国际经济学题目2
CHAPTER 3
SOURCES OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following suggests that a nation will export the commodity in the production
of which a great deal of its relatively abundant and cheap factor is used?
a. The Linder theory
b. The product life cycle theory
c. The MacDougall theory
d. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory
2. According to Staffan Linder, trade between two countries tends to be most pronounced
when the countries:
a. Find their tastes and preferences to be quite harmonious
b. Experience economies of large-scale production over large output levels
c. Face dissimilar relative abundances of the factors of production
d. Find their per-capita income levels to be approximately the same
3. Which of the following is a long-run theory, emphasizing changes in the trading position of
a nation over a number of years?
a. Theory of factor endowments
b. Comparative advantage theory
c. Theory of the product cycle
d. Overlapping demand theory
4. The Leontief paradox questioned the validity of the theory of:
a. Comparative advantage
b. Factor endowments
c. Overlapping demands
d. Absolute advantage
5. Which of the following would least likely apply to the product life cycle theory?
a. Calculators and computers
b. Coal and crude oil
c. Home movie cameras
d. Office machinery
6. Classical trade theory emphasized which of the following as an underlying explanation of
the basis for trade?
a. Productivities of labor inputs
b. Tastes and preferences among nations
c. Changes in technologies over time
d. Quantities of economic resources
74
7. Concerning the influence that transportation costs have on the location of industry, which of
the following industries has generally attempted to locate production facilities close to resource supplies?
a. Autos
b. Steel
c. Soft drinks
d. Valuable electronics goods
8. Assume that Country A, in the absence of trade, finds itself relatively abundant in labor and
relatively scarce in land. The factor endowment theory reasons that with free trade, the internal distribution of national income in Country A will change in favor of:
a. Labor
b. Land
c. Both labor and land
d. Neither labor nor land
9. When considering the effects of transportation costs, the conclusions of our trade model
must be modified. This is because transportation costs result in:
a. Lower trade volume, higher import prices, smaller gains from trade
b. Lower trade volume, lower import prices, smaller gains from trade
c. Higher trade volume, higher import prices, smaller gains from trade
d. Higher trade volume, lower import prices, greater gains from trade
10. Most economists maintain that the major factor underlying wage stagnation in the United
States in the 1990s has been:
a. Import competition
b. Technological change
c. Rising real value of the minimum wage
d. Increasing union membership
11. Assume the cost of transporting autos from Japan to Canada exceeds the pretrade price
difference for autos between Japan and Canada. Trade in autos is:
a. Impossible
b. Possible
c. Highly profitable
d. Moderately profitable
12. Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin are associated with the theory of comparative advantage that
stresses differences in:
a. Income levels among countries
b. Tastes and preferences among countries
c. Resource endowments among countries
d. Labor productivities among countries
13. Hong Kong is relatively abundant in labor, while Canada is relatively abundant in capital. In
both countries the production of shirts is relatively more labor intensive than the production of computers. According to the factor endowment theory, Hong Kong will have a(n):
a. Absolute advantage in the production of shirts and computers
b. Absolute advantage in the production of computers
c. Comparative advantage in the production of shirts
d. Comparative advantage in the production of computers
14. If Japanese workers receive lower wages in the production of autos than do American
workers:
a. Japan will have a comparative advantage in the production of autos
b. Japan will have an absolute advantage in the production of autos
c. Production costs will be lower in Japan than in the U.S.
d. Production costs could be lower in the U.S. if American labor productivity is higher
than the Japanese
15. Which trade theory suggests that a newly produced good, once exported, could ultimately
end up being imported as the technology is transferred to lower-cost nations?
a. Factor endowment theory
b. Product life cycle theory
c. Overlapping demand theory
d. Comparative advantage theory
16. A firm is said to enjoy economies of scale over the range of output for which the long-run
average cost is:
a. Increasing
b. Constant
c. Decreasing
d. None of the above
17. A product will be internationally traded as long as the pretrade price differential between the
trading partners is:
a. Greater than the cost of transporting it between them
b. Equal to the cost of transporting it between them
c. Less than the cost of transporting it between them
d. None of the above
18. Which of the following suggests that by widening the market’s size, internati onal trade can
permit longer production runs for manufacturers, which leads to increasing efficiency?
