文体修辞UNIT2

UNIT 2

第一题戴亚芬杨帆张姣慧

1. What is meant by style as deviance? Provide an example to illustrate this view.

The distinctiveness of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is com municatively normal. This has led to approaches to style as deviance.

As for the example, the phrase “a grief ago ” from a poem of that name by Dylan Thomas. The phr ase violates two rules of the indefinite article a clashes semantically with the uncountable noun gri ef, because it normally modifies a countable one; the post-modifying adverb ago clashes semantic ally with the head word grief, for it usually is able to modify a noun to do with time. But grief is a word which expresses emotion. The highly deviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention fro m the reader to itself, and thus makes it possible for the poet to express what cannot be expressed t hrough the normal use of language. Thomas here seems to be measuring time in terms of emotion. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to suggest that the speaker of the poem may have experienced gr ief repeatedly so that he can measure time in terms of it.

第2题姜婉婷04，肖帅帅05，俞兰冰06

2. Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the view of style as deviance.

In terms of the advantages of the view of style as deviance, first, it can help us to see and keep in mind that there is a difference between everyday language and the language of literature. It also he lps us realize that deviant features provide important clues for interpretation. Besides, the highly d eviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention from the reader to itself, and thus makes it possi ble for the poet to express what cannot be expressed through the normal use of language.

However, the chief disadvantage is that it is difficult to define the nature and the status of the norm from which style of a text deviants. Another disadvantage is that it tends to undervalue all non-de viant language, both within literature and without.

第三题，裘嘉颖、刘益花、范均鳌

3. How do you define the view of style as choice?

Style as choice is meant that style results from a tendency of a speaker or writer to consistently ch oose certain form or expression over others available in the language. Thus, style concerns the cha racteristic choice in a given context.

E.g. In writing The Eve of St. Agnes, Keats substituted the word shut for close:' As though a rose s hould shut and be a bud again' , which adds some poetic quality to the line, since internal rhyme is one of those features associated traditionally and typically with poetry.

The stylistician must select those features that are most relevant to his discussion and ignore the irr elevant ones in order to make a coherent and convincing interpretation.

第4组金剑王露兰鲍蕾.doc

Question: How can we distinguish …style? from language?

What is Language?

Language is the primary object of the study of linguistics, and linguists construct theories of langu age in general or of particular languages from differing points of view. The discussion of the conce pts of style should focus on some essential aspects of language on which most linguists agree. Language is viewed as a system of different types of linguistic organization such as phonology, sy ntax and lexicon. The English language consists of its patterns of sounds, sets of grammatical rule s and a large body of vocabulary.

Definitions of Style

Style in prose is the way you present your ideas. All the choices you make while writing-of words, tones, voice,

tense, sentence structure, for example-create the style of your paper. In other words, the style of yo ur writing is determined by the diction, the tone, the voice, the tense, and the sentence structure, et c.

Varieties 变体 of Language(variety=style)

A. Varieties in relation to regions—— British/American English

B. Varieties in relation to media ——Spoken English/Written English

C. Varieties in relation to attitude——degrees of formality/politeness/ impersonality/imformality

D. Varieties in relation to social factors——Women?s English/Black English/Taboo and Euphemis m

E. Varieties in relation to social Genre——The English of Conversation / Public speaking / News r eporting/Advertising/Literary English (The Novel/Poetry)/ Science and Technology/Legal Docum ents

5. Why do you think that it is inappropriate to say that style is always conscious choice?

第五题：梁柳媚洪娟杨佳颖

The effect of conscious choice making is no doubt more apparent in literature than in other types o f discourse,if a writer had to make choice consciously all the time at different linguistic levels, it i s not difficult to imagine how long it would take to produce anything at all and,consequently,how l ittle we would have in today's literature storehouse!

第6题潘云婷金豪特赖华霓

6. Where do we usually find the evidence of choice-making?

The evidence of choice-making can be found in authors' manuscipts. Such as a case once consider ed by Short(1984). In writing The Eve of St. A gnes, Keats first produced the line.

