英语专业八级语言学辅导材料
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料
Section 1 What is Linguistics?
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a4775245.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____.
A. contact
B. communication
C. relation
D. community
2. Language is _______.
A. instinctive
B. non-instincitve
C. static
D. genetically transmitted
3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______.
A. unnatural
B. something to be feared
C. natural
D. abnormal
4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. tree
B. crash
C. typewriter
D. bang
5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____.
A. interrogative
B. directive
C. informative
D. performative
6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners.
A. Descriptive grammar
B. Prescriptive grammar
C. Pedagogical grammar
D. Universal grammar
7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?
A. Interpersonal.
B. Emotive.
C. Performative.
D. Recreatioal.
8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?
A. Transferability.
B. Duality.
C. Displacement.
D. Arbitrariness.
9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language?
—A nice day, isn’t it?
—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive.
B. Phatic.
C. Performative.
D. Interpersonal.
10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages?
A. Diachronic linguistics.
B. Synchronic linguistics.
C. Prescriptive linguistics.
D. comparative linguistics.
11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the
rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance
B. Competence
C. Langue
D. Parole
12. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particualrly educaiton.
A. Linguistic geography
B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
参考答案：1-6 BBCACC 7-12 CCBDAC
Section 2 Phonology
1.Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pronunciation
D. voice
2. Conventionally a _____ is put in slashes.
A. allophone
B. phone
C. phoneme
D. morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ______ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues.
B. tagmemes
C. morphemes
D. allophones
4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____.
A. glottis
B. vocal cavity
C. pharynx
D. uvula
5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ____ diphthongs.
A. wide
B. closing
C. narrow
D. centering
6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____.
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
C. phones
D. allophones
7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
A. Acoustic phonetics.
B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics.
D. Neither of them.
8. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?
A. [z]
B. [w]
C. [θ]
D. [v]
9. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n]
B. [m]
C. [b]
D. [p]
10. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i:]
B. [u]
C. [e]
D. [i]
11. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrationg?
A. V oiceless
B. V oiced
C. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
12. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?
A. [f]
B. [θ]
C. [z]
D. [s]
参考答案：ACDADD 7-12 BBABBA
Section 3 Morphology
1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____.
A. lexical words
B. grammatical words
C. function words
D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _______ morpheme.
A. inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
3. There are _____ morphemes in the word denationalizaiton.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
4. In English –ise and –tion are called _________.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. free morphemes
5. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _________.
A. affixation
B. etymology
C. inflection
D. root
6. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______.
A. derivational affix
B. inflectional affix
C. infix
D. back-formation
7. ______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. Affixation
B. Back-formation
C. Insertion
D. Addition
8. The word TB is formed in the way of _______.
A. acronymy
B. clippping
C. initialism
D. blending
9. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ________.
A. derivaitonal morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
10. The words like cosmat and sitcom are formed by ______.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. backformation
D. acronymy
11. The stem of disagreements is _____.
A. agreement
B. agree
C. disagree
D. disagreement
12. All of them are meaningful except for ______.
A. lexeme
B. phoneme
C. morpheme
D. allomorph
参考答案：1-6 AACBCC 7-12 BCCADB
Section 4 Syntax
1.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city Rome
2. The phrse “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric（离心结构）
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
3. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” is
a _____ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
4. Iin a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) _____ clause.
A. finite
B. non-infinite
C. embedded （嵌入句）
D. matrix
5. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.
A. Morphology
B. syntax
C. Semantics
D. Pragmatics
6. ________ does not belong to major syntactic categories.
A. Auxiliary
B. NP
C. N
D. PP
7. __________ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.
A. Conjoining
B. Embedding
C. Corcord
D. Government
8. The term __ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.
A. pronominal
B. anaphor
C. re-expression
D. binding
9. In Halliday’s view, the _________ funciton of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.
A. ideational
B. interpersonal
C. textual
D. social
10. The criterion used in IC analysis is ___________.
A. transformation
B. conjoining
C. grouping
D. substitutability
11. __________ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in
certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.
A. Concord
B. Government
C. Binding
D. C-command
12. The phrase “my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ________ tree diagrams.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
参考答案：1-6 DBACBA 7-12 ABADBC
Section 5 Semantics
1._________ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from
casual to formal according to the type of communicative context.
A. Stylistic variation
B. Ideolectal variation
C. Social variation
D. Regional variation
2. Cold and hot are a pair of _____ antonyms.
A. gradable
B. complementary
C. reversal
D. converseness
3. Idioms are _____.
A. sentences
B. naming units
C. phrases
D. communication units
4. _______ describes whether a proposition is true or false.
A. Truth
B. Truth value
C. Truth condition
D. Falsehood
5. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _______>
A. proposition
B. sentence
C. utterance
D. truth
6. Bull: [BOVINE] [MALE] [ADULT] is an example of ______.
A. componential analysis
B. predication analysis
C. compositionality
D. selection restriction
7. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word __________.
A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.
B. Is related to the thing it refers to.
C. Is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers/
D. Is the image it is represented in the mind.
8.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity
of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentnece (a), we can say that _____.