a. Economies of scale
b. Diseconomies of scale
c. Comparative cost theory
d. Absolute cost theory
19. The Leontief paradox:
a. Was applied to the product life cycle theory
b. Suggested that the U.S. exports labor-intensive goods
c. Found that national income differences underlie world trade patterns
d. Implied that diseconomies of scale occur at low output levels
20. Which of the following best applies to the theory of overlapping demands?
a. Manufactured goods
b. Services
c. Primary products
d. None of the above
21. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory explains comparative advantage as the result of differences in
countries’:
a. Economies of large-scale production
b. Relative abundance of various resources
c. Relative costs of labor
d. Research and development
22. Boeing aircraft company was able to cover its production costs of the first “jumbo jet” in the
1970s because Boeing could market it to several foreign airlines in addition to domestic airlines. This illustrates:
a. How economies of scale make possible a larger variety of products in international
trade
b. A transfer of wealth from domestic consumers to domestic producers as the result of
trade
c. How a natural monopoly is forced to behave more competitively with international
trade
d. How a natural monopoly is forced to behave less competitively with international trade
23. Which trade theory contends that a country that initially develops and exports a new product
may eventually become an importer of it and may no longer manufacture the product?
a. Theory of factor endowments
b. Theory of overlapping demands
c. Economies of scale theory
d. Product life cycle theory
24. The theory of overlapping demands predicts that trade in manufactured goods is unimpor-
tant for countries with very different:
a. Tastes and preferences
b. Expectations of future interest rate levels
c. Per-capita income levels
d. Labor productivities
25. The trade model of the Swedish economists Heckscher and Ohlin maintains that:
a. Absolute advantage determines the distribution of the gains from trade
b. Comparative advantage determines the distribution of the gains from trade
c. The division of labor is limited by the size of the world market
d. A country exports goods for which its resource endowments are most suited
26. According to the factor endowment model, countries heavily endowed with land will:
a. Devote excessive amounts of resources to agricultural production
b. Devote insufficient amounts of resources to agricultural production
c. Export products that are land-intensive
d. Import products that are land-intensive
27. For the United States, empirical studies indicate that over the past two decades the cost of
international transportation relative to the value of U.S. imports has:
a. Increased
b. Decreased
c. Not changed
d. None of the above
28. Should international transportation costs decrease, the effect on international trade would
include a(n):
a. Increase in the volume of trade
b. Smaller gain from trade
c. Decline in the income of home producers
d. Decrease in the level of specialization in production.
29. That the division of labor is limited by the size of the market best applies to which explana-
tion of trade?
a. Factor endowment theory
b. Product life cycle theory
c. Economies of scale theory
d. Overlapping demand theory
30. A larger variety of products results from international trade especially if:
a. International trade affords producers monopoly power
b. National governments levy import tariffs and quotas
c. Producing goods entails increasing costs
d. Economies of scale exist for producers
31. With economies of scale and decreasing unit costs, a country has the incentive to:
a. Specialize completely in the product of its comparative advantage
b. Specialize partially in the product of its comparative advantage
c. Specialize completely in the product of its comparative disadvantage
d. Specialize partially in the product of its comparative disadvantage
32. Proponents of ________ maintain that government should enact policies that encourage the
development of emerging, “sunrise” industries.
a. Product life cycle policy
b. Static comparative advantage policy
c. Intraindustry trade policy
d. Industrial policy
33. Legislation requiring domestic manufacturers to install pollution abatement equipment tends
to promote:
a. Higher production costs and an increase in output
b. Higher production costs and a decrease in output
c. Lower production costs and an increase in output
d. Lower production costs and a decrease in output
34. Stringent governmental regulations (e.g., air quality standards) imposed on domestic steel
manufacturers tend to:
a. Enhance their competitiveness in the international market
b. Detract from their competitiveness in the international market
c. Increase the profitability and productivity of domestic manufacturers
d. Reduce the market share of foreign firms selling steel in the domestic market
35. Among the determinants underlying a country’s internatio nal competitiveness in business
services (e.g., construction) are:
a. The potential scale economies afforded by a market’s size
b. Abundance of equipment including data processing facilities and computers
c. Skills and capabilities of employees and their wage rates
d. All of the above
36. The simultaneous import and export of computers by Germany is an example of:
a. Intraindustry trade
b. Interindustry trade
c. Perfect competition
d. Imperfect competition
37. Linder’s theory of overlapping demand provide s an explanation of:
a. Product life cycle theory
b. Factor endowment model
c. Economies of large-scale production
d. Intraindustry trade
38. Intraindustry trade can be explained in part by:
a. Adam Smith’s principle of absolute advantage
b. Perfect competition in product markets
c. Diseconomies of large scale production
d. Transportation costs between and within nations
39. The Leontief paradox provided:
a. Support for the principle of absolute advantage
b. Support for the factor endowment model
c. Evidence against the factor endowment model
d. Evidence against the principle of absolute advantage
40. Which trade theory suggests that comparative advantage tends to shift from one nation to
another as a product matures?
