汉译英1
1、全球消耗的能源约86％都属于化石燃料，另外12％来自水力和核能，但仅有大约2％的能源为可再生能源，如太阳能、风能和地热能。未来20—50年内，这种情况可望改变，但一切要视新科技发展和传统能源生产情况而定。替代能源技术的实施需要大量的时间和资金投入。
Approximately 86 percent of the world’s energy consumption is based on fossil fuels. Another 12 percent comes from hydro and nuclear power, but only about two percent comes from renewable energies like solar, wind and geothermal power．This situation will hopefully be changed In the next 20 to 50 years，but it surely depends on new technological developments and what happens with conventional energy production. It will take a lot of time and money for alternative energy technologies to be implemented.
2、根据最早期的科学研究调查，石油的形成被归结为两种起源：有机的和无机的。一些化学家和天文学家认为石油是无机起源的，有的是火成岩成因，有的是宇宙成因，或者是两者的结合体。大部分石油地质学家认为石油是由埋藏的有机物质经成岩作用形成的，并且指出石油形成于沉积岩而不是火成岩。经济而精确的化学分析技术的出现使得生油岩的研究成为可能。现在，可以把石油和生成它的页岩进行对比，用来确定潜在的生油岩、它们生油或生气的倾向，以及它们的热成熟度水平。
From the earliest days of scientific investigation the formation of petroleum had been attributed to two origins：inorganic and organic Some chemists and astronomers argued for an inorganic origin—ometimes igneous，sometimes extraterrestrial，or a mixture of both．Most petroleum geologists believe that petroleum forms from the diagenesis of buried organic matter and note that it is indigenous to sedimentary rocks rather than igneous ones. The advent of cheap and accurate chemical analytical techniques allowed petroleum source rocks to be studied. It is now possible to match petroleum with its parent shale and to identify potential source rocks，their tendency to generate oil or gas，and their level of thermal maturation. 要形成商业性油气藏，必须满足5个条件：
l．必须有富含有机质的源岩以产生石油和／或天然气；
2．源岩必须经受足够的热演化以生成石油；
3．必须有能够容纳排出的油气的储集层。该储集层必须具有孔隙度来存储油和，或气，以及渗透性而让流体流动：
4．储集层必须被非渗透性的盖层所封闭，以防止油气向上逸散到地表；
5．源岩、储集层和盖层必须合理地分布来圈闭石油。
For a commercial oil accumulation to occur, five conditions must be fulfilled：
1．There must be an organic-rich source rock to generate the oil and/or gas
2. The source rock must have been heated sufficiently to yield its petroleum
3. There must be a reservoir to contain the expelled hydrocarbons. This reservoir must have porosity, to contain the oil and/or gas，and permeability, to permit fluid flow．
4 .The reservoir must be sealed by an impermeable cap rock to prevent the upward escape of petroleum to the earth’s surface.
5. Source, reservoir, and seal must be arranged in such
a way as to trap the Petroleum.
3、原油储量是指从已知油田的油井中将来可望产出原油的估计数量。世界已发现常规油田的可采石油的总量约为一万亿桶。其中约67％的世界储角分布在沙特阿拉伯、科威特、伊朗、伊拉克等中东国家。
The term oil reserves refers to the estimated amount of crude oil that is expected to be produced in the future from wells in known oil fields The total amount of recoverable oil already found in the world’s conventional oil fields amounts to about l trillion barrels. About 67 percent of the world’s reserves was in the Middle Eastern countries of Saudi Arabia，Kuwait，Iran，Iraq et al．
石油是不可再生的资源。和树木不同，石油一旦从地下采出，就不可再生。原油在地下岩层深处通过自然过程形成的速度很慢，在实验室中还从未形成过。从源岩中的有机物到原油的形成至少需要几百万年，现存的原油量是有限的。
Petroleum is considered a nonrenewable resource. Unlike trees．it cannot be replaced once it is removed from the ground Crude oil forms very slowly by natural processes deep in subsurface rocks and has never been formed in laboratories The generation of crude oil from organic matter in a source rock requires at least several million years. There is a limited amount of crude oi1in existence.