第7 题: 夏冬成朱晨迪马晔菲

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the view of style as choice?

Advantage:

Style as choice is often considered as a matter concerned with form or expression rather than mean ing. The advantage of this approach to style is that it helps us keep in mind that there are some diff erences between sentences and article even if sentences and article with same meaning. For examp le, when the meaning is the same what makes a writer as a writer is his peculiar way of saying that.

Disadvantage: The style as choice subsumes the view of style as deviance in some way. Like the v iew of style as deviance ,it has limitation. For instance ,It implies that every linguistic element in a text is a choice of the writer and therefore should be included in a discussion of the style of the te xt it is in. When the stylistician interprets a text, he/she must select the content that are most releva nt the discussion and ignore the irrelevant ones.

第8题钱莹莹潘肖笑李静楠

8. Explain the view of style as foregrounding.

1.The term foregrounding is a concept of pictorial arts, referring to that part of the composition tha t appears to be closest to the view (Mayer,1969).

2.The proponents of the view of style as foregrounding extended the concept to include both the d eviant features and those linguistic phenomena which are not deviant, but nevertheless striking.

3.The foregrounding is achieved either through deviation or through overregularity in language us

e.

4.Foregrounding is a useful, even crucial concept in stylistics, providing a bridge between the relat ive objectivity of linguistic description and the relative subjectivity of literary judgement.

第九组：胡玲玲钱晓玎汤吉诚

9. What advantages does the view of style as foregrounding have over the other two approaches? It can account for certain aspects of non-deviant language in literature which the approach of style as deviance fails to do. In other words, it?s a broader view than the view of style as deviance.

Compared with the view of style as choice, the view of style as foregrounding leaves much less to the personal judgement, i.e. the identification and selection of stylistically relevant features for an alysis are less of a problem for those taking the view of style as foregrounding.

第10题蒋小薇周遥遥付庆怡

10.Discuss the importance of the concept of foregrounding and the need for a detailed examinatio n of foregrounding in the Chinese context.

Leech points out: “Foregrounding is a useful, even crucial concept in stylistics, providing a bridge between the relative objectivity of linguistic description and the relative subjectivity of literary jud gement. It is a criterion by which we may select, from a mass of linguistic detail, those features rel evant to literary effects”. Therefore, it seems necessary for us to have a closer examination of it. A lso, as the western stylistics theory, foregrounding is rarely used to Chinese context analysis. Ther efore, a detailed examination of foregrounding in the Chinese context can to some extent improve the apply of foregrounding in Chinese context. There is also a pedagogic reason for a further consi deration of foregrounding. Short informs us that “the oversees student is unlikely to have a sufficie

nt grasp of the norms of the language to be able to determine what is deviant, foregrounded, and h ence crucial to understanding”.

文体修辞UNIT2

UNIT 2 第一题戴亚芬杨帆张姣慧 1. What is meant by style as deviance? Provide an example to illustrate this view. The distinctiveness of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is com municatively normal. This has led to approaches to style as deviance. As for the example, the phrase “a grief ago ” from a poem of that name by Dylan Thomas. The phr ase violates two rules of the indefinite article a clashes semantically with the uncountable noun gri ef, because it normally modifies a countable one; the post-modifying adverb ago clashes semantic ally with the head word grief, for it usually is able to modify a noun to do with time. But grief is a word which expresses emotion. The highly deviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention fro m the reader to itself, and thus makes it possible for the poet to express what cannot be expressed t hrough the normal use of language. Thomas here seems to be measuring time in terms of emotion. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to suggest that the speaker of the poem may have experienced gr ief repeatedly so that he can measure time in terms of it. 第2题姜婉婷04，肖帅帅05，俞兰冰06 2. Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the view of style as deviance. In terms of the advantages of the view of style as deviance, first, it can help us to see and keep in mind that there is a difference between everyday language and the language of literature. It also he lps us realize that deviant features provide important clues for interpretation. Besides, the highly d eviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention from the reader to itself, and thus makes it possi ble for the poet to express what cannot be expressed through the normal use of language. However, the chief disadvantage is that it is difficult to define the nature and the status of the norm from which style of a text deviants. Another disadvantage is that it tends to undervalue all non-de viant language, both within literature and without. 第三题，裘嘉颖、刘益花、范均鳌 3. How do you define the view of style as choice? Style as choice is meant that style results from a tendency of a speaker or writer to consistently ch oose certain form or expression over others available in the language. Thus, style concerns the cha racteristic choice in a given context. E.g. In writing The Eve of St. Agnes, Keats substituted the word shut for close:' As though a rose s hould shut and be a bud again' , which adds some poetic quality to the line, since internal rhyme is one of those features associated traditionally and typically with poetry. The stylistician must select those features that are most relevant to his discussion and ignore the irr elevant ones in order to make a coherent and convincing interpretation. 第4组金剑王露兰鲍蕾.doc Question: How can we distinguish …style? from language?