a. Interindustry trade theory
b. Intraindustry trade theory
c. Product life cycle theory
d. Overlapping demand theory
41. Which trade theory is tantamount to a short-run version of the factor price equalization
theory?
a. Specific factors theory
b. Product life cycle theory
c. Economies of scale theory
d. Overlapping demand theory
42. According to the specific factors trade theory:
a. Owners of factors specific to export industries suffer from trade, while owners of
factors specific to import-competing industries gain
b. Owners of factors specific to export industries gain from trade, while owners of factors
specific to import-competing industries suffer
c. Both owners of factors specific to export industries and owners of factors specific to
import-competing industries gain from trade
d. Both owners of factors specific to export industries and owners of factors specific to
import-competing industries suffer from trade
43. Which nation has sometimes been characterized as being a “pollution haven” due to its
lenient environmental standards that encourage the production of pollution-intensive goods?
a. Japan
b. Canada
c. Germany
d. Mexico
44. Boeing Inc. has criticized The Airbus Company’s competitiveness on the grounds that
Airbus benefits from:
a. Import tariffs protecting Airbus in the European market
b. Import quotas protecting Airbus in the European market
c. Lenient environmental standards of European governments
d. Production subsidies supplied by European governments
45. To justify the subsidies it has received from European governments, The Airbus Company
has used all of the following arguments except:
a. Its subsidies have prevented U.S. aircraft firms from holding a worldwide monopoly
b. U.S. aircraft firms have benefitted from military-sponsored programs of the U.S.
government
c. Air bus’ subsidies were totally repaid as the firm realized profits on its aircraft sales
d. Without subsidies to Airbus, Europe would be dependent on the United States as a
supplier of aircraft
46. Expanding trade or technological improvements:
a. Increases the demand for skilled workers in the U.S.
b. Decreases the demand for unskilled workers in the U.S.
c. Increases the demand for unskilled workers in the U.S.
d. Both a and b.
47. Economists agree that wages of unskilled workers are being held down by:
a. International trade
b. Technology improvements
c. Lack of education
d. A combination of a, b, and c
48. The factor endowment theory states that comparative advantage is explained:
a. Exclusively by differences in relative supply conditions
b. Exclusively by differences in relative national demand conditions
c. Both supply and demand conditions
d. None of the above
49. The factor endowment theory assumes:
a. Same tastes and preferences
b. Factor inputs of uniform quality
c. Same technology
d. All of the above
50. In explaining international trade, the product life cycle theory focuses on:
a. Tastes and preferences
b. The role of technological innovation
c. Per-capita income levels of nations
d. Both b and c.
TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS
T F 1. According to Ricardian theory, comparative advantage depends on relative dif-ferences in labor productivity.
T F 2. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that relative differences in labor productivity underlie comparative advantage.
T F 3. The factor-endowment theory highlight s the relative abundance of a nation’s resources as the key factor underlying comparative advantage.
T F 4. According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will export that good for which a large amount of the relatively scarce resource is used.
T F 5. According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will import that good for which a large amount of the relatively abundant resource is used.
T F 6. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory suggests that land-abundant nations will export land-intensive goods while labor-abundant nations will export labor-intensive
goods.
T F 7. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory contends that over a period of years a country that initially is an exporter of a product will become an importer of that product.
T F 8. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the role that demand plays in the crea-tion of comparative advantage.
