霉素抑制新生细胞壁得合成 后得到得仅有一层细胞膜包裹得圆球状渗透敏感细胞。只能在等渗或高渗(细菌宜等渗或低渗)培养液中保存或生长。一般由革兰氏阳性细菌生成、 6.球状体又叫原生质球,指还残留部分细胞壁,尤其就是G－外膜得原生质体。 7.支原体:就是在长期进化中形成得、适应自然条件得无细胞壁得原核生物。 8.细胞质指细胞膜包围得除核区以外得一切半透明、胶体状、颗粒状物质得总称、原核生 物得细胞质就是不流动得,真核生物得不断流动。 9.贮藏物就是一类由不同化学成分累积而成得不溶性颗粒,主要功能就是储存营养物、 10.核区指原核生物所特有得无核膜包裹、无固定形态得原始细胞核。其化学成分就是大型 环状双链DNA,一般不含蛋白质。用富尔根染色法可见到紫色、形态不定得核区。除染色体复制时,一般为单倍体。 11.质粒:自主复制得染色体外得遗传成分,通常就是小型共价闭合环状双链DNA、 12.芽孢,某些细菌在生长发育后期,在细胞内形成一个圆形或椭圆形、厚壁、含水量极低、 折光性强、抗逆性强得休眠体、每一个营养细胞内仅生成一个芽孢,不起繁殖作用、 13.芽孢萌发:由休眠状态得芽孢变为营养状态得细菌得过程。 14.裂殖指一个细胞通过分裂形成两个子细胞得过程。 15.二分裂,一个细胞在其对称中心形成一隔膜,进而分裂成两个形态、大小、构造完全相同 得子细胞、(Ｍｏst) 16.芽殖指在母细胞表面先形成一个小突起,待长到与母细胞相仿后再相互分离并独立生活 得繁殖方式。 17.菌落,在固体培养基上以母细胞为中心形成得肉眼可见得、具有一定形态得子细胞群、 18.菌苔,很多菌落连成一片、 19.克隆,由一个细菌繁殖而来得菌落。 20.放线菌就是一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖得Ｇ＋细菌、 21.基内菌丝(营养菌丝、基质菌丝),孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后,不断伸长、分枝并以放 射状向基质表面与内层扩展,形成大量色浅、较细得具有吸收营养与排泄代谢废物功能得基内菌丝体。无分隔,直径与细菌相仿,可产生色素。 22.营养菌丝(二级菌丝),基内菌丝体不断向空间方向分化出颜色较深、直径较粗得分支菌 丝。 23.孢子丝,在生长发育到一定阶段,气生菌丝上分化出可形成孢子得菌丝,称为孢子丝。 24.静息孢子,就是一种着生于丝状体细胞链中间或末端得形大、色深、壁厚得休眠细胞,富 含贮藏物,能抵御干旱或冷淡。 25.链丝段,又叫连锁体或藻殖段,就是由长细胞链断裂而成得短链段,具有繁殖功能、 26.支原体就是一类缺少细胞壁得真细菌,能离开活细胞独立生长繁殖得最小原核微生物。植 物支原体—类支原体。