英语实用文体写作系列 4便条

Unit 4 便条(Short Note) 一、写作技巧 便条(Short Note)，或称便签或便笺，是一种简单的书信。便条是对比较熟悉的人的留言，虽然内容简单，但却有其独特的风格。主要目的是为了尽快的把最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。常见的便条有收条、欠条、留言和请假条等。 便条写作（Note Writing）实际上与书信写作（Letter Writing）大致相似，但有三点主要不同：1. 便条较随便，因此语气通常更轻松，格式和语言都是如此。2. 通常便条较短，应言简意赅，这意味着你必须略去冗余信息。便条写起来往往更具个性化，通常语言更接近口语，更直接。具体说来，有以下特点： 便条可以有题目，也可以省略题目。 便条开篇须有称呼语，但称呼可以比较随便。 日期部分可写在便条的右上角。 日期的签署通常只需写星期几或星期几的上午、下午，也可只写上午或下午和具体时间。只写日期也可以。 便条结尾须署上留条人的姓名，位置在正文的右下角。 便条的形式和内容简洁，故可以用几句话概括。 文内语言尽量通俗口语化，简单扼要，直截了当，无需使用客套语言（In a roundabout way ）。 便条虽简单，但中心务必突出，更要注明活动的时间及地点。 便条不需邮寄，不用信封。通常请人代为转交。有时可写在留言板和留言簿上。 基本写作格式 便条内容和类型不尽相同，可以灵活变通。但各类便条必须包括以下几个基本要素：1）Date：便条日期；2）Salutation：称呼；3）Body：正文；4）Signature：署名。 注意月份的全拼及缩略形式。月份的缩略形式为：Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May，June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.。 二、经典范文 （一）收据（receipt） 收据种类很多，有收条、借据、订阅单、订货单等，是在跟对方发生钱和物的关系时写给对方作为凭据的条子，起书面证据作用。在写借据、收条时，写字据的日期写于右上角，然后写明是“借”还是“收到”，“借”、“还”钱或物的名称和数量。立据人写于右下角。不得涂改。 例一：借款 To Mr. Charles Green,