4、石油水平运移的距离一直以来都是人们争论的话题。这是一个很难测量的参数。一般它是靠实际测量石油聚集区和最近的源岩之间的距离来完成的。然而，成熟度和生油岩应该被界定。二维和三维研究方法都已经做过尝试，在石油被圈闭在泥岩中的砂岩透镜体内，石油运移是短距离的。而在那些圈闭周围没有明显临近生油岩的地方，肯定发生过大量的侧向运移。生油岩和石油之间的对比，可以通气相色谱的鉴别技术来实现。
Migration lateral distance to which petroleum can migrate has always been debated It is a difficult parameter to measure Traditionally，it is done by physically measuring the distance between the petroleum accumulation and the nearest source rock however maturity and source rock might be defined．Both two—and three-dimensional studies have been attempted Where oil is trapped in sand lenses surrounded by shale，the migration distance must have been short Where oil occurs in traps with no obvious adjacent source rock，extensive lateral migration must have occurred. Correlation between source rock and oil can be carried out by fingerprinting using gas chromatography.
5、第三种开采机理被称为溶解气驱。这种驱动类型存在于起初没有气顶的油田。开采开始后，压力降低，油中形成气泡并膨胀，迫使油从空隙体系中流出，从而流向井眼。气体的膨胀有助于维持油藏的压力。起初，气泡是分散的。随着时问的推移，它们聚合在一起，可能形成了连续的游离气相，呵能在油藏顶部形成气顶。该点被定义为临界气体饱和度。需采取措施来避免达到这一点。通过维持低产率生产或重新注入采出的天然气以维持原始油层压力的方法，可以避免达到临界气体饱和度。
The third type of production mechanism is the dissolved gas drive，sometimes called the solution gas drive．This type of drive Occurs 1n oil fields that initially have no gas cap．As production begins，pressure drops and gas bubbles form in the oil and expand，forcing the oil out of the pore system and toward the boreholes As the gas expands，it helps to maintain reservoir pressure Initially, the gas bubbles arc separated As time passes，they come together and may form a continuous free·gas phase，which may accumulate as a gas cap in the crest of the reservoir．This point is termed the critical gas saturation，and care should be taken to prevent it from being reached h may be avoided either by maintaining a slow rate of production or by reinjecting the produced gas to maintain the original reservoir pressure.
6、远离井口的页岩气的运输基本上是不可行的。由于压力低，天然气必须加压后才能够在管道内流动。这种额外增加的成本通常破坏了项目的盈利能力。另一方面，如果页岩气毗邻城镇，或甚至独立的工厂、学校、农场、医院、监狱、大学及其它类似机构，那么就可以成为极为适宜的能源来源。页岩气生产对环境的影响很小。钻井结束后，就不需要井架了。与油田不同的是，页岩气井不需要井口象，也不需要横跨乡村修建长距离的管道。一旦投产，页岩气的生产不引人注意、容易且安静。除日常维护之外，页岩气产量不太高，但可靠并能长期生产。
Transportation of shale gas far from the well head is seldom feasible．Because of the low pressure，the gas must be pressurized for it to flow along a pipeline．This additional cost generally destroys the profitability of the project．On the other hand，shale gas is all eminently suitable energy source when located adjacent to a town，or even individual factories，schools，farms，hospitals，prisons，universities，and similar establishments．Shale gas production has a negligible environmental impact. Once the well is drilled there is no derrick．Unlike an oil field there is no need for well，head pumps．No long—distance pipelines have to be built across the countryside Once established，shale gas production is inconspicuous，undemanding，and silent Apart from routine maintenance production is modest，but reliable and long term。
7、含油气系统的保存时间是指发生在油气生成一运移～聚集过程之后，该含油气系统中的油气被保存、改变或破坏的时间。保存期间发生的地质作用包括再次运移、物理或生物降解以及／或油气的完成破坏。在保存过程中只有发生褶皱、断裂、抬升或剥蚀的情况下，才会发生再次运移。一个正在形成或刚剐形成的含油气系统没有保存时间。也就是说，当含油气系统中的生成—运移一聚集过程持续至今时，保存时间不存在，可以认为大部分油气被保存下来，而极少被生物降解或破坏。
The preservation time of a petroleum system takes place after the generation．migration—accumulation of hydrocarbons occur, and is the time when hydrocarbons within that petroleum system are preserved，modified，or destroyed Processes that occur during the preservation time are remigration，physical or biological degradation，and ／or complete destruction of the hydrocarbons Remigration occurs during the preservation time only if folding，faulting，uplift，or erosion occurs．An actively forming or just completed petroleum system is without a preservation time That is．when the generation—migration—accumulation of the petroleum system extends to the present day, there is no preservation time．and it would be expected that most of the petroleum is preserved and that comparatively little has been biodegraded or destroyed.
