英美文学

Part I. The Literature of Colonial America

I. Fill in the following Blanks.

1. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was ______.

2. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was _____, an English soldier of fortune, whose reports fo exploratin, publiseed in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinct American literaature written in English.

3. Almost a hundred years earlier the Caribbean Islands, Mexicl, and other parts of Central and South America were occupied by the _____.

4. The term "Puritan" was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of _____.

5. _____ College was established in 1636, with a printing press set up nearly in 1639.

6. Among all the settlers in the New Continent, _____ settlers were the most influential.

7. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at _____, Virginia.

8. _____ was a famous explorer and colonist. He established Jamestown.

9. In the book _____ John Smith wrote that "here nature and liberty afford us that freely which in England we want, or it costs us dearly."

10. Genearl History of Virginia contains Smith's most famous tale of how the Indian princess named _____ saved him from the wrath of her father.

11. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____ values that dominated much of the early American writing.

12. The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter comfronled in a slrang, new environment. __________ Bradstreet was one such poet.

13. William Bradford himself used a word " ________ " to describe the community of believers who sailed from Southampton, England, on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.

14. In 1620,____________ was elected Governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts.

15. From 1621 until his death, ___________ probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor.

16. William Bradford's work ___________ consists of two books. The first book

deals with the persecutions of the SeptuaEiate m Scrooby, England, and ihe

second book dcscribes the signing of the "Compact".

17. The History- of New England is a priceless gift left us by_______.

18. __________ wrote his most impressive wort The Magnalia Ckristi America.

19. The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial period was_______

20. The Puritan philosophy known as ________ was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.

21. Many Puritans wrote verse, but the work of two writers, Anne BradsLitel and_________ , rose lo Jhe level of real poetry.

22. A representative sermon A True Stgki of Sin is____________ 's main work.

23. Before his death, _________ had gained a position as America;s first systematic philosopher.

24. Jonathan Edwards' s masterpiece is ____________ .

25. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by__________ .

26. _________ 's best verse is to be found in a juries called "Preparatory Medita?tions" .

27. The Day of Doom, a long-standing best-seller both in Ameriea and in England, written by ________ .

28. Charles Biuckden Brown's first novel______________ , or ___________ has been regarded as the first American novel.

29. With his elaborate metaphors, __________ was reminiscent of Richaid Crashaw and George Herbert in England.

III. Make multiple choices.

1. English literature in the America is only about more than ________ years old.

A. 500

B. 400

C. 200

D. 100

2. The establisher of Jamestown was the famous explorer and colonist ____________ .

A. John Winthrop

B. John Smith

C. William Bradford

D. John Goodwin

3. The Puritan dominating values were___________ .

A. hard work

B. thrift

C. piety

D. sobriety

4. The early history of___________ Colony was the history of Bradford' s leader? ship.

A. Plymouth

B. Jamestown

C. New England

D. Mayflower

5. Choose those names that were named after English monarch or land.

A. Georgia

B. New York

C. Carolina

D. New Hampshire

6. __________ usually was regarded as the first American writer.

A. William Bradford

B. Anne Bradstreet

C. Emily Dickinson

D. Captain John Smith

7. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?

A. He was a great Puritan historian.

B. He was an inexhaustible writer.

C. He was a skillful preacher and an eminent theologian.

D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.

8. Jonathan Edwards' best and most representative sermon was ____ .

A. A True Sight of Sin

B. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

C. A Model of Christian Charity

D. God's Determinations

9. Which writer is not a poet?

A. Michael Wigglesworth

B. Anne Bradstreet

C. Edward Taylor

D. Thomas Hooker

10. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the__________ .

A. Revolutionism

B. Reason

C. Individualism

D. Rationalism

11. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the " ________ " who appeared in America.

A. Ninth Muse

B. Tenth Muse

C. Best Muse

D. First Muse

12. The ship "__________ " carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.

A. Sunflower

B. Armada

C. Mayflower

D. Pequod

Keys to Part I.

