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语言教学的流派第一章

The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. Much of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences into and out of the target language,and it is this focus on the sentence that is a distinctive feature of the method. Earlier approaches to foreign language study used grammar as an aid to the study of texts in a foreign language. But this was thought to be too difficult for students in secondary schools ,and the focus on the sentence was an attempt to make language learning easier.

Accuracy is emphasized. Students are expected to attain high standards in translation ,because of “the high priority attached to meticulous standards of accuracy which, as well as having an intrinsic moral value, was a prerequisite for passing the increasing number of formal written examinations that grew up during the century.”

Grammar is taught deductively-that is, by presentation and study of grammar rules, which are then practiced through translation exercises. In most Grammar-Translation texts, a syllabus was followed for the sequencing of grammar points throughout a text, and there was an attempt to teach grammar in an organized and systematic way.

The student’s native language is the medium of instruction. It is used to explain new items and to enable comparisons to be made between

foreign language and the student’s native language.

Grammar Translation dominated European and foreign language teaching from the 1840s to the 1940s, and in modified form it continues to be widely used in some parts of the world today. At its best, as Howatt(1984) points out, it was not necessarily the horror that its critics depicted it as. Its worst excesses were introduced by those who wanted to demonstrate that the study of French or German was no less rigorous than the study of classical language. This resulted in the type of Grammar- Translation courses remembered with distaste by thousands of school learners, for whom foreign language learning meant a tedious experience of memorizing endless lists of unusable grammar rules and vocabulary and attempting to produce perfect translations of stilted or literary prose. Although the Grammar-Translation Method often creates frustration for students ,it makes few demands on teachers. It is still used in situations where understanding literary texts is the primary focus of foreign language study and there is little need for a speaking knowledge of the language. Contemporary texts for the teaching of foreign languages at college level often reflect Grammar-Translation principles. These texts are frequently the produces of people trained in literature rather than in language teaching or applied linguistics. Consequently, though it may be true to say that the

Grammar-Translation Method is still widely practiced, it has no advocates. It is a method for which there is no theory. There is no literature that offers a rationale or justification for it or that attempts to relate it to issues in linguistics, psychology, or educational theory.

In the mid- and late nineteenth century opposition to the Grammar-Translation Method gradually developed in several European countries. This Reform Movement, as it was referred to, laid the foundations for the development of new ways of teaching languages and raised controversies that have continued to the present day.

Language teaching innovations in the nineteenth century

Toward the mid-nineteenth century several factors contributed to a questioning and rejection of the Grammar-Translation Method. Increased opportunities for communication among Europeans created a demand for oral proficiency in foreign languages. Emphasized the importance of meaning in learning, proposed that reading be taught before other skills, and tried to locate language teaching within a broader educational framework. The Englishman T. Prendergast was one of the first to record the observation that children use contextual and situational cues to interpret utterances and that they use memorized phrases and “routines” in speaking. He proposed the first “structural syllabus,” advocat ing that learners be

taught the most basic structural patterns occurring in the language. In this way he was anticipating an issue that was to be taken up in the 1920s and 1930s, as we shall see in Chapter3. The Frenchman F.Gouin is perhaps the best known of these mid- nineteenth century reformers. Gouin developed an approach to teaching a foreign language based on his observations of children’s use of language. He believed that language learning was facilitated through using language to accomplish events consisting of a sequence of related actions. His method used situations and themes as ways of organizing and presenting oral language –the famous Gouin “series,” which includes sequences of sentences related to such activities as chopping wood and opening the door. Gouin established schools to teach according to his method, and it was quite popular for a time. In the first lesson of a foreign language the following series would be learned:

Gouin’s emphasis on the need to present new teaching items in a context that makes their meaning clear, and the use of gestures and actions to convey the meaning of utterances, are practices that later became part of such approaches and methods as Situational Language Teaching (Chapter3) and Total Physical Response(Chapter6).

The work of individual language specialists like these reflects the

changing climate of the times in which they worked. Educators recognized the need for speaking proficiency rather than reading comprehension, grammar, or literary appreciation as the goal for foreign language programs; there was an interest in how children learn language, which prompted attempts to develop teaching principles from observation of child language learning. But the ideas and methods of Marcel, Prendergast, Gouin, and other innovators were developed outside the context of established circles of education and hence lacked the means for wider dissemination, acceptance, and implementation. They were writing at a time when there was not sufficient organizational structure in the language teaching profession to enable new ideas to develop into an educational movement. This began to change toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, when a more concerted effort arose in which the interests of reform- minded language teachers, and linguists, coincided. Teachers and linguists began to write about the need for new approaches to language teaching, and through their pamphlets, books, speeches, and articles, the foundation for more widespread pedagogical reforms was laid. This effort became known as the Reform Movement in language teaching.

The Reform Movement

Language teaching specialists like Marcel, Prendergast, and Gouin

had done much to promote alternative approaches to language twaching, but their ideas failed to receive widespread support or attention. From the 1880s,however, practically minded linguists like Henry Sweet in England, Wilhelm Vietor in Germany, and Paul Passy in France began to provide the intellectual leadership needed to give reformist ideas greater credibility and acceptance. The discipline of linguistics was revitalized. Phonetic- the scientific analysis and description of the sound systems of language- was established, giving new insights into speech processes. Linguists emphasized that speech, rather than the written word, was the primary form of language. The International Phonetic Association was founded in 1886, and its International Alphabet was designed to enable the sounds of any language to be accurately transcribed. One of the earliest goals of the association was to improve the teaching of modern languages. It advocated.

Linguists too became interested in the controversies that emerged about the best way to teach foreign languages, and ideas were fiercely discussed and defended in books, articles, and pamphlets. Henry Sweet(1845-1912) argued that sound methodological principle should be based on a scientific analysis of language and a study of psychology. In his book The Practical Study of Languages(1899) he set forth principle for the development of

teaching method. These include:

Careful selection of what is to be taught.

Imposing limits

In Germany the prominent scholar Wilhelm Vietor(1850-1918) used linguistic theory to justify his views on language teaching. He argued that training in phonetics would enable teachers to pronounce the language accurately. Speech pattern, rather than grammar, were the fundamental elements of language. In 1882 he published his views in an influential pamphlet, Language Teaching Must Start Afresh, in which he strongly criticized the inadequacies of Grammar Translation and stressed the value of training teachers in the new science of phonetics.

Vietor, Sweet, and other reformers in the late nineteenth century shared many beliefs about the principles on which a new approach to teaching foreign language should be based,although they often differed considerably in the specific procedures they advocated for teaching a language. In general the reformers believed that.