T F 9. The factor-endowment theory asserts that with specialization and trade there tends to occur an equalization in the relative resource prices of trading partners. T F 10. According to the factor-endowment theory, international specialization and trade cause a nation’s cheap resource to become cheaper and a nation’s expensive
resource to become more expensive.
T F 11. Fears about the downward pressure that cheap foreign workers place on U.S.
wages have led U.S. labor unions to lobby for import restrictions such as tariffs
and quotas.
T F 12. According to the factor-price-equalization theory, international trade results in the relative differences in resource prices between nations being eliminated.
T F 13. Empirical testing by Wassily Leontief gave support to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade.
T F 14. The Leontief Paradox was the first major challenge to the product-life-cycle theory of trade.
T F 15. The Leontief Paradox suggested that, in contrast to the predictions of the factor-endowment theory, U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S. import-
competing goods.
T F 16. The specific-factors theory analyzes the income distribution effects of trade in the short run when resources are immobile among industries.
T F 17. Owners of resources specific to export industries tend to lose from international trade, while owners of factors specific to import-competing industries tend to
gain.
T F 18. The factor-price-equalization theory is a short-run version of the specific-factors theory.
T F 19. With economies of scale, specialization in a few products allows a manufacturer to benefit from longer production runs which lead to decreasing average cost.
T F 20. With decreasing costs, a country has an incentive to partially specialize in the product of its comparative advantage.
T F 21. By widening the size of the domestic market, international trade permits compa-nies to take advantage of longer production runs and increasing efficiencies such
as mass production.
T F 22. The theory of overlapping demands applies best to trade in manufactured goods. T F 23. Decreasing cost conditions lead to complete specialization in the production of the commodity of comparative advantage.
T F 24. According to Staffan Linder, the factor endowment theory is useful in explaining trade patterns in manufactured goods, but not primary products.
T F 25. The theory of overlapping demands asserts that trade in manufactured goods is stronger the less similar the demand structures of two countries.
T F 26. The theory of overlapping demands contends that international trade in manufac-tured products is strongest among nations with similar income levels.
T F 27. According to the theory of overlapping demands, trade in manufactured goods would be greater among two wealthy countries than among a wealthy country
and a poor country.
T F 28. Recent studies of U.S. resource endowments indicate that the United States is most abundant in unskilled labor, followed by semiskilled labor and skilled labor.
T F 29. Intraindustry trade would occur if computers manufactured in the United States by IBM are exported to Japan while the United States imports computers manu-
factured by Hitachi of Japan.
T F 30. Because seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those in the Northern Hemisphere, one would expect intraindustry trade to occur in agricultural products.
T F 31. Intraindustry trade can be explained by product differentiation, economies of scale, seasons of the year, and transportation costs.
T F 32. According to the theory of intraindustry trade, many manufactured goods undergo
a trade cycle in which the home country initially is an exporter and eventually
becomes an importer of a product.
T F 33. The product-life-cycle theory applies best to trade in primary products in the short run.
T F 34. According to the product-life-cycle theory, the first stage of a product’s trade cycle is when it is introduced to the home market.
T F 35. According to the product life cycle theor y, the last stage of a product’s trade cycle is when it becomes an import-competing good.
T F 36. Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is a static theory that does not con-sider changes in international competitiveness over the long run.
T F 37. Dynamic comparative advantage refers to the creation of comparative advantage through the mobilization of skilled labor, technology, and capital.
T F 38. Industrial policy seeks to direct resources to declining industries in which pro-ductivity is low, linkages to the rest of the economy are weak, and future com-
petitiveness is remote.
T F 39. Europe’s jumbo-jet manufacturer, Airbus, has justified receiving governmental subsidies on the grounds that the subsidies prevent the United States from becom-
ing a monopoly in the jumbo-jet market.
T F 40. The imposition of pollution-control regulations on domestic steel manufacturers leads to decreases in production costs and an improvement in the steel manufac-
turers’ competitiveness.
T F 41. Empirical studies conclude that U.S. environmental policies are a more important determinant of trade performance than capital, raw materials, labor skills, and
wages.
T F 42. Most developing countries have pollution-control laws and enforcement policies that are more stringent than those of the major industrial countries.