8、煤层中甲烷气的出现是众所周知的，因为作为“爆炸性矿井瓦
斯”，它对煤矿工人来说是一种普遍存在的安全隐患。作业煤矿需要大量的通风系统来抽取甲烷。美国能源部估计，作为一项日常安全措施，每天约250百万立方英尺的甲烷从美国的煤矿中抽出。因此，煤层气现已成为非常规油气资源之一。
The occurrence of methane gas in coal measures is only too well known because as “fire damp”it is a widespread safety hazard to coal miners. Extensive ventilation systems are required to extract methane from working coal mines. The U.S. Department of Energy has estimated that some 250 MMcf(million cubic feet) Of methane is vented daily from U. S. coal mines as a routine safety measure. Thus coal-bed methane has now 10ined the list of non—conventional petroleum resources.
9、当油田开采到一定时候，油藏的天然压力会衰减到再也无力将岩石孔隙里的石油驱替出来进入井底。在石油工业发展初期，油田开发人员完全依靠一次采油机理进行生产。驱替能量一旦耗尽便无计可施，只能将油田报废。这些情况导致各种人工开采方法的发展，以便从储集岩的孔隙空间里驱替出更多的石油。应用人工开采技术从储集岩中驱替石油被称为“二次采油”。
A time may come in the 1ife of an oilfield when the natural pressure of the reservoir has declined to all extent where it is no longer sufficiently large to force the oil out of the pores of the rock into the bottom of well In the early days of the industry, the operator depended entirely on primary production mechanisms and，once their energy had been exhausted，he had little alternative but to abandon the field．These affairs 1ed to the development of artificial means of forcing more oil out of the pore spaces of the reservoir rock．The oil which is forced out of the reservoir rock as a result of the application of all artificial technique is known as “secondary oil recovery”．
把储集岩里的石油驱替出来的最简单方法是用另一种流体直接进行驱替。驱替流体必须比从孔隙中驱替出的石油便宜得多。最自然不过的做法是用水或天然气作为置换介质去效仿一次采油的机理。
The simplest method of forcing the oil out of the reservoir rock is by direct displacement with another fluid The displacing fluids must be appreciably cheaper than the oil which they force out of the pores. And what could be more natural than any others is to imitate the primary production mechanisms by using water or gas as the displacing medium．10、许多国家提供石油勘探开发的机会，经济风险也伴随着国际经营的增加而增加。每个国家除了石油勘探开发中常见的风险之外，还有各自不同的一系列风险。公司管理者应该了解和明白这些额外风险，并评价其对公司在国际市场上盈利的影响是很重要的。
Many countries offer opportunities for petroleum exploration and production With international operations．there are increased economic risks．Each country has its own set of risks to address in addition to the normal risks inherent in petroleum exploration and production It is important for company management to know and understand these additional risks and to assess their impact on the company’s ability to earn a profit in the global market.
11、与页岩气不同，大部分煤层只产生干气，即甲烷。因此煤层气和页岩气相比有较低的热值。煤层的渗透率通常比页岩高，因为不论是天然或人工，煤层都更容易断裂。这样一来，煤层气井通常有更高的流动速率，因此有利于调整地面压力和管道运输。控制煤层甲烷生产潜力的参数包括：煤阶、灰分含量、显微组分类型、基质孔隙度、裂缝孔隙度、压力和含水量。
Unlike shale gas，most coals only produce dry gas，methane．The coal-bed gases thus have a lower calorific value than shale gas．Coal beds normally have higher permeabilities than shales，because they more easily fracture，either naturally or artificially. Thus coal—bed methane wells normally have higher flow rates and may therefore justify surface pressuring and pipeline transportation．The parameters that control the methane—generating potential of a coal include its rank，ash content，maceral type，matrix porosity，fracture porosity，pressure，and water content.
12、虽然储油层被描述为具有一定孔隙度和渗透率的多孔介质，但它几乎不是性质稳定的均质岩层。通常情况下，储层中有很多物性变化范围很大的地层。储层物性的变化对储层内流体的流动有着深远的影响，从而也影响着原油的采收率。
Although oil reservoirs are characterized as porous media with certain porosity and permeability they are almost never homogeneous beds with constant properties．Generally．there are numerous strata with wide —ranging properties．The properties variation can have a profound effect on me flow of fluids in a reservoir and thereby influence oil recovery.