1The spoken language is primary and that this should be

reflected in an oral-based methodology.

2The findings of phonetics should be applied to teaching and to teacher training.

6

These principles provided the theoretical foundations for a principled approach to language teaching, one based on a scientific approach to the study of language and of language learning. They refelt the beginnings of the discipline of applied linguistics-that branch of language study concerned with the scientific study of second and foreign language teaching and learning. The writings of such scholars as Sweet, Vietor, and Passy provided suggestions on how these applied linguistic principles could best be put into practice. None of these proposals assumed the status of a method, however, in the sense of a widely recognized and uniformly implemented design for teaching a language. But parallel to the ideas put forward by members of the Reform Movement was an interest in developing principles for language learning, such as are seen in first language acquisition. This led to what have been termed natural methods and ultimately led to the development of what came to be known as the Direct Method.

The Direct Method

Gouin had been one of the first of the nineteenth- century

reformers to attempt to build a methodology around observation of child language learning. Other reformers toward the end of the century likewise turned their attention to naturalistic principles of language learning, and for this reason they are sometimes referred to as advocates of a “natural” method. In fact at various times throughout the history of language teaching, attempts have been made to make second language learning more like first language learning. In the sixteenth century, for example, Montaigne described how he was entrusted to a guardian who addressed him exclusively in Latin for the first years of his life, since Montaigne’s father wanted his son to speak Latin well. Among those who tried to apply natural principles to language classes in the nineteenth century was L. Sauveur(1826-1907), who used intensive oral interaction in the target language, employing questions as a way of presenting and eliciting language. He opened a language school in Boston in the late 1860s, and his method soon became referred to as the Natural Method.

Sauveur and other believers in the Natural Method argued that a foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learner’s native tongue if meaning was conveyed directly through demonstration and action. The German scholar F. Franke wrote on the psychological principles of direct association between forms and meanings in the target language(1884) and provided a theoretical

justification for a monolingual approach to teaching. According to Franke, a language could best be taught by using it actively in the classroom. Rather than using analytical procedures that focus on explanation of grammar rules in classroom teaching, teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the foreign language in the classroom. Learners would then be able to induce rules of grammar. The teacher replaced the textbook in the early stages of learning. Speaking began with systematic attention to pronunciation. Known words could be used to teach new vocabulary, using mime, demonstration, and pictures.

These natural language learning principles provided the foundation for what came to be known as the Direct Method, which refers to the most widely known of the natural method. Enthusiastic supporters of the Direct Method introduced it in France and Germany, and it became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and Maximilian Berlitz in successful commercial language schools. In practice it stood for the following principles and procedures:

1 Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language.

2 Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.

3 Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded

progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.

4 Grammar was taught inductively.

5 New teaching points were introduced orally.

6 Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, object, and pictures; abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas.

7 Both speech and listening comprehension were taught.

8 Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.

These principles are seen in the following guidelines for teaching oral language, which are still followed in contemporary Berlitz schools:

Never translate: demonstrate

Never explain: act

Never make a speech: ask questions

Never imitate mistakes: correct

Never speak with single words: use sentences

Never speak too much: make students speak much

Never jump around: follow your plan

Never go too fast: keep the pace of the student

Never speak too slowly: speak normally

Never speak too quickly: speak naturally

Never speak too loudly: speak naturally

Never be impatient: take it easy

The Direct Method was quite successful in private language schools, such as those of the Berlitz chain, where paying clients had high motivation and the use of native- speaking teachers was the norm. But despite pressure from proponents of the method, it was difficult to implement in public secondary school education. It overemphasized and distorted the similarities between naturalistic first language learning and classroom foreign language learning and failed to consider the practical realities of the classroom. In addition , it lacked a rigorous basis in applied linguistic theory, and for this reason it was often criticized by the more academically based proponents of the Reform Movement. The Direct Method represented the product of enlightened amateurism. It was perceived to have several drawbacks. First , it required teachers who were native speakers or who had nativelike fluendy in the foreign language. It was largely dependent on the teacher’s skill, rather than on a textbook, and not all teachers were proficient enough in the foreign language to adhere to the principle of the method. Critics pointed out that strict adherence to Direct Method principles was often counterproductive, since teachers were required to go to great lengths to avoid using the native tongue, when sometimes a simple

brief explanation in the student’s native tongue would have been a more efficient route to comprehension.

The Harvard psychologist Roger Brown has documented similar problems with strict Direct Method techniques. He described his frustration in observing a teacher performing verbal gymnastics in an attempt to convey the meaning of Japanese words, when translation would have been a much more efficient technique to use.

By the 1920s, use of the Direct Method in noncommercial schools in Europe had consequently declined. In France and Germany it was gradually modified into versions that combined some Direct Method techniques with more controlled grammar-based activities. The European popularity of the Direct Method in the early part of the twentieth century caused foreign language specialists in the United States to attempt to have it implemented in American schools and colleges, although they decided to move with caution. A study begun in 1923 on the state of foreign language teaching concluded that no single method could guarantee successful results. The goal of trying to teach conversation skills was considered impractical in view of the restricted time available for foreign language teaching in schools, the limited skills of teachers, and the perceived irrelevance of conversation skills in a foreign language for the average American college student. The study- published as the

Coleman Report- advocated that a more reasonable goal for a foreign language course would be a reading knowledge of a foreign language, achieved through the gradual introduction of words and grammatical structures in simple reading texts. The main resulat of this recommendation was that reading became the goal of most foreign language programs in the United States. The emphasis on reading continued to characterize foreign language teaching in the United States until World WarⅡ.

Although the Direct Method enjoyed popularity in Europe, not everyone had embraced it enthusiastically. The British applied linguist Henry Sweet had recognized its limitations. It offered innovations at the level of teaching procedures but lacked a thorough methodological basis. Its main focus was on the exclusive use of the target language in the classroom, but it failed to address many issues that Sweet thought more basic. Sweet and other applied linguists argued for the development of sound methodological principles that could serve as the basis for teaching techniques. In the 1920s and 1930s applied linguists systematized the principles proposed earlier by the Reform Movement and so laid the foundations for what developed into the British approach to teaching English as a foreign language. Subsequent development led to Audiolingualism (see Chapter4) in the United States and the Oral Approach or Situational

Language Teaching (see Chapter3) in Britain.

What became of the concept of method as foreign language teaching emerged as a significant educational issue in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? We have seen from this historical survey some of the questions that prompted innovations and new directions in language teaching in the past.

1 What shoul the goals of language teaching be? Should a language course try to teach conversational proficiency, reading, translation, or some other skills?