A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)
B. sentence (a) entails sentence (b)
C. sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)
D. sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)
9. “Tom likes apples.” is a case of ________.
A. two-place predication
B. one-place predication
C. two-place argument
D. one-place argument
10. “John killed Bill but bill didn’t die” ia a(n) _____.
A. entailment
B. presupposition
C. anomaly
D. contradiction
11. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppotions is called _____.
A. presupposition condition
B. truth condition
C. presupposition trigger
D. truth value
12. Lexical ambiguity arises from pplysymy or __ which can not be determined by the context.
A. homonymy
B. antonymy
C. meronymy
D. synonymy
参考答案：1-6 AABBAA 7-12 ABADCA
Section 6 Pragmatics
1._________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect
successful communication.
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Psycholinguistics
2. ___________ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle.
A. John Austin
B. John Firth
C. Paul Grice
D. William Jones
3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.
A. semantics
B. pragmatics
C. sociolinguistics
D. psycholinguistics
4. ________ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.
A. Austin
B. Searle
C. Sapir
D. Chomsky
5. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the ____.
A. declarations
B. directives
C. commissives
D. expressives
6. The illocutionary point of the _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
A. declaration
B. expressives
C. commissives
D. directives
7. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____. X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
8. The violation of one or more of the conversational ______ (of the CP) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.
A. standards
B. principles
C. levels
D. maxims
9. Most of the vilations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.
A. breakdown of conversation
B. confusion of one’s intention
C. hostitility between speakers and the listeners
D. conversational implicatures
10. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in 1962.
A. Saussure
B. Austin
C. Chomsky
D. Grimm
11. The maxim of quantity requires: ________.
A. contribute as informative as required
B. do not contribute more than is required
C. do not say what has little evidence
D. both A and B
12. according to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.
A. commissives
B. directives
C. expressives
D. declaratives
参考答案：1-6 BCBBCB 7-12 CDDBDA
Section 7 Language and society
1.________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech
situations.
A. Slang
B. Address terms
C. Registers
D. Education varieties
2. In sociolinguistics, ____ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.
A. domain
B. situation
C. society
D. community
3. _____ is defined as any regionally or socially defined human group identified by shared linguistic system.
A. A speech community
B. A race
C. A society
D. A country
4. _____ variation of language is th emost discernible and definable in speech variation.
A. Regional
B. Society
C. Stylistic
D. Idiolectal
5. ___________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.
A. Canada
B. Finland
C. Belgium
D. Germany
6. ________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communicaiton.
A. Lingua franca
B. Creole
C. Pidgin
D. Standard language
7. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.
A. diglossia
B. bilingualism
C. pidginization
D. blending
8. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.
A. Lanugage taboo
B. Slang
C. Address terms
D. register variety
9. _______ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional
B. Social
C. Stylistic
D. Idiolectal
10. In a speech community people have something in common _____ language or a particular variety of language and rules and rules for using it.
A. socially
B. linguistically
C. culturally
D. pragmatically
11. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is ____.
A. British English
B. American English
C. Black English
D. Australian English
12. ______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative content.
A. Regional variation
B. Social variation
C. Stylistic variation
D. Idiolectal variation
参考答案：1-6 CAAADC 7-12 CBABCD
Section 8 Psycholinguistics
1.______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.
A. Sociolinguistics
B. Psycholinguistics
C. Pragmatics
D. Morphology
2. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people?
A. Language and speech.
B. Visual and spacial skills.
C. Redaing and writing.
D. Analytic reasoning.
3. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ____.
A. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and the angular gyrus
B. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and cerebral cortex
C. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and neurons
D. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and Exner’s area
4. When we speak, words are sent to _______, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.
A. Broca’s area
B. Wernicke’s area
C. the angualr gyrus
D. motor area
5. What kind of patients cannot convet a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa?
A. The linguistic deprivation
B. Broca’s aphasics
C. Wernicke’s aphasics
D. The damage on the angular gyrus
6. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehend via ______ area.
A. Broca’s
B. motor
C. neurons
D. wernicke’s
7. ___________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.
A. Language and speech
B. Calculation
C. Holistic reasoning
D. Associative thought
8. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _______.
A. brain lateralizaiton
B. linguistic lateralization
C. right ear advantage
D. cerebral plasticity
9. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases:
A. no-word
B. babbling
C. talking
D. uttering
10. At the age of four, children ____________.
A. can master the essentials of their mother tongue
B. can only babble several sounds
C. can name the things around them only
D. Can write out the grammatical rules of their language
11. ________ refers to the gradual and suconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A. Learning
B. Competence
C. Performance
D. Acquisition
12. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.
A. linguistic determination
B. linguistic relativism
C. linguistic nativism
D. linguistic behaviorism
参考答案：1-6 BBAADD 7-12 CCBADB
Section 9 Language Acquisition
1.___________ modifications are not only successful, but have the added advantage
of providing learnrs with continued access to the very linguistic items they have yet to acquire.
A. Elaborative
B. Linguistic
C. Conversational
D. Discourse
2. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.