13、在气田开发的初期和中期，井口压力一般都高于集气管网内的压力。而在气田开采的后期，气井产率和压力都会降低，天然气不能靠自身压力进入集气管网，于是就要通过压缩机进行增压。由气轮机提供动力的往复式压缩机可广泛安装在井场或集气站。
In the initial and middle periods of gas development，well head pressure is usually higher than that pressure inside the gathering pipe networks，but at the final period of development，the production rate and pressure of gas well will be reduced，and the gases Can not flow into pipe networks by itself, and need to be boosted by compressors．The reciprocating compressors powered by gas turbine engine can be used widely at well site or gathering station.
14、每个工厂都应有几处安全淋浴器和洗眼台。职工在可能接触到胺液、腐蚀性以及其它化学物品时需要用到这些设施。安全淋浴器应该安装在可能泄漏点附近，且容易到达的地方。接触到这些物品的受害者的视力可能受到影响，安全淋浴器和洗眼台必须清楚地做出标记。
There should be several safety showers and eye wash stations located throughout each plant These are needed due to possible exposure of personnel to amine，caustic and other chemical agents. Safety showers should be located m easily accessible areas near potential exposure points. The safety showers and eye wash stations must be clearly marked since the vision of an exposure victim may be affected.
15、智能井技术有希望在实时油藏描述和生产管理方面取得相似的技术突破，从而大幅度增加油气资产价值。工业界已经开始共同发布智能井接口标准。以便改善通信和相互操作性，实现数据和设备的互交换，共享数据的相同油藏，实现产量最大化。
Intelligent well technology holds the promise for similar breakthroughs in real—time reservoir characterization and production management that will lead to significant increases in asset value. The industry has come together to begin issuing intelligent well interface standards. Recommendations are being published to improve communication and interoperability, so equipment and data can be inter-changed，and producers who share common reservoirs can maximize production.
智能井系统数据的演变与地震资料库相似。人们采集地震数据的能力要远早于理解这些数据的能力。三维地震最终被证明是上游油气工业最重要也是摄有价值的一项技术突破。
The situation with regard to intelligent well systems data evolution is comparable to that of seismic libraries. The ability to acquire seismic data was in place long before the ability to make sense of it. Ultimately,3D seismic proved to be one of the most important and valuable technological breakthroughs in the upstream petroleum industry．
16、在石油工业中钻井费用是主要的作业费用之一。提高钻井作业的钻进速度和减少诸如压差卡钻和泥浆漏失等钻井问题，长期以来被认为是降低钻井费用的有效方法。通常认为，过平衡压力是影响钻进速度的诸多因素中最重要的因素，它通常被定义为井筒压力与地层流体压力之间的压力差。如果地层压力低于静水压力则需要较低比重钻井液，如将空气与液体一起泵入来降低过平衡压力，从而加快钻进速度，尽量减少泥浆漏失、卡钻以及地层伤害。因此用空气或天然气作为循环介质取代常规泥浆的充气泥浆钻井，在有些地区正变成有吸引力的钻井方式，充气泥浆钻井的商业应用在最近几年才刚开始，用于欠平衡钻井的低密度钻井液包括空气、液体喷雾、稳定的泡沫和有回压条件的充气泥浆泡沫。这里所说的充气泥浆是指为钻特殊类型地层而将空气和泥浆同时引入立管中。
Drilling cost is considered one of the major components of operating cost in the petroleum industry．Improving the penetration rate of drilling operation and reducing drilling problems，such as pressure differential pipe sticking and lost circulation, have long been considered an effective way of decreasing drilling costs. The overbalance pressure，generally recognized as the most important among the many factors affecting penetration rate, is often defined as the pressure differential between the borehole pressure and formation fluid pressure Formation pressures lower than the static pressure of a column of fresh water require the use of a lighter fluid．such as air, injected with liquid to obtain lower overbalance pressure to enhance penetration rate and to minimize lost circulation and pipe sticking as well as formation damage．Therefore，aerated mud drilling ”implies the use of air or natural gas as the circulating medium instead of the regular mud”is becoming an attractive practice in some areas. The commercial use of aerated mud drilling began only in recent years. Low-density drilling fluids used in underbalanced drilling consist of air, mist，stable foam，and aerated mud foam with backpressure. Whereas the term “aerated mud “ implies the simultaneous introduction of air and mud together into the standpipe in order to drill special types of formations.
