2017Mini-lecture专业八级真题听力原文
The Modes of Language
Good morning, everyone!
In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system.
And today I am going to move on to another topic, that is, the modes of language. As you may know, messages are transmitted in human language most frequently through two primary modes: speech and writing.
Well, you know, there is also a third mode, which is not that frequently used as speech and writing.（1）The third mode is called signing, which is used by deaf people. But in today's lecture, we will just focus on speech and writing, and the specific features of these two modes.
（2）In linguistics, it is commonly noted that speech is primary and writing secondary. Linguistics take this position because all languages are spoken except those dead languages such as Latin, which is only existent in written form.All children will naturally acquire the spoken version of a language if they are exposed to it.
They acquire the spoken form of their mother tongue during the formative period of language acquisition. （3）However, to become literate, a child will need some kind of formal schooling in reading and writing. In many respects, we might call speech "primary" and writing "secondary". It implies that writing has a second-class status when compared with speech.
（4）In fact, it is more accurate to view the two modes as having different but complementary roles. For instance, in most legal systems, while an oral contract is legally binding, a written contract is preferred. The reason is simple—unlike speech, writing provides a permanent record of the contract.（5）Thus, if the terms of the contract are disputed, the written record of the contract can be consulted and interpreted. Disputes over an oral contract will involve one person's recollection of the contract versus another person's. （6）While writing may be the preferred mode for a contract, in many other contexts, speech will be more appropriate. Because the most common type of speech—face-to-face conversation—is highly interactive. This mode
is well-suited to many social contexts, such as casual conversations over lunch, business transactions in a grocery store, discussions between students and teachers in a classroom.
（7）And in these contexts, interactive dialogues have many advantages over writing. For instance, individuals engaged in conversation can ask for immediate clarification if there is a question about something said; in a letter to a friend, in contrast, such immediacy is lacking.
（8）When speaking to one another, speakers are face to face and can therefore see how individuals react to what is said. On the other hand, （9）writing creates distance between writer and reader, preventing the writer from getting any immediate reaction from the reader.
（10）Speech is oral, thus making it possible to use intonation to emphasize words or phrased and express emotion. Of course, one might say that writing has punctuation. Well, it can express only a small proportion of the features that intonation has. Because speech is created "on-line," it is produced quickly and easily. This may result in many "ungrammatical" constructions, but rarely do these rough sentences cause miscommunications. You know, if there is a misunderstanding, it can be easily corrected. On the contrary, （11）writing is much more deliberate. It require planning, editing and thus taking much more time to produce on the part of the writer.
Because of all these characteristics of writing, if an individual desires a casual, intimate encounter with a friend, he or she is more likely to meet personally than write a letter. In this case, writing a letter to a friend might turn out to be too formal.Of course, in today's world, the highly-developed technology has made such encounters possible with "instant messaging" over a computer or a smart phone. And if someone wishes to have such an encounter with a friend living many miles away, then this kind of on-line written "chat" can mimic a face-to-face conversation.（12）But because such conversations are a hybrid of speech and writing, they still lack the intimacy and immediacy of a face-to-face conversation.
（13）While speech and writing are often viewed as discrete modes, it is important for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing.（14）While speech is in general more interactive than writing, various kinds of spoken and written English display various degrees of interactivity. For instance, various linguistic markers of interactive discourse, such as first and second person pronouns, contractions, and private verbs such as think and feel, occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversations but less frequently in spontaneous speeches, interviews, and broadcasts. In addition, some kinds of writing, such as academic prose and official documents, exhibited few markers of interactive discourse, but the other kinds of written texts, particularly personal letters, ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts.
In other words, （15）how language is structured depends less on whether it is spoken or written but more on how it is being used. For example, a personal letter, even though it is written, will contain linguistic features marking interactivity because the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter.
On the other hand, in an interview, the goal is not to interact necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed. Therefore, though interviews are spoken, they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain more features typically associated with written texts.
OK, to sum up, we have been dealing with the modes of language in today's lecture. The two most frequently used modes are speech and writing. As two different modes of language, speech and writing have their own characteristics. Speech is a preferred mode in many social contacts where interactivity is needed. Of course, when a formal stable record is preferred, writing should be an appropriate mode. Finally, I have also emphasized that there is a continuum between speech and writing. In the following lecture, we will concentrate on the linguistic structures of language.
Thank you!
【星火英语版】2017年专八考试参考答案
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あどけない（形）天真可爱的。天真烂漫的。～顔：天真的面容。 あながち（副）（与后面的否定词相呼应）不一定。不见得。未必。～君ばかりが悪いわけではない：也不全是你的错。～偶然ではない：未必偶然。 あなどる「侮る」（他五）侮辱。轻视。瞧不起人。人を～な：别瞧不起人。 あばく「暴く」（他五）揭发。揭露他人的缺点、秘密。人の秘密を～：揭穿别人的秘密。 あばた「痘痕」（名）麻子。麻脸。天花痊愈后在脸上留下的坑。～も笑窪：情人眼里出西施。 あまあい「雨間」（名）雨停的间隙。この～に出かけよう：趁雨停的时候，咱们出发吧。 あまあし「雨足」（名）雨脚。雨势。～が強い：雨势很大。 あまくち「甘口」（名·形动）1：（酒等）甜的。带甜味的。～の酒：甜酒。2：甜言蜜语。人の～に乗る：听信花言巧语。 あまぐも「雨雲」（名）雨云。积雨云。 あまざらし「雨ざらし」（名）淋在雨里。扔在雨里不管。洗濯物を～にした：任雨淋湿了晾晒的衣物。 あまとう「甘党」（名）好吃甜食的人。不喜欢酒类而喜欢甜食的人。僕は～だ：我是甜食派。 あまもり「雨漏り」（名）漏雨。房顶破损，下雨时雨水漏入屋内。この部屋は～がひどい：这间房严重漏雨。 あやつる「操る」（他五）驾驶。驾驭。善于操作。掌握。自由自在地使用语言。人形を～：耍木偶。彼女は日本語を自由に～：她说着一口流利的日语。 あやにしき「綾錦」（名）绫与锦。锦绣。形容美丽的衣服或红叶。～を身にまとう：身披绫罗绸缎。 あやぶむ「危ぶむ」（他五）挂念。担心。感到危险。彼の健康は～まれる：他的健康受到危险。前途を～：担心前程。 あらあらしい「荒々しい」（形）粗暴的。粗野的。～く扱う：草率应付。～足音：急促的脚步声。～息づかい：喘粗气。
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英语专业八级考试真题作文题汇总
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