2 What is the basic nature of language, and how will this affect teaching method?

3 What are the principles for the selection of language content in language teaching?

4 What principles of organization, sequencing, and presentation best facilitate learning?

5 What should the role of the native language be?

6 What processes do learners use in mastering a language, and can these be incorporated into a method?

7 What teaching techniques and activities work best under what circumstances?

Particular methods differ in the way they address these issues. But in order to understand the fundamental nature of methods in

language teaching, it is necessary to conceive the notion of method more systematically. This is the aim of the next chapter, in which we present a model for the description, analysis, and comparison of methods. This model will be used as a framework for our subsequent discussions and analyses of particular language teaching methods and philosophies.

第二语言教学法流派提纲

四、第二语言教学法主要流派 (一)语法翻译法 ①时间:18世纪末②代表人物:[德]奥伦多夫③言学理论基础:机械语言学或历史比较语言学认为所有语言同出一派 ④心理学理论基础:官能心理学或联想心理学 官能心理学:认为心理的各种官能可分别加以训练例如:记忆、思考、概括…… 联想心理学:把一切心理活动看成是各种感觉或观念的集合。心理活动主要依靠联想的力量来实现。例如:记忆单词依靠和母语的联系⑤主要特点:A.以语法为纲,教授系统的语法知识B.课堂教学使用学生的母语,教学法以翻译为主C.注重书面语的教学,轻视口语D.教授所谓的“规范”语言,重视使用所谓经典的“名著”“原著” ⑥成就:A.强调母语教学的理论B.强调发展学生的智力,学生语法知识扎实C.由于注重书面语教学,学生的阅读水平和能力比较高D.对教师本身的口语要求不高,该教学法使用方便 ⑦缺点: A.忽视言语交际技能,尤其是听说能力的培养B.过分依赖学生的母语和翻译的手段,无法培养用目的语思维的习惯和能力C.过分强调语法的重要性,教学内容枯燥乏味或深奥难懂 (二)直接法(改革法、自然法) 针对“语法——翻译法”“直接”:用目的语教授目的语 又称“自然法”,主张仿照幼儿学习母语的自然过程来设计第二语言教学过程 直接法是作为语法——翻译法的对立物在西欧出现的,代表人物是贝立兹。(01填空) 直接法主张在外语教学中完全不使用学生的母语(02选择) 直接法的“直接”指直接用目的语教授目的语(03选择) 直接法的优点之一是有利于学生外语思维和语言能力的培养(00选择) ①时间:19世纪后半叶西欧 ②代表人物:[德]贝立兹 [法]古安 [英]帕莫·艾盖尔特 ③心理学基础:联结主义心理学强调语言与客体的直接连接 ④特点:A.在语言和外界事物或经验之间建立起直接的联系,在教学过程中不使用学生的母语B.以口语为基础(与语法——翻译法针锋相对)C.句本位,以句子为基本的教学单位D.以模仿为主 E.用归纳法教授语法规则先操练,后归纳 ⑤优点: A.打破语法——翻译法一统天下的局面,开创了新路子B.利用直观手段(实物、图片等)进行教学,有利于调动学生积极性C.注重口语教学,有利于培养学生的言语能力D.不使用学生母语,有利于培养学生用目的语思维的能力 ⑥缺点: A.把幼儿习得母语和成人学习第二语言混为一谈是不对的B.完全摒弃学生母语,忽视其积极意义,有时反而影响学生对目的语的理解C.过分强调模仿、重复,不符合成年人需要适当给出规则的学习方式 D.对读写能力的培养不够重视 (三)听说法(结构法、句型法) 时间:20世纪四、五十年代二战时美国训练士兵所用方法 外语教学听说法产生于美国,其语言学基础是结构主义语言学(96选择) ②代表人物:[美]弗里斯埃比拉多 ③语言学基础:结构主义语言学强调先搞清语言的结构 ④心理学基础:行为主义心理学刺激——反应——强化 听说法的心理学理论依据是行为主义心理学,这种心理学理论的创始人是华生(98选择) ⑤特点:A.听说领先,读写跟上B.反复实践,养成习惯C.以句型为中心进行训练强调以句型为中心反复进行操练的教学法是听说法(01选择) D.排斥或限制使用母语(不完全排斥) E.大量使用现代化教学技术手段如:录音、语音实验室、视听设备等 F.注重语言结构的对比,找出学习的难点,确定学习的重点 G.有错必纠 ⑥优点: A.以句型作为第二语言教学的中心,并建立了一套培养语言习惯的练习体系 B.充分利用对比分析的方法,找出教学的难点和重点 C.不完全摒弃学生母语克服了直接法的某些片面性

英语教学法主要流派

英语教学法主要流派 常见术语:Method, Approach, Design, Procedure, Technique 一、语法翻译法 1、语法翻译法是一种通过学习语法规则和词汇,并且按照规则用本国语和目的语进行互译来教授语言的方法。 2、教学过程 阅读/朗读——句子翻译——讲解语法/语言点——书面回答——理解性问题 3、原则和技巧 原则:(1)书面语重要,重视写作和阅读 (2)熟记语法规则和单词 (3)教师的绝对权威 (4)本族语的中介作用 技巧:(1)书面翻译/互译 (2)阅读理解性问答 (3)演绎法讲解语法规则 (4)填空、背诵、造句、作文等 4、评价: (1)使用方便 (2)学习语言知识多于语言技能掌握 (3)改良式的语法翻译法:弥补口语的听说训练、重视交际能力的培养、重视调动学生学习的主动性。 二、直接法 1、直接法是一种通过实物、图画、动作、表情等手段把外语和其对应的意思直接联系,从而达到直接理解和直接应用的外语教学法。 2、教学步骤 用目的语讲解——提问——回答 用归纳法教语法:例子——总结规则——巩固性练习——听写练习 3、原则与技巧 原则:(1)先听说后书面语言 (2)通过有意义的上下文来学习单词和句子 (3)禁止使用本族语翻译 (4)自我更正来促进语言学习 技巧:大声朗读、问答练习、自我更正、会话、填空、听写段落、画图讲解、实物演示等。 4、评价:(1)强调语言实践和运用,有利于听说 (2)学习用外语思考,重视语言的交际作用 (3)排斥本国语,有时花费很长的时间来解释,或者解释不清楚 (4)对教师口语、教学技能要求高 三、听说法 1、听说法是一种运用句型操练形式学习外语的方法。其理论基础为结构主义语言学和行为主义心理学。 2、教学步骤 听外语对话——模仿——纠正语音语调——逐句背诵——对话练习——看书面材料——语法点归纳——替换/回答练习 3、原则与技巧