A. interference
B. interlanguage
C. fossilization
D. acculturation
3. Beside the genetic predisposition for language acquisition, language ______ is necessary for successful language acquisition.
A. instruction
B. correction
C. imitation
D. input and interaction
4. Intelligibility means that any human being can be both a producer and a ________ of messages.
A. sender
B. receiver
C. medium
D. none of above
5. ________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.
A. Competence
B. Performance
C. Learning
D. Acquisition
6. In ______, researchers take part in the activities they are studying.
A. particular observation
B. non-participant observation
C. experiment
D. introspection
7. _______ are devised to reveal what a learner knows: the rules he is using and the systems and categories he is working with.
A. experiments
B. quasi-experiments
C. tests
D. tasks
8. ________ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.
A. error analysis
B. performance analysis
C. contrstive analysis
D. discourse analysis
9. It is a case of ________ when a speaker produced two negative utterances in close proximity to each other, in the same context, wile addressing the same person and with similar amounts of planning time:
No look my card.
Don’t look my card.
A. free variation
B. systematic variation
C. linguistic variation
D. context variation
10. ________ is the language used when speakers are communicationg spontaneously and freely and consequently not atteding to the forms they choose.
A. careful style
B. vernacular style
C. cognitive style
D. style continnum
11. The characteristic of languistic environment for L2 acquisition is that linguistic adjustments and ______ have been made to non-native speakers.
A. noisy utterances
B. caretaker speeches
C. ill-formed structures
D. conversational adjustments
12. ________ theories of learning of learning hold that an organism’s nuture, or
experience, is of more importance to development than its nature, or innate contributions.
A. Environmentalist
B. Nativist
C. Interactional
D. Mentalist
参考答案：1-6 AADBCA 7-12 DCABDA
Section 10 Schools of Linguistics
1.The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is _____.
A. Firth
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Chomsky
2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _____.
A. function
B. meaning
C. signs
D. system
3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.
A. Boas
B. Sapir
C. Bloomfield
D. Harris
4. The theory of _______ considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.
A. Case Grammar
B. Stratificational Grammar
C. Relational Grammar
D. Generative Semantics
5. Generally speaking, the _____ specifies whether a cetain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.
A. Slot
B. Class
C. Role
D. Cohesion
6. _________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.
A. Traditional
B. Strucutral
C. Functional
D. Generative
7. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ______.
A. Prague School
B. Copenhagen School
C. London School
D. Generative Semantics
8. _______ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
A. Stratificational
B. Case
C. Relational
D. Montague
9. In Halliday’s view, the _ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
A. personal
B. heuristic
C. imaginative
D. informative
10. The rheme in the the sentence “On it stood Jane” is ________.
A. On it
B. stood
C. On it stood
D. Jane
11. Chomsky follows _________in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
A. empiricism
B. behavirourism
C. rationalism
D. mentalism
12. TG Grammar has seen _____ stages of development.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
参考答案：1-6 BACDAA 7-12 BABDCC
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征。 2. 用严式国际音标给下列汉字注音（6 分）春眠不觉晓花落知多少答案略 3. 分析下列各词的结构类型，并指出各语素的性质：（6 分） 学员：附加式（派生词）；词根+后缀。烟头儿：附加式（派生词）；词根+词根+后缀。秋千：单纯词；双声词。 Returns：附加式；词干+词尾。blackboard :复合词；词根+词根。 抗菌素：复合词；前缀+词根+词根。 4. 下列语言属于不同的语系，试将它们进行分类（6 分）印欧语系：西班牙语、波兰语、印地语、德语、意大利语；阿尔泰语系：哈萨克语、满语、蒙古语； 南岛语系：高山语；南亚语系：佧瓦语；闪——含语系：阿拉伯语汉藏语系：苗语。评分标准：错一项扣一分。 5. 用语音术语描述下列辅音（6 分）（1）[v] 唇齿浊擦音。 （2）[L] 舌尖中浊边音。 （3）[ts] 舌尖前不送气清塞擦音。 （4）[p h] 双唇送气清塞音。 （5）[x] 舌面后（舌根）清擦音。 （6）[z] 舌尖前浊擦音。 四、简答题: （每小题10 分，本大题共30 分） 1. 请用具体的例子说明共时语言学和历时语言学的区别（10 分）共时语言学，又叫静态语言学。它以语言在历史发展过程中某一特定状态中的语言系统为研究对象,揭示语言的内部结构规律，分析各种语言单位,描写语言规则,而不考虑时间的因素。 （3 分） 历时语言学，又叫动态语言学,它研究语言的历史发展,描写和研究语言从一个时期到另一个时期的演变方式,研究这种演变在语言内部和外部的 原因。（3 分） 举例4 分，各举两个以上，分别得二分。仅各举一例，分别得一分。 2. 请简要回答洋泾浜与克里奥尔的区别（10 分） 洋泾浜是指某些与外族人接触较多的地区，因语言相互影响而形成的一种特殊的语言现象。（2 分） 克里奥尔又叫混合语,指各种语言频繁接触的地区出现的包含不同语言成分的混合的自然语言。（2 分） 二者不同的是：
英语专业八级作文范文及写作套路
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