17、虽然该井产油多产水少，但是在油井投产初期便发生了井筒
结盐问题。盐块会使油井的产量降低到不足预期产量的50％，因此需要对油井实施淡水清洗作业恢复油井的产量。洗盐作业通常能恢复产能，但是井底流压有可能在3～5天内明显地降低。在30天内，产量会再次受到限制，需要再次洗井。周期性的洗盐通常会成为例行的作业措施，从而带来产量损失、停工和高昂的洗井费用。
Although the well was capable of producing a high volume of oil and only a very small amount of water, salt problems started with the very early production. Salt blocks would restrict production to less than 50％of expected volumes, and then the well would require fresh water washing to restore productivity．Washing would normally restore production rates，but bottom hole flowing pressure would drop significantly within 3-5days．Within 30 days，production would again be restricted，and another cleaning would be required．The washing cycle became a normal routine，with associated loss of production，down time and expensive cleaning．
18、目前在阿拉巴马州的宾夕法尼亚系(上石炭统)煤层和美国西部内陆的白垩系煤层正在进行煤层气的商业化生产。在20世纪90年代初，大约500口井生产了超过两千八百万立方米的天然气。英国和世界其它地区也正在寻找煤层气。
Coal-bed gas is now being commercially produced from Pennsylvanian(Upper Carboniferous)coal measures in Alabama，and from the Cretaceous coals of the Western interior of the United States. In the early 1990s some 500 wells were producing more than 28 million cubic meters of gas. Coal-bed methane is being sought in the United Kingdom and elsewhere around the world.
19、在世界上一些地区，可以通过开凿水平巷道到达油藏来成功地开采石油。；石油从墙壁滴到地面并且流到矿井出口。这种方式已得到应用；然而，从传统意义上讲，石油和天然气是通过钻井来定位和生产的。在石油勘探开始前，绳索工具钻井在世界上许多地方是寻找地下水和盐水的一项成熟的技术。西方国家第一口专门的采油井是由爵克上校于1859年在宾夕法尼亚州的油溪钻探的。以前地下水井中产出的石油被视力一种污染物。钻探爵克井的技术来源于到美国修建铁路的中国工匠。绳索工具钻井至少从公元前斗世纪就在中国使用了。但是在中国这项钻井技术是用来生产自流盐水，而不是石油的。
Oil has been mined successfully in several parts of the world by driving horizontal adits into reservoirs．Oil dribbles down the walls onto the floor and flows down to the mine entrance. This technique has been used. However, oil and gas are located and produced by drilling boreholes. Before exploration for oil began，cable-tool drilling was an established technique in many parts of the world in the quest for water and brine. The first well to produce oil intentionally in the Western World was drilled at Oil Creek，Pennsylvania，by Colonel Drake in 1859. Previously water wells produced oil as a contaminant．The technology for drilling Drake’s well was derived from Chinese artisans who had traveled to the United States to work on the railroads Cable-tool drilling had been used in China since at least the first century B. C.. In China，however, this drilling technology had developed to produce artesian brines，not petroleum.
20、历史成本与发现的储量价值相比，可能相差甚远。石油勘探生产财务报表核算从以下三个方面显示出油气储量的经济重要性。
Historical cost may be dramatically greater or 1ess than the value of reserves Found. E&P financial statement accounting recognizes the economic importance of reserves in three ways：
·已探明储量的矿区(探明矿区)投资成本是根据目前已采出油气量与上述采出量及剩余探明储量之和的比值，按产量单位折旧法来进行摊销；
·Capitalized cost of properties with proved reserves(proved properties) are amortized on a units-of-production method based on the ratio of volumes currently produced to the sum of those volumes and remaining proved reserves；
·探明矿区的净投资成本仅限于对一些主要探明储量的价值计算：
·Proved properties’ net capitalized costs are limited to certain computations of value of the underlying proved reserves；
·上市公司必须通过审计的财务报表去发布某些未经审计的有关探明储量及相关价值的补充信息。
·Public companies must disclose, with audited financial statements，certain supplemental unaudited information oil the proved reserve volumes and certain related values.