T F 43. Although the theory of comparative advantage explains trade in manufactured goods, it has no explanatory value for trade in business services.
T F 44. When transportation costs are added to our trade model, the low-cost exporting country produces less, consumes more, and exports less than that which occurs in
the absence of transportation costs.
T F 45. When transportation costs are added to our trade model, the degree of specializa-tion in production between two countries increases as do the gains from trade.
T F 46. In the absence of transportation costs, free trade results in the equalization of the prices of traded goods, as well as resource prices, in the trading nations.
T F 47. In industries where the final product is much less weighty or bulky than the materials from which it is made, firms tend to locate production near resource
supplies.
T F 48. Industrial processes that add weight or bulk to a commodity are likely to be located near the resource market to minimize transportation costs.
T F 49. A product will be traded only if the cost of transporting it between nations is less than the pretrade difference between their relative product prices.
T F 50. Generally speaking, transportation costs are more important than production costs as a source of comparative advantage.
T F 51. The product-life-cycle model contends that when a new product is introduced to the home market, it generally requires low-skilled labor to produce it.
T F 52. According to the product life cycle model, comparative advantage shifts from cheap-labor countries to high-technology countries after a manufactured good
becomes standardized.
ANSWERS
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
1. d
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. a
10. b 11. a
12. c
13. c
14. d
15. b
16. c
17. a
18. a
19. b
20. a
21. b
22. a
23. d
24. c
25. d
26. c
27. b
28. a
29. c
30. d
31. a
32. d
33. b
34. b
35. d
36. a
37. d
38. d
39. c
40. c
41. a
42. b
43. d
44. d
45. c
46. d
47. d
48. a
49. d
50. b
Answers to True-False Questions
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. F
9. T
10. F
11. T 12. T
13. F
14. F
15. T
16. T
17. F
18. F
19. T
20. F
21. T
22. T
23. T
24. F
25. F
26. T
27. T
28. F
29. T
30. T
31. T
32. F
33. F
34. T
35. T
36. T
37. T
38. F
39. T
40. F
41. F
42. F
43. F
44. T
45. F
46. T
47. T
48. F
49. T
50. F
51. F
52. F
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Does factor price equalization occur in the real world?
Answer: In the real world, differences in factor prices tend to exist. Different technologies, imperfect markets, transportation costs, and trade barriers may prevent factor prices from equalizing among nations.
2. What is the focus of the product life cycle theory, and where is it applicable?
Answer: The product life cycle theory focuses on the role of technological innovation as a key determinant of trade patterns. It applies to manufactured goods.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Explain how immigration and trade may worsen wage inequality, and how college educa-
tion may mitigate against that.
Answer: Trade tends to increase the demand for skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus worsening wage inequality. Immigration of unskilled workers decreases the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus worsening wage inequality. Alternatively, college education increases the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers, thus reducing wage inequality.
2. How does Staffan Linder explain world trade patterns?
Answer: Linder offers two explanations of world trade patterns. Trade in primary products conforms well to the factor-endowment theory. However, trade in manufactured goods is best explained by overlapping demand structures among nations. For manufactured goods, the basis for trade is stronger when the structure of demand in two nations is more similar, due to similar per-capita incomes.