第二语言教学流派简介

第二语言教学法流派简介 第二语教学法流派 ?第二语教学法流派很多,有几十种,这里重点介绍以下几种。 语法——翻译法 直接法 听说法 认知法 功能法(交际法) 1、语法翻译法 ⑴产生背景 ⑵基本特点 ⑶分析评价 ⑷应用提示 ⑴产生背景 发展线索 古代拉丁语的教学——中世纪的古典语言教学,16世纪开始现代语言取代拉丁语,到18世纪末,现代语言(英语、法语)已经进入教育主流。 代表人物 18世纪末19世纪初,德国语言学家,奥伦多夫(H.Ollendorff)对这种方法进行了理论上的阐述和总结,使之成为第二语言教学法体系。 普洛茨(1819-1881)推行语法翻译法教学的重要人物(教师) 相关理论: 历史比较语言学 心理学基础——18世纪德国的官能心理学 ?⑵基本特点 ?以理解书面语、培养阅读能力和写作能力为主要目标,不重视口语和听力; ?以系统的语法知识为主要内容,教学采用演绎的方法; ?词汇的选择由内容决定,对译生词表; ?用母语教学,翻译是主要教学手段; ?强调学习规范的书面语,注重原文,阅读名著。 ?⑶分析评价 ?积极方面: ?创建了翻译的教学形式; ?注重语法规则; ?注重阅读,注重语料的规范性。 ?局限: ?重语言知识而忽视语言运用; ?过分依赖母语; ?教学方式单一; ?忽视听说训练。 ?⑷应用提示 ?两个基本点: ?①以启发学生的目的语认知为出发点; ?②根据教学环境、对象、内容等选取合适的方式。

?在第二语言课堂上,教师容易陷入过多使用母语或媒介语的误区,而作为一个第二 语言教师,在课堂上说目的语,则永远不会多余! ?2、直接法(自然法) ?⑴产生背景 ?⑵相关理论 ?⑶基本原则 ?⑷训练方法 ?⑸分析评价 ?直接法就是直接用外语教外语,不用学生的母语,不用翻译,也不重视形式语法。 ?⑴产生背景 ?语言教师进行第二语言教学的新尝试,法国语言教育家古安(F.Gouin)(或称戈恩) 创造“序列教学法”。 ?德国教育家贝力子(M.D.Berlitz)一生主要在美国,因创建贝力子外语学院采用直 接法而闻名。 ?⑵相关理论 ?语言学 ?当时发展起来的语音学为直接法的创立和发展提供了语言学的基础。1886年国际语 音协会成立,公布了国际音标提出了第二语言教学的新原则。 ?心理学——联想主义心理学 ?理念:在语言行为中起重要作用的是感觉而不是思维,注重联想,形象化的作用, 通过感觉学习。并认为最强的感觉是由声音引起的。 ?⑶基本原则 ?直接联系:客观事物与第二语言教学直接联系 ?以模仿为主:通过大量感性材料灌输感性认识,再归纳 ?以口语为基础:从听说入门,重视语音教学 ?以句子为基本的教学单位 ?教授当代通用语言 ?⑷训练方法 ?实物法(名词类) ?动作启发法(表演法) ?环境制造(情景再现) ?重复法:模仿、重复、领会 ?词语拓展法 ?⑸分析评价 ?积极方面: 重视活的语言,重视实用性; 尝试建立第二语言教学的直接联系; 教法生动活泼; 为母语不同的教学对象的教学提供了可行方式。 ?局限: 推广受到限制,成功与否取决于教师的技巧; 教学条件有要求;小班授课效果较好; 完全排斥母语,有时“舍近求远”甚至于完全误导;

《语言教学的流派》课程教案

《语言教学的流派》课程教案 课程介绍: 对外汉语教学是一门新兴的学科,属于应用语言学,狭义的应用语言学指的就是语言教学,因此对外汉语教学要从外语教学的研究中吸取营养。国外的外语教学研究较早,成果丰富,我们一定要去借鉴,才可能根据汉语特点来推动对外汉语教学法的研究。 这门课程是对外汉语专业本科生的专业选修课,其目的在于让学生直接阅读外文资料,并在学习的过程中学习理论分析的方法,提高理论和学术素养。 要求: 1、熟悉每章的key words 2、Make presentation in English 3、积极参加课堂讨论 4、认真预习和完成课后作业 5、期末考查方式:passage translation(英译汉) 教材介绍: 20世纪外语教学蓬勃发展,教学法的研究也发展很快。一方面,19世纪一些传统的教学法传承下来;另一方面,20世纪有许多创新的教学法。Jack C. Richard 和Theodore S. Rodgers 所著的Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 一书对20世纪出现的几个具有代表性的教学法进行描述和分析,有助于我们了解历史,承前启后。Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 1、Approach and method 2、Language teaching --- second language teaching or foreign language teaching This book is a book on the history of language teaching, but it’s more than that. Accordin g to the authors, the aim of this book is to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a particular approach or method. The authors have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method or approach speak for itself and allows readers to make their own appraisals. So this book is not intended to popularize or promote particular approaches or methods described. It is designed to give the teacher or teacher trainee a straightforward introduction to commonly used an less commonly used methods, and a set of criteria by which to critically read, question, and observe methods. The goal is to enable teachers to become better informed about the nature, strengths, and weaknesses of methods and so they can better arrive at their judgments and decisions. 第一章 A brief history of language teaching 外语教学简史 本章主要介绍20世纪以前的外语教学简史 通过此章的学习,我们将会发现20世纪出现的教学法都是历史的延续和发 展。 在这章中,我们将了解两种传统的教学法:The Grammar-Translation Method (语法翻译法)和The Direct Method(直接法)