即使如此，石油勘探生产公司的股票价格更多的取决于储量生产所获得的历史及期望现金流，以及储量的预计价值，而较少的取决于以通用公认会计原则计算得出的历史盈利。
Even so，an E&P company’s stock price is more closely correlated to historical and expected cash flow from production of reserves and to estimated values of reserves than to historical earnings measured under generally accepted accounting principles．
新视野大学英语第四册课后习题汉译英答案(重点突出版)
Unit 1 1、这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能够很好的成长 The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2、研究结果表明，无论我们白天做了什么事情，晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3、有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大的努力，以此来为自己的失败辩护 Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4、我们忠于自己的承诺：凡是答应做的，我们都会做到 We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it. 5、连贝多芬的父亲都不敢相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪 生也同样如此，他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝 Even Beethoven’s father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6、当局控告他们威胁国家安全 They were accused by the authorities of threatening the state security. Unit 2 1、要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话，就会吸引更多的观众 If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 2、她从未对自己的能力失去信心，因此它有可能成为一名成功的演员 She never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3、我从未接受过正式的培训，我只是边干边学 I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 4、随着产品进入国际市场，他们的品牌知名度越来越高了 As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity. 5、她可以编造一个故事，说自己被窃贼打昏，所有的钱都没了，但她怀疑自己是否能让这 故事听起来可信 She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6、谁都不清楚他是否故意推迟了这次访问，可是这引起了对他更多的批评 No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. Unit 3 1、据报道有七八位官员收受贿赂，市长决定亲自出马调查这件事 Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to l ook into the affair in person. 2、这些工人后悔当时接受管理部门的意见重新回去工作。现在他们再次面临失业的危险了These workers regret yielding to the management’s advice and going back to work. Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs. 3、你只需填写一张表格就可取的会员资格，它可以使你在买东西的时享受打折的优惠
汉译英(Unit1、2、3、5课后翻译)
汉译英（Unit1、2、3、5课后翻译） Unit 1 掌握大量的词对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大可能在这项考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇量是没有捷径可走的：你就得依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查字典才能搞清它们的确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是阅读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。 Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16,000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no short-cuts to get a large vocabulary in English: you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out
综合教程1汉译英参考答案
综合教程（第一册）汉译英参考答案 Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题做好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。（hand in hand） The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。（well up） When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。（in common）People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在三年内买一幢新房子。（look into） Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相 帮助。（part） Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon）At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨日抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天 的友好访问。（head） Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在 屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids, for all your lessons as well as all
英语汉译英翻译
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
汉译英作业答案
汉译英作业答案
参考答案 第一讲 1. 注意安全，小心路滑。C aution， slipper floor. 2. 禁止吸烟，违反者将被罚款100元。Smoking is prohibited, penalties for violators is 100 yuan. 3. 雨天，雪天，减速行驶。 Slow in case of rain or snow. 4. 老年人优先上车。 Senior Citizens First. 5. 桥上严禁超车。No Overtaking On Bridge. 第二讲Task: Please translate the following passage into English.（Open) A 广西中医学院护理学院成立于1999年, 其前身--广西中医学院附设护士学校创建于1979年。回首20多年的风雨历程,至今已发展成为广西仅有的两所高等护理院校之一。近几年,学院紧紧围绕教学与产业并举,中职教育与高职教育并重,传统培养与特色培训相结合的办学思路,开创了教学产业化道路的新局面, 使学院步入了持续快速健康发展的轨道, 如今学院无论是"硬件"还是"软件", 均已颇具规模,现有在校生2663人, 教职工71人, 专兼职教师46人, 其中高中级职称教师40人,占全体教师比例的86.5%。开设有西医护理、中医护理、中医医疗、中西结合、针灸推拿5个专业。今年经自治区教育厅批准又