国际经济学英文题库(最全版附答案)
【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations
国际经济学试题及答案
三、名词解释 1.生产者剩余 答：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 2.罗伯津斯基定理 答：罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下，如果商品的国际比价保持不变，一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增 加，会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。 3.产品生命周期 答：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。 4.购买力平价 答：购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。 5.市场内部化 答：市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本，减少生产和投资风险，而将该跨国界的各交易过程变成企业内部的行为。 6.黄金输送点 答：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 7.要素禀赋 答：要素禀赋，即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林 定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础 8.比较优势 答：比较优势也称为比较成本或比较利益，是由英国古典经济学家大卫李·嘉图提出的。李嘉图通过两个国家两种产品的模型阐明，比较优势是一国 在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较小的 劣势，遵循“两利相权取其重，两弊相衡取其轻”的原则。根据各自的 比较优势来来确定国际分工并进行贸易往来，双方便都可以获得比较利 益。 9.人力资本 答：所谓人力资本是资本与劳动力结合而形成的一种新的生产要素，然们通过劳动力进行投资（如进行教育、职业培训、保健等），可以提高原有 劳动力的素质和技能，劳动生产率得到提升，从而对一个国家参加国际 分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。 10.布雷顿森林体系 答：布雷顿森林体系是指从第二次世界大战结束到1971年所实行的金汇兑本位制。这一以美元为中心的固定汇率制度的特征简而言之便是“美元
国际营销学大纲
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国际经济学练习题及答案(内部资料)
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国际经济学练习题 一、判断题 1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。 2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发生之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。 3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。 4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。 5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。 6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。 7、根据H—O理论，一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地，该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。 8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。 9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。 10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。 11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。 12、如果各国的生产技术相同，贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。 13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。 14、大国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业，进而改善本国的贸易条件。 15、按照定义，小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。 16、青春期是一个贫困化增长的好例子。 17、一国生产要素的增长总会使该国更加自给自足，进而减少对国际贸易的依赖。 18、一个与外界隔绝的国家一定会降低其公民的生活水平。 19、产业内贸易在充分竞争性产业中更为盛行。 20、根据H—0理论，各国应进行大量的产业内贸易。 21、规模经济是指资源的平衡增长导致平均成本上升。 22、产业内贸易发生的原因包括产品差异化、规模经济以及收入分配效应。 23、如果瑞士旅行鞋的进口增加，英国皮鞋制造商就会受到损失。 24、自由贸易总是一种比征收关税更好的政策。 25、从量关税的优越性之一是其保护价值量与进口商品的价格上涨保持同步。 26、关税对一个国家来说可能是最优的，但对全球来说不会是最优的。 27、关税给消费者带来的损失要大于它给生产者带来的收益。 28、与关税相比，配额给政府官员以更大的管理灵活性。 29、只要进口许可证是被拍卖的，配额的福利效应就与关税相同。 30、如果一国政府的税收收入很少，它就会倾向于采用关税而不是配额。 31、对于进口国来说，自愿出口限制比进口配额效果更差。 32、自愿出口限制实际上很少是自愿的。 33、对症规则（specificity rule）认为，关税通常不是纠正一国经济中扭曲的最佳方法。 34、贸易保护的国防理论和国家荣誉理论基本上是次优的。 35、如果“learning by doing”意味者今天更多的生产会使未来的成本降低，那么最好的政策就是实行保护性关税。
【国际经济学专题考试试卷十九】Earnings and Discrimination