语言教学的流派课程教案

《语言教学的流派》课程教案 Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 1、Approach and method 2、Language teaching --- second language teaching or foreign language teaching This book is a book on the history of language teaching, but it’s more than that. According t o the authors, the aim of this book is to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a particular approach or method. The authors have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method or approach speak for itself and allows readers to make their own appraisals. So this book is not intended to popularize or promote particular approaches or methods described. It is designed to give the teacher or teacher trainee a straightforward introduction to commonly used an less commonly used methods, and a set of criteria by which to critically read, question, and observe methods. The goal is to enable teachers to become better informed about the nature, strengths, and weaknesses of methods and so they can better arrive at their judgments and decisions. 第一章 A brief history of language teaching 外语教学简史 在这章中,我们将了解两种传统的教学法:The Grammar-Translation Method (语法翻译法) 和The Direct Method(直接法) 第二章The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching 外语教学法理论与方法的性质本章为以后的分析立下了一个基本的理论分析框架(framework)。在这个框架中,教学法包括 三个部分: 1、Approach(理论):语言理论和学习理论 2、Design(设计):教学目的、大纲、教学活动形式、学生角色、教师角色、教材的作用 3、Procedure(教学步骤) This chapter will present a model for the description, analysis, and comparison of methods. This model will be used as a framework for the subsequent discussions and analyses of particular language teaching methods and philosophies. 第三章至第十章是根据第二章中所立的基本理论分析框架对八派语言教学法进行描述和分析。 第三章The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching 口语法和情景法 第四章The Audiolingual method 听说法 第五章Communicative Language Teaching 交际法 第六章Total Physical Response 全身反应法 第七章The Silent Way 沉默法 第八章Community Language Learning 社团学习法 第九章The Natural Approach 自然法 第十章Suggestopedia 暗示法 Where a method or approach has extensive and acknowledged links to a particular tradition in second or foreign language teaching, this historical background is treated in the first section of the chapter. Where a method or approach has no acknowledged ties to established second or foreign language teaching practice, historical perspective is not relevant. In these cases the method is considered in terms of its links to more general linguistic, psychological, or educational traditions. 第一章 A brief history of language teaching 外语教学简史 This chapter provides a background for discussion of contemporary methods and suggests the issues we will refer to in analyzing these methods. Changes in language teaching methods throughout history have reflected a.Recognition of changes in the kind of proficiency learners need (oral proficiency or reading comprehension) b.Changes in theories of the nature of language and of language learning.

汉语国际教育概论之第二语言教学法流派--北语听课整理-完整

第二语言教学法流派 一、教学法流派的研究 1.什么是教学法流派 教学法体系:由教学理论指导;在教学实践中形成、具有自身的特点。包括: (1)理论基础(语言观、学习观、教学观) (2)教学目标 (3)教学原则 (4)教学内容 (5)教学过程 (6)教学方法和技巧 (7)教学手段 (8)教师与学生的作用 (9)评估方法 1.1教学途径类 较侧重于提供教学理念和原则,对具体教学方法、程序未明确规定。 1.2教学方法类 同时规定了教学步骤和教学技巧 2.三大教学法流派 2.1传统教学法(强调语言形式) (1)认知派(语法翻译法、认知法) (2)经验派(直接法、听说法) 2.2交际性教学法(强调语言功能和语言运用)

(1)语言派(功能—意念教学法、任务型教学法) (2)内容派(内容型教学法) 2.3人本主义教学法(强调学生为中心) 团体语言学习法、暗示法 3.西方学者对教学法流派的分析模式 (1)教学理念、原则(语言观、学习观、教学观) (2)教学方法、设计(目的、活动、教师、大纲、教材、学生)(3)教学实践、步骤(步骤、活动、技巧) 4.对教学法研究的主要方面 (1)时代背景、地点、代表人物 (2)理论基础:语言学、心理学 (3)教学步骤 (4)主要特点(教学原则) (5)成就和不足 二、主要教学法流派分析 现代语言(英语、法语、意大利语)

1.传统教学法 1.1语法翻译法(又称古典法) 以系统的语法知识教学为刚,依靠母语。通过翻译手段,主要培养第二语言读写能力的一种教学法。 (1)时代背景 18世纪德国语言家奥伦多夫吧语法讲解与翻译练习结合起来,成为当时一种标准的课堂教学方法。 19世纪中叶,逐渐成为教现代语言的主要方法。 (2)理论基础 历史比较语言学(语言同源)、官能心理学(思维训练) (3)教学步骤 讲解语法词汇→翻译练习 →介绍课文(母语介绍课文、逐句翻译课文、朗读课文) →巩固课文(胡毅巩固课文、回答理解题) →测试检查(通过双语翻译测验检查) (4)主要特点 A. 以系统的语法知识教学为纲,用演绎法; B. 依靠母语,用母语教目的语,以翻译为主要教学手段和练习手段; C. 以理解书面语,培养阅读和写作能力为目标; D. 重视课文教学,以文学名著典范语言为教学; E. 教师是课堂的权威,学生是知识的接受者。 (5)成就 A. 第一个完整的教学法体系;

英语教学法流派简介

外语教学法流派介绍和简评 外语教学是一个复杂的过程,影响它的因素比较多。由于外语教学是学校教育的组成部分,它必然与其他学科的教学一样,受到教育学、心理学和教育领域一般教学论的影响。然而,外语是一门语言学科,外语教学法的主要理论基础是语言学。自语言学成为一门独立学科后,每一主要流派都有体现它基本理论的相应的外语教学法。但是,外语教学并不完全依附语言学,它具有相对的独立性。有的外语教学法(如直接法)并无相对应的语言学流派作为理论基础。因此,不能机械地将语言学流派与外语教学法看成一对一的关系。 第一节传统外语教学法流派及其教学原则与方法据历史记载,最早谈论外语教学方法的是欧洲教育家马科斯.昆体良(Marc us Fabins Quintilian A.D.35—95)。他出生于西班牙,后去罗马教授希腊语。他的教学由四个步骤组成:朗读伊索寓言;写下该故事;口头讲述某段故事;写一篇短文。据说这一方法流传很长一段时间。然而,16世纪前外语教师的工作大部分仅为词汇和句子的讲解而已。直到19世纪初,有关外语教学的方法尚未形成系统的观点和理论。 外语教学法理论是在19世纪历史比较语言学的基础上形成的。在长达一个世纪的历史中,它经历了两个阶段:20世纪60年代前以语法翻译法(the gram mar-translation method)、直接法(the direct method)和听说法(the audioling ual approach)为代表,一般称它们为传统的外语教学法;60年代后,认知法(t he cognitive approach)和交际法(the communicative approach)的崛起促使一系列新型教学法脱颖而出,它们又可分为70年代诞生与80年代后期发展的两大教学方法。 但是,任何新教学法的兴起并不意味着旧方法的消亡。无论是传统的还是新兴的外语教学法都是在一定的历史条件下产生的,都各有长处和局限性。重要的是,我们应该学习和掌握各种不同的教学方法的特点,根据具体的教学要求,自觉地、灵活地运用他们为不同的教学目标与对象服务。 一、语法翻译法(the grammar-translation method)

