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Polymer photovoltaic devices with highly transparent cathodes

Letter

Fang-Chung Chen a,*,Jyh-Lih Wu b ,Kuo-Huang Hsieh c ,Wen-Chang Chen c ,Shih-Wei Lee d

Department of Photonics and Display Institute,National Chiao Tung University,Hsinchu 300,Taiwan

Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-optical Engineering,National Chiao Tung University,Hsinchu 300,Taiwan c

Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering,National Taiwan University,Taipei 106,Taiwan d

Axun Tek Solar Energy Co.Ltd.,Luzhu 821,Taiwan

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 19June 2008

Received in revised form 31July 2008Accepted 6August 2008

Available online 23August 2008

PACS:82.35.Np https://www.wendangku.net/doc/904650811.html, Keywords:Polymer Photovoltaic Transparent Solar cells

a b s t r a c t

In this paper,we demonstrate semi-transparent polymer solar cells employing a transpar-ent cathode con?guration,made of cesium carbonate (Cs 2CO 3)/silver (Ag)/indium tin oxide (ITO),which exhibited high transmittance in the visible regime.The device performance of the semi-transparent devices was signi?cantly improved after thermal post-annealing and incorporating an Al counter-electrode (CE)grid.Further,the short-circuit current density increased almost linearly with the incident light intensity,suggesting ef?cient charge col-lection ability of the transparent cathode.Overall,the semi-transparent polymer solar cell exhibits a remarkable power conversion ef?ciency of 2.09%.

Recently the interest in organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs)has risen steadily owing to their unique properties,such as light weight,low cost,and mechanical ?exibility [1,2].The power conversion ef?ciency (PCE)of OPVs based on the concept of bulk heterojunction has been achieved up to $5%[2–4].To achieve high device performance,ef?-cient absorption of solar radiation is one of the major con-cerns.However,the use of a thicker active layer to enhance the light absorption is limited by the short diffusion length of excitions and the low mobility of charge carriers [5,6].One possible solution is to fabricate a highly transparent OPV [6–8]and to ultimately stack with the other conven-tional cell,thereby absorbing more solar radiation by the multiple active layers in the multiple-device structure.The concept of such ‘‘stacked”cells has been reported by Shrotriya et al.[6].Furthermore,OPVs with high transpar-ency could be also applied onto other interesting applica-tions,such as power-generating windows [8].

An ideal transparent cathode for stacked devices must simultaneously have high ef?ciency of electron collection and high transparency [6].For many organic electronics,an ultra-thin interlayer is usually inserted between the or-ganic active layer and the metal cathode to enhance elec-tron injection and to reduce the contact resistance.For example,LiF is commonly used in organic light-emitting diodes [9,10].Additionally,cesium carbonate (Cs 2CO 3)has been recently reported to be another promising inter-layer material [11–15].In this work,we demonstrated a transparent cathode structure,Cs 2CO 3/silver (Ag)/indium tin oxide (ITO),for achieving semi-transparent polymer solar cells.In comparison with the LiF/Al con?guration,Cs 2CO 3/Ag possesses several advantages.First,unlike LiF,the function of Cs 2CO 3is relatively insensitive to the choice of the cathode metal [14,15],allowing us to use Ag instead of Al as the conductor.Further,Ag is more environmentally

*Corresponding author.Tel.:+88635131484;fax:+88635735601.E-mail address:fcchen@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/904650811.html,.tw (F.-C.Chen).

Organic Electronics 9(2008)1132–1135

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Organic Electronics

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e vier.c om/loc a t e /o r g e l

stable than Al.From the other view point of optical proper-ties,the skin depth of Ag($13nm)is longer than that of Al ($7nm)in the visible range.As a result,a thicker Ag?lm can be deposited to reduce the sheet resistance without compromising the light transmittance.In addition,the thicker Ag?lm can also provide more effective protection of the polymer?lms from the damage caused by ITO sputtering.