Chapter 19 Earnings and Discrimination TRUE/FALSE 1. A compensating differential refers to a difference in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional 2. A compensating differential is a difference in wages due to higher levels of education or other forms of human capital. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional 3. The fact that doctors are paid more than economics professors is an example of a compensating differential. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional 4. A computer is an example of productivity-enhancing human capital. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capital MSC: Definitional 5. Higher levels of human capital are correlated with higher earnings because firms are willing to pay more for better-educated workers who have higher marginal productivities. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capital MSC: Interpretive 6. As a result of an increase in the earnings gap between skilled and unskilled jobs, the incentive to get a college education has been declining. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skills MSC: Interpretive 7. The rising gap in wages between unskilled and skilled workers is most likely related to a larger increase in demand for unskilled occupations relative to skilled occupations. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skills MSC: Interpretive 8. One hypothesis to explain the rising gap in wages between unskilled and skilled workers in the United States is that international trade has altered the relative demands for skilled and unskilled workers. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skills MSC: Interpretive 9. The statement that "the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer" is supported by evidence of an expanding wage gap between high-skill and low-skill workers. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skills MSC: Interpretive 10. Some economists suggest that international trade has led to an expanding wage gap between high-skill and low-skill workers in the United States. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skills MSC: Interpretive 1287
国际经济学测试题一1
国际经济学测试题 姓名：班级：学号： 一.单项选择题 1.根据比较优势原理，当一国开始从自给自足转向对外贸易时（）。 A.出口产品价格将相对于进口产品价格上升 B.贸易条件改善 C.生产可能性曲线将外移 D.出口产品价格将相对于进口产品价格下降 2.如果一个劳动力丰富的国家与另一个资本丰富的国家进行自由贸易，那么将出现的趋势是（）。 A.两国工资水平都会相对利率水平上升； B.两国工资水平都会相对利率水平下降； C.前一国家的工资会相对后一国家上升； D.前一国家的工资会相对后一国家下降； 3.有关赫克歇尔—俄林理论正确的是（）。 A.H-O理论可以解释发生于美国之外的产品创新过程和产业的布局与发展 B.假定生产成本是递减的 C.一国生产并出口什么商品由生产效率决定 D.具有不同要素禀赋的工业化国家和发展中国家之间可以开展贸易 4.大国发生经济增长，对贸易产生影响描述正确的是( )。 A.若在不变价格条件下增长带来贸易量扩大会引起贸易条件恶化 B.若在不变价格条件下增长带来贸易量扩大会引起贸易条件改善 C.一定会发生“不幸的增长” D.净福利效应总是正的 5.已知A国生产1单位的X和Y商品分别耗费3和5个单位的劳动，要使两国都具有各自的绝对优势，则B国生产1单位的X和Y商品分别耗费多少单位的劳动：（）。 A.1，6 B.2，4 C.3，4 D.4，7 6.不属于H-O理论假设的是（）。 A.成本递增 B.2个国家生产2种商品 C.无贸易壁垒 D.产品差异 7.产业内贸易日益增强的重要性（）。 A.反映了规模经济的重要性日益减弱； B.解释了政府不愿采取积极的产业政策的原因； C.反映了资源禀赋对国际贸易的影响； D.通常表现在具有规模经济的产业中的差别化产品上； 8.在比较优势模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（）。 A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 9.比较优势理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（）。 A.生产要素的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 10.当两国之间存在国际贸易时（）。 A.生产仍在生产可能性边界上，但消费超出了生产可能性边界 B.生产仍在生产可能性边界上，但消费在生产可能性边界之内 C.生产与消费都在生产可能性边界之外 D.生产在生产可能性边界之外，但消费仍在生产可能性边界上 11.主张贸易保护的经济学家是（）。 A.亚当?斯密 B.赫克歇尔 C.李斯特 D.魁奈