英语四种基本句式

英语四种基本句式：陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹句 一：肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句 例句：I am a Student. He goes to school. I am not a boy. He does not go to school. Are you a StUdent? Do you / Does She like English ? What time （is it ）,please ? WhiCh is your pen? What day today ?问星期 What date is it today?问日期 含 be/am is are WaS were: ThiS is a book. IS this a book? __ yes, it is / no ,it isn ThiS is not a book. What is this ? What this is ? I like En glish. I do n Otlike En glish. Do you like En glish? What do you like? She likes En glish. She does no t like En glish. Does She like En glish. What does She like ? 1. some 变为 any 。如：There are some birds in the tree.→There aren't any birds in the tree. 但是，若在表示邀请、请求的句子中，some 可以不变。如： Would you like some Orange juice? 与此相关的一些不定代词如 SOmethi ng, somebody 等也要进行相应变化。 2. and 变为 or 。如：I have a knife and a ruler.→I don't have a knife or a ruler. You n eed ntWorry about the job and pay._ You n eed n'tWorry about the job or pay. （Don 'n eed to ） 3. a lot of （=lots of ）变为many （修饰可数n ）或much （修饰不可数n ）。如： They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）→They don't have many friends. There is lots of Orange in the bottle.（不可数名词） →There isrlt much Orange in the bottle. 4. already 变为 yet 。如：I have bee n there already.→ I have n't bee n there yet. I have Sent you the mail already → I haven ' t Sent you the mail yet. 二：疑问句questios 分类：一般疑问、特殊疑问、反意疑问、选择疑问 A . be/助/情态动词（be Can do have Will 等）+主语+谓语/表语+（其他）,句子要读升调； When 问时间 Why 问原因 What day 问星期 hoW old 问年龄 hoW long 问时间 Who 问人 Whose 问主人 What time 问时间 What date 问日期 What place hoW many/much 问数量、价钱 What color Where 问地点 WhiCh 问选择 问颜色 What about 问意见 问具体地点 H OW 问情况 hoW about 问意见 hoW far 问路程 hoW soon 问时间 hoW often 问频率

英语修辞与文体 论文

Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme; But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time. When wasteful war shall statues overturn, And broils root out the work of masonry, Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory. 'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmity Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room Even in the eyes of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom. So, till the judgment that yourself arise, You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes. Sonnet 55 is one of Shakespeare's most famous works and a noticeable deviation from other sonnets in which he appears insecure about his relationships and his own self-worth. Here we canfind an impassioned burst of confidence as the poet claims to have the power to keep his friend's memory alive evermore. We should focus on the translation of this poem at first. Not marble, nor the gold-plated shrines. Of princes shall outlive the power of poetry. You shall shine more bright in these verses than on dust-covered gravestones, ravaged by time.When devastating war shall overturn statues and conflicts destroy the mason's handiwork, the cause of war (Mars) nor the effects of war (fire) shall destroy the living record of your memory (this poem). Against death and destruction, which render people forgotten,shall you push onward; praise of you will always find a place even in the eyes of future generations. That survives until the end of humanity.So, until you arise on Judgment Day,you are immortalized in this poetry, and continue to live in lovers' eyes. Then we will discuss its stylistics.

英语实用文体写作系列 建议信

建议信 建议信开头段常用句式和套话 I am writing in reply to… I would like to suggest that… I am writing with my suggestion proposal about… I am writing to express my views concerning… You have asked me for my advice with regard to…and I will try to make some c onducive suggestions. 表达建议常用句式和套话 I feel that it would be beneficial if… I would like to suggest that… I would recommend that… If I were you, I would… You may consider doing… It would seem to me that you could… As you may agree that… 建议信结尾常用句式和套话 I hope you will find these suggestions/proposals/recommendations helpful/practical/ useful. I trust you will take my suggestion into account. I would be more than happy to see improvements in this regard. I would be ready to discuss this matter to further details. ★例： Directions： You have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to advise him on which subject to specialize in--history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers better job prospects. Write a letter: 1) explaining what he could do, 2) why he could do this, and 3) wishing him luck with his studies. You should write with no less than 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. 范文： Dear John, You asked for advice concerning whether you should study history or computer science at university. I will try making some suggestions. University is preparation for your career. You should consider studying a subject which will best equip you to earn a living. Computer science offers more job opportunities than history. We are now in a high-tech age. For the foreseeable future, it would be necessary for everyone to be equipped with computer skills merely to earn a living! Of course, you don't have to devote all your time at university to studying computers and nothing else. I would recommend that you continue reading of history in your spare time. That way, you will find that your leisure hours are enriched while you prepare yourself for a worthwhile career in computer science. Whatever you decide to do, good luck with you studies!

英语四种基本句式

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语用与修辞论文

研究生课程论文 《论网络文体》 课程名称语用与修辞 姓名孙汉康 学号1300210007 专业汉语言文字学 任课教师胡彬彬教授 开课时间2014 年9 月 教师评阅意见： 论文成绩评阅日期 课程论文提交时间：2015 年 3 月 5 日

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