The devices were fabricated on patterned indium tin oxide(ITO)-glass substrates.After cleaning,the ITO glass was dried in an oven and then treated with UV-ozone.By spin coating,the substrates were covered with a thin layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfo-nate)(PEDOT:PSS),and were subsequently baked at 120°C for1h.The active layer,consisting of poly(3-hexyl thiophene)(P3HT)and[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM)dissolved in1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB)with a weight ratio of1:1,was spin-coated on the top of PEDOT:PSS.The polymer blend was thermally an-nealed at110°C for15min.To complete the device,an ul-tra-thin interlayer of Cs2CO3($1nm)and Ag were thermally evaporated under a vacuum of$6?10à6torr, sequentially,and?nally capped by rf sputtered ITO.The ITO sputtering was conducted at a power of50W under Ar atmosphere(3?10à3torr).The optimization of the thicknesses of Ag and ITO is quite crucial,since there was a trade-off between the sheet resistance and the transmit-tance of the electrode.After trying various thicknesses of Ag and ITO,it was found that the optimum thicknesses for Ag and ITO were7nm and100nm,respectively.In or-der to reduce the sheet resistance of the transparent cath-ode,a60-nm thick Al counter-electrode(CE)grid was incorporated by thermal evaporation.The areas of the CE grid and the overall device de?ned through various sha-dow masks were0.6mm2(0.12mm?5mm)and12mm2 (2mm?6mm),respectively.The detailed schematic illus-tration for the device structure is presented in Fig.1.For some devices,the thermal post-annealing at140°C for 5min was further performed in the glove box.The current density–voltage(J–V)characteristics of the devices were measured utilizing a Keithley2400source-measure unit. The photocurrent was obtained under illumination from a150W Thermal Oriel solar simulator(AM1.5G).The illu-mination intensity was calibrated using a standard Si pho-todiode with a KG-5?lter(Hamamatsu,Inc.)[16].The transmittance of the transparent cathode was measured using a Perkin Elmer Lamda950ultraviolet/visible/near infrared spectrometer.

Fig.2shows the J–V characteristics of the polymer solar cells under illumination in this work.The open-circuit voltage(V oc),short-circuit current density(J sc)and?ll factor(FF)of the as-made semi-transparent OPV(Device I)with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Cs2CO3/ Ag(7nm)/ITO(100nm)were0.45V, 3.72mA/cm2,and 23.24%,respectively,resulting in a PCE of0.39%.The poor performance of the semi-transparent device was probably due to the physical damage of the polymer blends caused by ITO sputtering as well as the relatively high sheet resis-tance of the cathode(Ag/ITO).Nevertheless,after Device I was post-annealed at140°C for5min,the device perfor-mance was dramatically improved(Device II in Fig.2).In fact,post-annealing has been proposed to enhance the de-vice performance of OPVs by several research groups [3,17–19].Since no obvious variation in absorption was observed after the post-annealing treatment,we also attri-bute the enhanced PCE to the improvement of the organ-ics/cathode interface as well as the increased charge mobility[3,17–19].

To understand the nature of charge transport in OPVs, the J sc dependence on the incident light intensity(P in) was further studied.Fig.3a clearly shows that the J sc fol-lowed a power-law dependence,J sc/(P in)s.After the post-annealing treatment,the exponential factor(s)de-duced from the linear?t to the experimental data rose from0.71to0.86.However,this value is still a little lower than that of the device with Cs2CO3/Ag(100nm)cathode (s=0.95,not shown here).This is probably due to the rel-atively higher sheet resistance of the cathode(Ag/ITO).

Fig. 1.(a)Device structure of the transparent polymer solar cells

incorporating the Al counter-electrode(CE)grid in this study.(b)Detailed

schematic illustration for the Al CE

grid.

Fig.2.J–V characteristics of semi-transparent polymer solar cells in this

study under100mW/cm2illumination(AM1.5G).Device I:the as-made

device(d);Device II:Device I with post-annealing treatment(N);Device

III:Device II incorporating an Al CE grid(?);Device IV:Device III with an

Ag mirror underneath when illuminating(j).Note that the photoactive

layers for all the devices were thermally annealed at110°C for15min

and post-annealing was performed at140°C for5min for Device II,III,

and IV.