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案 K135班 一、名词解释 1、国际经济学：是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。 2、倾销：海外的货物以低于同样货物的销售价格在同一时候在国内市场类似条件下的出售。 3、国际收支（广义）：在特定的时期（一般为一年）内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。 4、提供曲线：就是相互需求曲线，表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品的交换比率。 5、关税同盟：它是指两个或两个以上的国家通过签订条约或协定取消区域内关税或其他进口限制，并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟。 6、贸易条件：即商品的国际交换比率。也就是单位出口能够换回的进口，用出口价格指数比进口价格指数。 7、外汇管制：一国政府通过法令对本国对外的国际结算和外汇买卖实行管制，用以实现国际收支平衡与本国货币汇率稳定的一种制度。 8、汇率：又称为汇价。是不同货币在外汇买卖过程中形成的交换比率。 9、开放经济：一个经济与其外部存在着经济往来关系，如对外贸易、资金流动、劳动力流动等对外经济关系。 10、资本国际流动：指资本从一个国家、地区或经济体，转移到另一个国家、地区和经济体的过程。 二、判断题 1、如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失小于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。× 如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失大于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。 2、李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上郡具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。√ 3、贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。× 贫穷化增长适用于经济是典型的单一经济，离开单一产品的的生产和出口，该国就会陷入困境的发展中国家。 4、社会无差异曲线用来表示能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合。√ 5、产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品将在该国经历整个生命周期。× 产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品不会在该国经历整个生命周期。 6、幼稚产业是指那些处于成长阶段尚未成熟，但具有潜在优势的产业。√ 7、跨国企业是指向六个以上不同国家出口的企业。× 跨国企业是指在数个国家设有生产工厂的企业。 8、在实施布雷顿森林体系时期，美元是关键货币。√ 9、区分发展中国家和发达国家的最常用但并不完善的指标是人均GDP。√ 10、若美国经济增长速度高于英国，美元相对于英磅升值。× 若美国的通货膨胀速度低于英国，则美元相对于英磅升值。 11、斯密的绝对优势理论指出在贸易中两个国家均能通过出口其比另一国劳动生产率更高的产品获益。√ 12、共同市场是经济一体化的最高阶段。× 完全的经济一体化是经济一体化的最高阶段。 13、战略性贸易政策常常用来支持处于竞争激烈产业中的企业。× 战略性贸易政策常常包括对高技术企业的补贴和其他支持。 14、布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取浮动汇率制度。× 布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取以美元为中心的固定汇率制度。 15、货币分析法认为，国际收支赤字的根本原因是国内货币供给大于国内货币需求。√ 16、在金本位制下，一国的高利率和资本流入将有助于该国自动调整国际收支赤字。√ 17、一价定律认为关税不能影响进口产品价格。× 一价定律认为关税能影响进口产品价格。 18、如果德国的利率高于美国，则马克将在远期市场上贴水卖出。√ 19、从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的贷方。× 从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的借方。 20、若美国通货膨胀高于英国，美元相对于英磅贬值。√ 三、选择题 1、设一年前美元对人民币的汇率是1美元等于8.2345元人民币，假设美国的物价比前一年上升8%，而中国的物价水平上升10%，则美元与人民币之间理论上的汇率为( A ) A.8.3870 B.8.085 C.10.2931 D.6.5876 2、列昂惕夫反论包括以下解释，除了( B )。 A美国对劳动密集型进口产品征收高额关税 B美国实际上比其贸易伙伴拥有更多的劳动力 C美国的出口产品密集使用了熟练劳动力 D美国倾向于出口需要大量科学和工程技术投入的高技术产品 3．根据相对购买力平价理论，如果英国的通货膨胀率为10％，美国为4%，那么（ C ） A 美元相对于英镑升值4％ B美元相对于英镑贬值4％ C美元相对于英镑升值6％ D美元相对于英镑贬值6％ 4、不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（ C ） A. 垄断竞争理论 B. 规模经济理论
国际经济学习题及参考答案
国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。
贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。
国际经济学试题20答案
考试试卷答案及评分标准 开课单位：经济学院考试课程：国际经济学考试学年、学期：命题教师：王焱霞 试卷类型：闭卷 专业： 试卷编号： 一、名词解释题(本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分) 1，国际收支：指一国在一定时期内全部的对外往来的系统的货币记录。 2，套汇：利用同一时刻不同外汇市场上的汇率差异，通过买进和卖出外汇而赚取利润的行为。直接套汇和间接套汇：直接套汇，又称双边或两角套汇，指利用两个外汇市场上某种货币的汇率差异，同时在两个外汇市场上一边买进一边卖出这种货币。间接套汇，也称三角套汇，是利用三个不同地点的外汇市场上的汇率差异，同时在三地市场上贵卖贱买从中赚取汇率差价的行为。套汇机会的判断：将三个或更多个市场上的汇率转换用同一种标价法表示，并将被表示货币的单位都统一为1，然后将得到的各个汇率值相乘。如果乘积为1，说明没有套汇机会，如果乘积不为1，则存在套汇机会。 3，技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barriers to Trade)：进口国对各类进口商品颁布复杂苛刻的技术标准、卫生检疫规定、商品包装和商品标签规定，造成进口障碍，限制商品进口。进口国为维护国内消费者安全和健康，对进口商品规定技术、卫生和包装标准应该说是必要的，但这些规定十分复杂，标准过于严格，而且经常变化，使外国产品难以适应，达到限制进口的作用。它的实施具有极端的隐蔽性，效果非常明显。 4，产业内贸易（Intra-industry Trade）：同一产业内的产品（同类产品）在两国间相互进口和出口的贸易活动。即产业内部同类产品之间的贸易活动。 5，贸易条件（Terms of Trade）：一定时期内一国出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的对比关系。或者说是指国际商品交换比例。 计算方法： T = ( PX / PM ) ×100 其中T表示该国某一时期的贸易条件；PX为该时期的出口价格指数；PM为该时期的进口价格指数。 二、判断说明题（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分） 1, 马歇尔——勒纳条件可用来判断货币贬值程度。 “×”马歇尔——勒纳条件可用来判断货币贬值对国际收支影响程度 2, 假定对成品车征收40％的从价税，无关税时进口零部件成本为成品车价格的30％，对进口零部件征收40％的从价税时的有效关税保护率为40％。
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