蕊要去美国做手术？又为什么，包括王治郅、巴特尔在内的诸多篮球运动员也都要飞往美国治疗呢？要让人家相信你，就得拿出成功的例子，这样才不会出现对中医的“妖魔化”。 第三讲 A 护理科研论文写作中常见句型 1. 本文介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了…… T his paper (report, article) presents/describes/reports/discusses 2. 在这篇文章中，我们介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了… In this paper (report, article), we present/describe/report/discuss 3. 我们描述了一例…… We describe a case of 4. 本文报告一例…… A case is reported in which...... 5. 本文报告了……的研究。 A study of ... is reported 6. 本研究旨在……
Unit 1 汉译英
Unit 1 汉译英 1 和某人合作学习，和某人合作工作· 2 制作单词卡片 3 听磁带 4 向老师寻求帮助 5 看英语电影 6 和外国人交流 7 参加英语俱乐部 8 上网冲浪 9 备考 10 看录像 11 和某人会话 12 练习发音 13 做某事怎么样？ 14 学得很多 15 提高我的说话技巧 16 口头英语17 有点紧张 18 作报告 19 是一个读书慢的人 20 读得快 21 抓住主题 22 一个一个词，逐词 23 读意群 24 通过读它前后的句子猜词的意思 25 耐心 26 不着急，慢慢来 27 读你喜欢的东西 28 越多。。。越快。。。 29 发现做某事困难 30 在英语课堂上 31 语言学习的秘诀 32 去年 33 每堂课 34 一场噩梦 35 如此。。。以致。。。 36 大多数时间 37 害怕做某事 38 因为 39因为我的发音差 40 一部名叫。。。的电影 41 爱上。。 42 肢体语言 43 脸上的表情 44 帮助某人做某事 45 通过听关键词抓住意思 46 听有趣的东西 47 学习有用的表达 48 小菜一碟，小菜一桩 49活该 50 在词典里查找它们 51 以便 52 对某东西有一个更好的理解
53 也 54 改善我的发音 55 学习语法 56 做笔记 57 做练习 58 给某人写信 59 用英语记日记 60 做语法练习 61 和某人一起讲英语 62 记句子模式 63 提高我的阅读速度 64 拼写英语单词 65 犯语法错误 66 让发音正确 67 忘记许多新单词 68 跟某人交谈 69 得到许多书写练习 70 有一个练习英语的搭档71天生具有 72 学习的能力 73 是否，是不是 74 取决于 75 有一些共同的好习惯 76 培养在。。。的兴趣 77 更活跃 78 做某事是容易的 79 注意某东西， 注意做某事 80 把。。。和。。。联系起来 81 观看英语体育节目 82 感到厌烦 83 从错误中学习 84 擅长于 85 熟能生巧 86 坚持做某事 87 努力学习 88 写下关键词 89 画思维导图 90 寻找复习的办法 91 给某人解释信息 92 课间或课后 93 找到答案 94 终身的历程 95 来自于质疑 96 带来新东西 97 成为某人的一部分 98 聪明地学习 99 学得好 100 做某事是一个好主意 101 独立做某事 102 为某事做好准备 103 担心 104 一遍又一遍 105 提高听力
高级英语1 汉译英 翻译 课后题
第一课 1.每架飞机起飞之前必须经过严格的检查。 2.居民坚决反对在附近建立垃圾焚烧厂，因为他们担心工厂排放的气体会污染周围的空气。 3.在这个地区，生态工程的投资额高达数十亿元。 4.枯的河道里布满了大大小小的石块。 5.虽然战争给这个国家造成巨大的损失，但当地的文化传统并没有消亡。 6.为了建筑现代化的高楼大厦，许多古老的，具有民族特色的建筑物都被拆毁了。 7.在地震中多数质量差的房子的主体结构都散架了。 8.他为实现自己的目标付出了最大努力，但最后美好的梦想还是化成了泡影。 第二课 1.礼堂里一个人都没有，会议一定是延期了。 2.那座现代建筑看上去很像个飞碟。 3.四川话和湖北话在北方人听起来很相似，有时难以区别。 4.一看见纪念碑就想起了再战斗中死去的好友。 5.他陷入沉思之中，没有理会同伴们在谈些什么。 6.他干的事与她毫无关系。 7.她睡不着觉，女儿的病使她心事重重。 8.这件事长期以来一直让我放心不下。 9.他喜欢这些聚会，喜欢与年轻人交往并就各种问题交换意见。 10.几分钟以后大家才领悟他话中的含意。 11.土壤散发着青草的气味。 12.我可以占用你几分钟时间吗？ 13.你能匀出一张票子给我吗？ 14.那个上了年纪的灰头发的人是铜匠。 第四课 1)我没有预料到会卷入这场争端。 2)如果你想学到一些东西，那你自己就应该参加到这项工作中去。 3)虽然种族隔离室违法的，但种族歧视在美国仍然以不同形式存在着。 4)陪审团议论了一番，最后裁决他有罪。 5)他认为这两个观点是可以一致起来的。 6)观众对被告充满了同情心。 7)他阅读文章时总把字典放在手边。 8)还没有进行环境影响评估筑坝工程就开工了。 第六课 1. 汤姆很聪明，丝毫不亚于班上第一名的学生。 2. 对贫困的担心使他忧虑重重。 3. 洞庭湖盛产鱼虾。 4. 迫于压力，他别无办法，只好离职。 5. 那时许多儿童死于天花。 6. 他发现船舱里进了很多水，十分惊恐。 7. 直到半夜医生才做完手术。 8. 彼得的特点正是如此。 9. 历史课使我对古代文明有所了解。 10. 新上演的那出话剧充分表现了年轻人的追求和烦恼。 第九课 1. 他把网上的流传当成一个笑话，不予理睬。 2. 马克?吐温的《竞选州长》是一片著名的短篇故事。 3. 对于遭受灾难的人们，我们应该毫无保留地帮助他们。 4. 考虑到他们没有经验，他们的工作成绩还是相当不错的。 5. 她是在华裔人占主导地位的社区里长大的。 6. 心情不好不能成为你对同事粗暴的理由。 7. 警方把这件事视作“误解”而草草了事。 第十课 1: 这些在贫困中成年的孩子很珍惜他们得到的每一个机会。2:他们克服了种种困难，终于在一个偏远的山村建立了一所小学校。 3: 虽然地震的惊恐已经过去，但他还是惊魂不定，心有余悸。 4:越来越多的人懂得，济的发展不能以牺牲生态环境为代价。5: 这几个年轻人凭着热情和努力白手起家干起了一番事业。6: 只有少数人实现了他们的梦想，大多数人没有成功。7: 肉类生产也是促成碳排放的原因。 8: 人类与自然的关系在许多早期的文学作品里就经常得以体现。
汉译英答案3
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
新视野大学英语读写教程汉译英翻译答案
第一单元 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3 .Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 第二单元 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international
新视野大学英语读写教程2汉译英翻译题及答案
1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7
新视野大学英语3Unit1~6汉译英
unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂招待会上发表演讲。 No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们。 Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3.汽车的生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗车辆。 Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。 If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。 Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。 Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence.