F.-C.Chen et al./Organic Electronics9(2008)1132–11351133

order to overcome this problem,an Al counter-electrode (CE)grid with 5%shadow fraction was utilized to reduce the sheet resistance of the cathode.After incorporating the CE grid (Device III),the FF of the semi-transparent OPV was notably improved,yielding a PCE of 2.09%(Device III in Fig.2).Furthermore,the exponential factor was also raised to 0.94,indicating the absence of space charges in the devices [20,21].This assumption can be further con-?rmed from the dependence of the ef?ciency on the illumi-nation intensity (Fig.3b).Unlike Device I or Device II,which showed a negative correlation once the intensity was larger than 30mW/cm 2,Device III exhibited rather stable ef?ciencies at higher intensities.The incident photo-to-electron conversion ef?ciency (IPCE)curves for the four devices are also depicted in Fig.4.Device III,as ex-pected,exhibited higher IPCE than Device I or II.It is worth noticing that the PCE of Device III can be further improved to 2.83%by placing an Ag mirror behind the device while illuminating (Device IV).The improved PCE is believed to be attributed to the reduced photo loss through the trans-parent cathode.This somehow explained why the semi-transparent OPVs are typically inferior to conventional de-vices with thick metals as the cathodes.All the photovol-taic characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Fig.5displays the transmittance spectrum of the Cs 2CO 3/Ag(7nm)/ITO(100nm)transparent cathode.As

shown in Fig.5,the transparent cathode exhibited high transmittance ($70%)in the visible regime.Further,we noted that the incorporation of a 5%CE grid did not signif-icantly diminish the transparency.Assuming that the CE grid is completely opaque,the simulated transmittance spectrum for the transparent cathode with an Al CE grid (T simu.)can be obtained by the following relationship:T simu.=T mea.?(1às s ),where s s is the area fraction of the CE grid (s s =0.05in our case).As a consequence,with the help of the CE grid,the PCE of semi-transparent OPVs

can

Fig.3.(a)Short-circuit current density (J sc ),and (b)power conversion ef?ciency (PCE)as a function of incident light intensity (P in

Fig.4.The incident photo-to-electron conversion ef?ciency (IPCE)curves.

Table 1

The photovoltaic characteristics of the polymer solar cells in this study

V oc (V)

J sc (mA/cm 2)FF (%)PCE (%)Device I 0.45 3.7223.240.39Device II 0.55 6.6633.50 1.23Device III 0.577.9346.24 2.09Device

0.59

10.50

45.68

2.83

Fig.5.The transmittance spectrum of the Cs 2CO 3/Ag(7nm)/ITO(100nm)transparent cathode and the simulated transmittance spectrum of transparent cathode with a 5%Al CE grid.The inset shows the picture of the semi-transparent device.

1134 F.-C.Chen et al./Organic Electronics 9(2008)1132–1135

be signi?cantly enhanced without dramatically sacri?cing the overall transmittance.This is of much importance for some applications,such as stacked cells or tandem cells.

In conclusion,we demonstrated semi-transparent poly-mer solar cells comprising a Cs2CO3/Ag/ITO structure as the transparent cathode.We also found that the device perfor-mance of the semi-transparent OPVs can be signi?cantly improved through the post-annealing treatment.Further, with the help of the Al CE grid,the semi-transparent OPV exhibited a power conversion ef?ciency of2.09%. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the?nancial support from Ministry of Economic Affairs under Contract96-EC-17-A-08-S1-015. F.C.C.would also like to acknowledge the support from National Science Council(NSC-97-ET-7-009-004-ET)and Ministry of Education ATU program (97W807).