英语教学法流派读书笔记

英语教学法流派 ————读书笔记 在研读了以下书目的基础上,我完成了这篇读书笔记: 《英语教学法基础》:第2章外语教学法简史;第3章外语教学法的主要流派《小学英语教学法教程》:Unit 2 Understanding the National English Curriculum 《外语教育心理学》:第1章外语学习理论和模式 第10章外语教学法学派与心理学 一、翻译法(Translation Method) 翻译法最早是在欧洲用来教授古典语言希腊语和拉丁语的外语教学方法,到18世纪末和19世纪中期开始被用来教授现代语言。翻译法的教学目的是培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。其突出的特点是:教师用母语授课,授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。翻译法历史悠久,其优点是: 1. 学生语法概念清晰; 2. 阅读能力较强,尤其是遇到长而难的句子时通过分析句子结构便能理解意思; 3. 有助于培养翻译能力和写作能力。 翻译法的缺点是: 1. 忽视口语教学,学生的语音语调差,不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力; 2. 教学方式单一,学生容易失去兴趣。 二、直接法(Direct Method) 针对翻译法不能培养学生听说能力的缺点,直接法于19世纪末在欧洲产生。它包含三个方面的意思:直接学习、直接理解和直接应用。其主要特点是:不允许使用母语,用动作和图画等直观手段解释词义和句子。 直接法流行甚广,其优点是: 1. 采用各种直观教具,广泛运用接近实际生活的教学方式,有助于培养用外语思维的能力; 2. 强调直接学习和直接应用,注重语言实践练习,学生学习积极性高,学习兴趣浓厚; 3. 重视口语和语音教学,能有效地培养学生的语言运用能力。 其缺点是: 1. 排斥母语,使学生对一些抽象和复杂的概念难以理解; 2. 没有明晰的语法解释,导致学生说出的话语法错误较多。 三、听说法(Audiolingualism, Audiolingual Method) 听说法于20世纪40至60年代盛行于美国。它吸收了直接法的许多优点,又受结构主义语言学和行为主义心理学的影响。认为外语学习是习惯的形成,采取模仿、机械练习和记忆的方法强化学生的反应;课堂上学生做大量的句型操练,不考虑意思和语境。 其优点是: 1. 培养学生敢于大胆主动地使用所学语言进行交谈,口语能力较强; 2. 句型操练对初学者帮助很大,语言规范; 其缺点是:

第二语言教学法主要流派

第二语言教学法主要流派 1、语法-翻译法:又称“传统法。是使用学生的母语来教授第二语言并以系统地教授语法知识为教学基础的一种第二语言教学法。主张母语与目的语并用,通过翻译和系统的语法教授学习。” 最古老的教学法,盛行于18世纪末,代表人物是德国语言学家奥伦多夫。 语言学理论基础:机械语言或历史比较语言学 心理学理论基础:联想心理学 基本原则和特点: A、语法是教授第二语言的基础。学习二语首先要背熟语法规则和例句。 B、课堂教学使用学生的母语。翻译是主要的教学手段 C、注重书面语教学,注重读写,轻视听说 D、教授所谓“规范”语言,重视经典名著 教学过程:字母发音和书写――语法――阅读原文 语法教学的步骤:A、先讲词法,后讲语法。B、用演绎法教授语法规则,并翻译。C、练习 课文教学的步骤:A、介绍课文B、逐字逐句翻译C、朗读D、互译来巩固 主要成就: A、创建了在二语教学中利用母语的理论。翻译即是教学目的,也是手段 B、主张语法知识,重理性和演绎。 C、使用母语,初学阶段不会觉得困难 D、注重书面语和名著,阅读能力高 E、使用方便,无需复杂的设备和教具,对教师本身的口语要求也不高 主要缺点: A、忽视言语交际技能,听说能力。 B、过分依赖母语和翻译,无法培养用目的语思维的习惯和能力 C、过分强调语法,死记硬背语法规则和例句,教学内容乏味。

2、直接法:又称“改革法”、“自然法”。用目的语,不用母语不翻译,不注重语法形式。 19世纪后半页的西欧,代表人物:德国的贝立兹、法国的古安、英国的帕默、艾盖尔特 主张仿照“幼儿学语”的方式和自然过程来设计二语教学过程,以顺乎人类学语言的自然规律。建立语言和外界实物的直接联系和模仿大人说话是幼儿习得母语的基本策略。 心理学基础:联结主义心理学。受其影响,强调词语与客观事物的直接联系,而不通过母语。 教学原则和特点: A、直接联系。在语言和外界事物间建立直接联系,不用母语。 B、以口语为基础。教学目标是口语。 C、句本位。以句子为最基本的教学单位。 D、以模仿为主。是主要练习方式 E、先用直接感知语言材料,而后靠归纳的方式教授语法规则。 教学过程:教师口头展示句子or课文-学生模仿跟读-教师纠正错误-学生继续模仿-教师提问,学生回答;然后也可学生提问,教师回答。 主要优点: A、打破语法-翻译一统天下,开创了一个二语教学的新局面、新路子,重视口语。 B、利用直观手段教学,有利于调动学生积极性 C、注重口语,有利于培养学生的言语能力。 D、不使用母语,有利于培养目的语思维的能力。 E、制定出一套言语训练的方式方法。 主要缺点: A、忽视幼儿习得母语和大人学习二语的差异 B、排斥母语,只见消极面,不见积极面 C、注重建立目的语和事物的关系,教师解释不多,不用母语,易造成误解 D、重视感性认识,偏重经验,过分强调模仿、重复,对学生主动性认识不足 E、对复杂语言现象的理解易出问题,读写能力弱。

语言教学法流派

第二语言教学法主要流派 认知派:强调自觉掌握经验派:强调习惯养成 人本派:强调情感因素功能派:强调交际运用 语法翻译法:以语法知识为纲,依靠母语,通过翻译手段,主要培养二语读写能力。 时间:18世纪末19世纪初 别称:又叫“传统法”、“古典法” 代表人物:德国语言学家奥伦多夫 语言学基础:历史比较语言学 心理学基础:德国官能心理学(德国哲学家沃尔夫创立) 主要特点: 1、以理解目的语的书面语,阅读能力和写作能力,发展智力为主,不重视口 语和听力(重读写,轻听说) 2、以系统语法知识为纲,采用演绎法,通过翻译练习巩固 3、词汇是课文内容,用对译生词表进行教学,句子是讲授与练习的基本单位 4、用母语教学,翻译是主要的教学手段,练习手段和评测手段 5、强调学习规范的书面语,阅读文学名著 优势与不足: 1、语法翻译法是二语教学史上第一个完整的教学法体系,体现理性派教学法 特点 2、历史悠久具有很强的生命力,对我国对外汉语教学特别是精读课有较大影