商务英语翻译实训汉译英1答案
SALES CONTRACT No: Date: For Account of: Indent No: This contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers; Whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the undermentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below and overleaf: （1）Names of commodity（ies）and specification（s） （2）Quantity （3）Unit price （4）Amount TOTAL: __ % more or less allowed （5）Packing: （6）Port of Loading: （7）Port of Destination: （8）Shipping Marks: （9）Time of Shipment: Within __ days after receipt of L/C，allowing transhipment and partial shipment. （10）Terms of Payment: By 100% Confirmed，Irrevocable and Sight Letter of Credit to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after shipment. （11）Insurance: Covers all risks and war risks only as per the Clauses of the People's Insurance Company of China for 110% of the invoice value.
英语单词汉译英1
英语单词 1.和、并且； 2.蚂蚁； 3.任何的、任何一个； 4.生气的、愤怒的； 5.动物； 6.与…..相比较； 7.扇子、电扇； 8.熊猫； 9.凉鞋； 10.可以、能够； 11.植物； 12.飞机； 13.裤子； 14.公司； 15.很多的； 16.谢谢； 17.多谢； 18.食堂； 19.狐狸； 20.传真； 21.修理、固定、安装； 22.混合、掺和； 23.锅碗瓢盆； 24.热的； 25.照片； 26.土豆； 27.猪肉； 28.公园； 29.天空；30.太阳； 31.晴朗的； 32.驾驶、开车； 33.司机； 34.快乐的、幸福的； 35.飞，放； 36.风筝； 37.有趣的； 38.人们； 39.放松； 40.船，舰； 41.桥； 42.小河、小溪； 43.颜色； 44.绿色的； 45.粉红色的； 46.蓝色的； 47.白色的； 48.黄色的； 49.紫色的； 50.橙色的； 51.棕色的、褐色； 52.相册、集邮册、唱片； 53.酒精； 54.字母表； 55.高度、海拔，高出； 56.阳台； 57.有感染力、呼吁； 58.拨（电话）； 59.相等的、平等的；
60.错误的、假的； 61.目标、目的、球门、得分； 62.男性的、雄性的； 63.薪水； 64.女性的、雌性的； 65.做； 66.做（第三人称）； 67.狗； 68.医生； 69.门； 70.玩具娃娃； 71.他； 72.她的； 73.她； 74.这、那； 75.母鸡； 76.后跟、脚跟； 77.轮子； 78.沉重的； 79.健康、健康状况； 80.英雄； 81.草本植物、草药； 82.贝壳、壳； 83.架子； 84.使恼怒、打扰； 85.主题； 86.它； 87.等、等待； 88.坐； 89.城市；90.水果； 91.兴奋的、激动的； 92.兔子； 93.写； 94.作家； 95.看望； 96.客人、参观者； 97.我； 98.餐、饭； 99.表示….的意思、作…解释；100.菜单；101.混乱、脏乱、弄乱、搞糟；102.来；103.奖牌、奖章；104.金属；105.气味；106.媒介、手段、中间；107.会员、成员；108.消息、信息；109.记住、记熟；110.药、药物；111.学期；112.方法、手段、工具；113.喜剧；114.骆驼；115.照相机；116.不、不是（n）；117.不、不是（adv）；118.现在；