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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION ABSTRACT This report is an overview of photovoltaic power generation. The purpose of the report is to provide the reader with a general understanding of photovoltaic power generation and how PV technology can be practically applied. There is a brief discussion of early research and a description of how photovoltaic cells convert sunlight to electricity. The report covers concentrating collectors, flat-plate collectors, thin-film technology, and building-integrated systems. The discussion of photovoltaic cell types includes single-crystal, poly-crystalline, and thin-film materials. The report covers progress in improving cell efficiencies, reducing manufacturing cost, and finding economic applications of photovoltaic technology. Lists of major manufacturers and organizations are included, along with a discussion of market trends and projections. The conclusion is that photovoltaic power generation is still more costly than conventional systems in general. However, large variations in cost of conventional electrical power, and other factors, such as cost of distribution, create situations in which the use of PV power is economically sound. PV power is used in remote applications such as communications, homes and villages in developing countries, water pumping, camping, and boating. Grid-connected applications such as electric utility generating facilities and residential rooftop installations make up a smaller but more rapidly expanding segment of PV use. Furthermore, as technological advances narrow the cost gap, more applications are becoming economically feasible at an accelerating rate. INTRODUCTION This report is the result of Gale Greenleaf’s October 19, 1998 request for proposal. Bill Louk and Tom Penick responded to her request with a proposal, dated October 30, 1998, to continue earlier research on photovoltaic power generation. The proposal was approved and resulted in continued research followed by a presentation on November 30, 1998 and this final report on photovoltaic power generation. PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY Scientists have known of the photovoltaic effect for more than 150 years. Photovoltaic power generation was not considered practical until the arrival of the space program. Early satellites needed a source of electrical power and any solution was expensive. The development of solar cells for this purpose led to their eventual use in other applications.

光伏玻璃Photovoltaic (PV) Glass

Research and Development Forecast of China Photovoltaic (PV) Glass Industry, 2013-2017 Contents 1. Overview of PV Glass Industry 1.1 Brief Introduction 1.1.1 Definition of PV Glass 1.1.2 Classification of PV Glass 1.2 Technological Process of PV Glass 2. Development Environment of China’s PV Glass Industry 2.1 China’s Economic Development Environment 2.2 Related Policies and Standards 3. Development Overview of PV Glass Industry 3.1 Development Overview of Global PV Glass Industry 3.2 Status Quo of PV Glass Industry in China 3.2.1 Market Status Quo 3.2.2 Existing Problems 3.3 PV Glass Price 4. Major Products of PV Glass 4.1 Ultra-White Patterned Glass 4.1.1 Brief Introduction 4.1.2 Status Quo of China Market 4.1.3 Market Capacity of Ultra-White Patterned Glass in China 4.2 TCO Glass 4.2.1 Brief Introduction 4.2.2 Status Quo of China Market 4.2.3 Market Capacity of TCO Glass in China 4.3 PV Anti-Reflective Glass 4.3.1 Brief Introduction 4.3.2 Status Quo of China Market 5. Global Major PV Glass Enterprises 5.1 AGC 5.1.1 Company Profile 5.1.2 Operating Conditions 5.1.3 Development in China 5.2 SAINT-GOBAIN 5.2.1 Company Profile 5.2.2 Operating Conditions 5.2.3 Development in China