响 3、忽视口语教学与语音教学,缺乏听说能力训练 4、过分依赖母语和翻译手段 5、过分重视语法知识的教学,死记硬背语法规则 6、教学内容枯燥无味或者过深过难 7、不利于语言交际能力的培养 直接法:主张口语教学为基础,按照幼儿习得母语的过程,用目的语直接与客观事物相联系而不依赖母语,不用翻译 时间:19世纪末20世纪初 别称:改革法、自然法 代表人物:早期代表人物菲埃托《语言教学必须彻底改革》、德国教育学家贝力子、创造“系列法“的法国语言学家古安, 典型教材:英国艾克斯利的《基础英语》 语言学基础:语言观认为语言是习惯,语言的运用靠感觉和记忆 心理学基础:联想主义心理学 主要特点: 1、目的语与事物直接联系,教学中排除母语,排除翻译,采用直观手用目的 语学习目的语,课堂教学采用扮演角色或演戏方式 2、不是先学习语法规则,而是靠直接感知,以模仿、操练、记忆为主形成的 自动的习惯,在一定阶段做一个总结 3、以口语教学为基础,先听说后读写,认为口语第一性符合自然途径,重视

第五讲 第二语言教学法主要流派

第五讲:第二语言教学法主要流派 一、语法翻译法 时间:18世纪末 代表人物:[德]奥伦多夫 理论基础:机械语言学或历史比较语言学官能心理学或联想心理学。 ?官能心理学:认为心理的各种官能可分别加以训练例如:记忆、思考、概括…… ?联想心理学:把一切心理活动看成是各种感觉或观念的集合。心理活动主要依靠联想的力量来实现。如:记单词依靠和母语的联系。 一、语法翻译法 主要特点: A.以语法为纲,教授系统的语法知识。 B.课堂教学使用学生的母语,教学法以翻译为主。 C.注重书面语的教学,轻视口语。 D.教授所谓的“规范”语言,重视使用所谓经典的“名著”、“原著”。 一、语法翻译法 成就: A.强调母语教学的理论。 B.强调发展学生的智力,学生语法知识扎实。 C.由于注重书面语教学,学生的阅读水平和能力比较高。 D.对教师本身的口语要求不高,该教学法使用方便。 一、语法翻译法 缺点: A.忽视言语交际技能,尤其是听说能力的培养。 B.过分依赖学生的母语和翻译的手段,无法养用目的语思维的习惯和能力。C.过分强调语法的重要性,教学内容枯燥乏味或深奥难懂。

二、直接法(改革法、自然法) 针对“语法——翻译法” “直接”:用目的语教授目的语。 又称“自然法”,主张仿照幼儿学习母语的自然过程来设计第二语言教学过程。 直接法是作为“语法——翻译法”的对立物在西欧出现的,代表人物是贝立兹。时间:19世纪后半叶西欧 代表人物: [德]贝立兹[法]古安[英]帕莫·艾盖尔特 理论基础: 联结主义心理学,强调语言与客体的直接连接。 特点: A.在语言和外界事物或经验之间建立起直接的联系,在教学过程中不使用学生的母语。 B、以口语为基础(与“语法—翻译法”针锋相对) C.句本位,以句子为基本的教学单位。 D.以模仿为主。 E.用归纳法教授语法规则先操练,后归纳。 优点: A.打破语法—翻译法一统天下的局面,开创了新路子。 B.利用直观手段(实物、图片等)进行教学,有利于调动学生积极性。 C.注重口语教学,有利于培养学生的言语能力 D.不使用学生母语,有利于培养学生用目的语思维的能力。 缺点: A.把幼儿习得母语和成人学习第二语言混为一谈。 B.完全摒弃学生母语,忽视其积极意义,有时反而影响学生对目的语的理解。C.过分强调模仿、重复,不符合成年人需要适当给出规则的学习方式。 D.对读写能力的培养不够重视。

外语教学法的主要流派的区别

外语教学法的主要流派的区别 3.1 各教学法流派的原则和方法 外语教学法简史告诉我们,不少学者为了使外语教学更有成效,按照我们对语言理论的不同理解和对语言学习的不同认识,不断地进行着有关外语教学方法的研究和探讨。在2500多年的的外语教学历史长河中出现过不少教学法流派。这些教学法的不断出现和改进,促进了外语教与学研究的深入,促进了教学方法的改进。研究结果使人们逐渐明确什么是语言,以及应如何按照不同的对象、不同的学习目标,使用不同的教学方法去进行语言教学。因此了解各种教学法的原则和具体的操作方法,有利于我们了解各种外语教学方法的优、缺点,从而使我们能从实际出发,在教学实际中选用正确的方法进行教学,以便能在教学实践中取得理想的效果。 人们对语言和语言学习的不同看法直接导致了不同教学方法的形成和发展。对于不同的语言观、语言学习观和其他一些有关语言理论和语言习得理论(如图式理论和卡拉申教授的第二语言习得的模式等),我们将在下一章介绍。在这一章里,我们将集中研究各种英语教学方法中的教学活动及其涉及的教与学方面的有关问题,并采用人们熟悉的教材作例子来解释各教学方法的特点。下面我们将从七个方面来描述各种教学方法。 3.1.1 教师的教学目的 教师的教学方法不但受教师对语言和语言学习的看法的影响,而且还受制约于他的教学目的。如果教师把语言看成为一门知识,他的教学目的是通过外语教学对学生在智力方面进行磨练,使学生能阅读外语的文学作品,他便会使用语法—翻译法进行教学。但如果他把语言看作一种技能、一种习惯,想通过大量机械模仿的练习让学生掌握语言,他会采用听说法、口语法或情景法去教授外语。教师的教学目的会是各种各样的。它可以是培养学生的交际能力,训练学生懂得对不同的人、在不同的场合和时间说不同的话;它也可以是通过教学,促使学生弄懂有关某一门外语的知识;它可以是培养学生的听、说能力;也可以着重对学生阅读能力的培养。当然教师所采用的教学方法也从一个侧面反映了教师的教学目的。 3.1.2 教师和学生在教学中的任务和作用 在不同的教学方法中,教师和学生的作用是不同的。在一种教学方法里(如语法—翻译法)教师被视为知识的传授者和教学上的权威,而在另一种教学方法里(如交际法)教师可被看作语言的交际伙伴,同时也是课堂教学的组织者、学生学习上的顾问和学生学习外语的带路人(facilitator)。和教师一样,学生在不同的教学方法中担任的角色也不同。他的作用可以是主动的,以表演者、交际者、问题的解决者的角色出现;他的作用也可以是被动的,以知识的接受者,对语言刺激作出相应反应的模仿者的角色出现。就是在教学的不同阶段或教学的不同时候,教师和学生的任务也可不同。在Junior English for China这套教材的教学五个步骤里,教师和学生的不同作用可以如下所示: 当然,在不同的教学方法或不同的教学阶段里,教师和学生发挥的作用的不同,也受到不同的语言观和语言学习观的影响。 3.1.3 主要教学活动和特点 不同的教学方法可以采用不同的教学活动来达到其教学目的。不同的教学活动也通常成