光伏常用英语

光伏常用英语 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998

太阳能专业术语翻译

光伏发电板(电池) (Cell-photovoltaic) 太阳能发电板中最小的组件. 光伏发电系统平衡(BOS or Balance of System - photovoltaic) 光伏发电系统除发电板矩阵以外的部分. 例如开关, 控制仪表, 电力温控设备, 矩阵的支撑结构, 储电组件等等. 光伏矩阵或发电板阵(Array - photovoltaic) 太阳能发电板串联或并联连接在一起形成矩阵. 阻流二极管(Blocking Diode) 用来防止反向电流, 在发电板阵中, 阻流二极管用来防止电流流向一个或数个失效或有遮影的发电板(或一连串的太阳能发电板) 上. 在夜间或低电流出的期间, 防止电流从蓄电池流向光伏发电板矩阵." 旁路二极管(Bypass Diode) 是与光伏发电板并联的二极管. 用来在光电板被遮影或出故障时提供另外的电流通路. 充电显示器(表) (Charge Monitor/Meter) 用以测量电流安培量的装置, 安培表. 充电调节器(Charge Regulator) "用来控制蓄电池充电速度和/或充电状态的装置, 连接于光伏发电板矩阵和蓄电池组之间. 它的主要作用是防止蓄电池被光伏发电板过度充电, 同时监控光伏发电矩阵和/或蓄电池的电压." 组件(Components) 指用于建立太阳能电源系统所需的其他装置. 交直流转换器(Converter) 将交流电转换成直流电的装置. 晶体状(Crystalline) 具有三维的重复的原子结构. 直流电(DC) "两种电流的形态之一, 常见于使用电池的物件中, 如收音机, 汽车, 手提电脑, 手机等等." 无序结构(Disordered) 减小并消除晶格的局限性. 提供新的自由度, 从而可在多维空间中放置其他元素. 使它们以前所未有的方式互相作用. 这种技术应用多种元素以及复合材料它们在位置, 移动及成分上的不规则可消除结构的局限性, 因而产生新的局部规则环境. 而这些新的局部环境决定了这些材料的物理性质, 电子性质以及化学性质. 因此使得合成具有新颍机理的新型材料成为可能. 电网连接- 光伏发电(Grid-Connected - photovoltaic) 是一种由光伏发电板阵向电网提供电力的光伏发电系统. 这些系统可由供电公司或个别楼宇来运作. 直流交流转换器(Inverter) 用来将直流电转换成交流电的装置. 千瓦(Kilowatt) 1000 瓦特, 一个灯泡通常使用40至100 瓦特的电力. 百万瓦特(Megawatt) 1,000,000 瓦特光伏发电板(Module - photovoltaic) 光伏电池以串联方式连在一起组成发电板. 奥佛电子(Ovonic) [以S. R. 奥佛辛斯基(联合太阳能公司创始人)及电子的组合命名] - 用来描述我们独有的材料, 产品和技术的术语.

光伏英文介绍

The basic principle of photovoltaic power generation 1. The composition of a solar photovoltaic system Solar photovoltaic power generation systems are mainly composed of solar photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic system battery controllers, batteries and AC and DC inverters. The core components are photovoltaic cells and controllers. The role of each component in the system is: Photovoltaic cells: photoelectric conversion. Controller: Process control that acts on the entire system. There are many types of controllers used in photovoltaic power generation systems, such as 2-point controllers, multi-channel sequence controllers, intelligent controllers, high-power tracking charge controllers, etc. Most of the controllers currently used in China are simple controllers, intelligent. The controller is only used in communication systems and larger photovoltaic power plants. Battery: A battery is a key component in a photovoltaic system that stores the power converted from a photovoltaic cell. At present, there is no dedicated battery for photovoltaic systems in China, but a conventional lead-acid battery is used. AC-DC inverter: Since its function is AC-DC conversion, the most important indicators of this component are reliability and conversion efficiency. The grid-connected inverter adopts the maximum power tracking technology to maximize the power converted by the photovoltaic cells into the grid. Solar photovoltaic panels: Solar cells mainly use single crystal silicon as a material. A single crystal silicon is used to make a P-N junction similar to that in a diode. The principle of operation is similar to that of a diode. Only in the diode, it is the external electric field that pushes the holes and electrons of the P-N junction, and the solar photon and the radiant heat (*) that push and influence the hole and electron motion of the P-N junction in the solar cell. This is also known as the principle of photovoltaic effect. At present, the efficiency of photoelectric conversion, that is, the efficiency of photovoltaic cells is about 13%-15% of monocrystalline silicon and 11%-13% of polycrystalline silicon. The latest technology also includes photovoltaic thin film batteries. 3. Classification of solar photovoltaic systems: At present, solar photovoltaic power generation systems can be roughly divided into three categories, off-grid photovoltaic power storage systems, photovoltaic grid-connected power generation systems, and the first two hybrid systems. A) Off-grid photovoltaic storage system. This is a common way of solar energy application. It has been used in domestic and foreign countries for several years. The system is relatively simple and adaptable. The range of use is limited only because of the large volume and maintenance difficulties of a series of types of batteries. B) Photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system, when the power load is large, the solar power is insufficient to purchase electricity from the city power. When the load is small, or when the power is not used, the excess power can be sold to the utility. Under the premise of backing up the grid, the system eliminates the