第二语言 教学法流派总汇

第二语言教学法流派 一、 语法翻译法(the Grammar-Translation Method) 又称翻译法(Translation Method)、传统法(Traditional Method)、阅读法(Reading Method)或古典法(Classical Method)。是用母语翻译教授外语书面语的一种方法。 1880以前,欧洲大陆的外语教学以教授古典语言为主,这是文艺复兴时期以来人文主义教育的一个重要内容。学习古典语言的目的,主要是阅读古典文献,而不是作为交际的工工具。为适应这种教学的需要而产生的。翻译法代表有普洛茨(Karl Plotz)、奥朗多弗(H. Ollendorff)和雅科托(Jacotot)。 理论基础:历史比较语言学、官能心理学、演绎法。 语法翻译法的基本特点: 1、翻译是教学的基本手段。2、教学以语法为纲。3、语法材料的安排是先语法后课文。4、双重教学目的即培养学生通过翻译阅读原著的能力和磨炼学生的智慧。 二、 直接法 (the Direct Method) 又称自然法(Natural Method)。 直接法是通过用外语本身进行会话、交谈和阅读外语,而不用学生的母语,不用翻译,也不用形式语法,第一批词通过指示实物、图画或演示动作等办法来讲授。 19世纪90年代,西欧资本主义社会获得了进一步发展的新时期,国际市场的扩大、交通工具的改进使各国在政治、经济、科技文化、生活等方面来往日益增多,使用外语口语作为主要交流手段的领域和机遇越来越频繁,传统的语法翻译法不能满足社会对外语口语人才的需要,直接法由此产生。代表人物有贝利兹(M.D. Berlitz)、古恩(F. Gouin)、帕默(H.E. Parmer)、耶斯帕森(O. Jesperson)和韦斯特(M. West)等。理论基础:直觉主义、类推(analogy)原则

外语教学法主要流派及其特点

外语教学法主要流派及其特点 一、翻译法(Translation Method) 翻译法也叫语法翻译法 (Grammar-Translation Method)、阅读法(Reading Method)、古典法(Classical Method)。翻译法最早是在欧洲用来教授古典语言希腊语和拉丁语的外语教学方法,到18世纪末和19 世纪中期开始被用来教授现代语言。翻译法的教学目的是培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。其突出的特点是:教师用母语授课,真的不掉线吗??、???????????? 授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。

翻译法历史悠久,其优点是: 1. 学生语法概念清晰; 2. 阅读能力较强,尤其是遇到长而难的句子时通过分析句子结构便能理解意思; 3. 有助于培养翻译能力和写作能力。 翻译法的缺点是: 1. 忽视口语教学,学生的语音语调差,不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力; 2. 教学方式单一,学生容易失去兴趣。 二、直接法(Direct Method)

直接法也叫自然法(Natural Method)、心理法(Psychological Method)、口语法(Oral 真的不掉线吗??、???????????? Method)、改良法(Reformed Method)。针对翻译法不能培养学生听说能力的缺点,直接法于19世纪末在欧洲产生。它包含三个方面的意思:直接学习、直接理解和直接应用。其主要特点是:不允许使用母语,用动作和图画等直观手段解释词义和句子。 直接法流行甚广,其优点是: 1. 采用各种直观教具,广泛运用接近实际生活的教学方式,有助于培养用外语思维的能力; 2. 强调直接学习和直接应用,注重语言实践练习,学生学习积极性高,学习兴趣浓厚;

语言教学法流派介绍(中文)

语法翻译法Grammar-Translation Method 时间:18世纪末 代表人物:[德]奥伦多夫 语言学理论基础:历史比较语言学 历史比较语言学认为所有语言同出一派 心理学理论基础:官能心理学 官能心理学认为心理的各种官能可分别加以训练.例如:记忆、思考、概括…… 语法翻译法是以系统的语法知识教学为纲,依靠母语,通过翻译手段,主要培养第二语言读写能力的教学法。 语法翻译法又称传统法,古典法,旧式法、阅读法、普鲁士法(the Prussian Method)等。 它是第二语言教学史上最古老的教学法。 历史地位: “外语教学中历史最长与使用最广泛的方法之一”(左焕琪,2002); 该教学法在替代了改变了拉丁语的统治地位之后几乎统治了欧洲 外语教学长达数百年之久,于十九世纪达到全盛时期,在十九世纪四十年代到二十世纪四十年代之间“统治了整个欧洲”(Richards & Rodgers, 2000); 语法翻译法“创建了在外语教学中利用母语的理论,成为外语教学史上最早的一个教学法体系。它的出现为建立外语教学法作为一门独立的科学体系奠定了基础”(鲁宗干,2001)。 主要特点:

以理解目的语的书面语言、培养阅读能力和写作能力以及发展智力为主要目标,不重视口语和听力的教学 以系统的语法知识为教学主要内容,语法教学采用演绎法,对语法规则进行详细地分析,要求学生熟记并通过翻译练习加以巩固。 词汇的选择完全由课文内容所决定,用对生词表进行教学;句子是讲授和练习的基本单位。 用母语进行教学,翻译是主要的教学手段、练习手段和评测手段。 强调学习规范的书面语,注重原文,阅读文学名著 教学过程: [1] 复习:默写单词;背诵课文段落。 [2] 教授新词:在黑板上列出本课单词、音标及母语解释,并逐字讲解。学生跟教师朗读单词。 [3] 讲授句法、语法:讲解句法、语法意义及相关规则,在黑板上列出课文中的相关词汇,学生按规则进行转换等。 [4] 讲解课文:教师逐句念课文,逐句讲解并要求学生能记住。 [5] 巩固新课:学生跟教师逐句朗读课文。教师依课文提问,学生按课文回答。通过翻译练习巩固新知识。 [6] 布置作业:拼写单词;语法填空;背诵课文。 优点 A.强调语言的准确性。 B.强调发展学生的智力,学生语法知识扎实。 C.由于注重书面语教学,学生的阅读水平和写作能力比较高。 D.便利易行,容易测试学生,班级易于管理。

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