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. American Puritanism

2. Captain John Smith

3. Spanish

4. England

5. Har?vard

6. English

7. Jamestown

8. Captain John Smith

9. A Description of New Eng?land

10. Pocahontas

11. Puritan

12. Anne

13. Pilgrims

14. William Bradford

15. William Bradford

16. Mayflower

17. John Winthrop

18. Cotton Mather 19. John Winthrop

20. Puritanism

21. Edward Taylor

22. Thomas Hooker

23. Jona?than Edwards

24. Freedom of the Will

25. Anne Bradstreet

26. Edward Taylor

27. Michael Wiggleworth

28. Wieland, The Transformation; An American Tale

29. Edward Taylor

III. Make multiple choices：

1. C

2. B

3. ABCD

4. A

5. ABCD

6. D

7. D

8. B

9. D

10. C

11. B

12. C?

Part II. The Literature of Reason and Revolution

I. Fill in the blanks.

1. The War of Independence lasted eight years till_____.

2. The United States of America was founded in _____.

3. Benjamin Franklin also edited the first colonial magazine, which he called _____.

4. Benjamin Franklin' s best writing is found in his masterpiece ________ .

5. Thomas Paine, with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was ap?propriately born into an age of____________ .

6. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine's famous pamphlet ________ appeared.

7. A series of sixteen pamphlets by Thomas Paine was entitled _____________ .

8. Thomas Paine's second most important work_____________ was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.

9. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was _____________ .

10. Philip Freneau' s famous poem____________ was written about his imprisoned experience.

11. ___________ was considered as the " poet of the American Revolution. "

12. _________ has been called the "Father of American Poetry. "

13. In 1791, probably with Thomas Jefferson's support, ___________ established in Philadelphia the National Gazette.

14. In American literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of _________ and Revolution.

15. The Calvinist beliefs brought about the Great Awakening during the 1730s and 1740s. _________ was the most influential among the believers.

16. Jonathan Edwards' work Images or Shadows of Divine Things anticipated the nature symbolism of___________ in the 19th century. we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _________ represents the lower levels.

III. Make multiple choices.

1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. _________ was the dominant spirit.

A. Humanism

B. Rationalism

C. Revolution

D. Evolutio

n

2. In American literature, the Enlighteners were opposed to ________ .

A. the colonial order

B. religious obscurantism

C. the Puritan tradition

D. the secular literature

3. The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the

Continental Congress adopted____________ in 1776.

A. the Declaration of Independence

B. the Sugar Act

C. the Stamp Act

D. the Mayflower Compact

4. Which statement about Benjamin Franklin is not true?

A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.

B. He was a scientist.

C. He was a master of diplomacy.

D. He was a Puritan.

5. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of___________ .

A. Thomas Hood

B. Benjamin Franklin

C. Thomas Jefferson

D. George Washington

6. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic?

A. The American Crisis

B. The Federalist

C. Declaration of Independence

D. The Waste Land

7. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the____________ .

A. American Enlightenment

B. Sugar Act

C. Chartist movement

D. Romanticist

8. From 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous __________ , an annal collection of proverbs.

A. The Autobiography

B. Poor Richard's Almanac

C. Common Sense

D. The General Magazine

9. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?

A. Common Sense

B. The American Crisis

C. Pennsylvania Magazine

D. The Autobiography

10. Choose the works written by Thomas Paine.

A. Rights of Man

B. The Age of Reason

C. Agrarian Justice

D. Common Sense

E. The American Crisis

1l. The first pamphlet published in America to urge immediate independence from Britain is__________ .

A. The Rights of Man

B. Common Sense

C. The American Crisis

D. Declaration of Independence

12. "These are the times that try men' s souls", these words were once read to George Washington' s troops and did much to shore up the spirits of the revolu?tionary soldiers. Who is the author of these words?

A. Benjamin Franklin

B. Thomas Jefferson

C. Thomas Paine

D. George Washington

13. Which statement about Philip Freneau is true?

A. He was a satirist.

B. He was a pamphleteer.

C. He was a poet.

D. He was a bitter polemicist.

14. Which poem is not written by Philip Freneau?

A. The British Prison Ship

B. The Wild Honey Suckle

C. The Indian Burying Ground

D. The Day of Doom

15. Who was considered as the "Poet of American Revolution"?

A. Michael Wigglesworth

B. Edward Taylor

C. Anne Bradstreet

D. Philip Freneau

16. It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voice demanded com?plete separation from England. The voice was that of________ , whose pamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growing de?mand for separation.

A. Thomas Paine

B. Thomas Jefferson

C. George Washington

D. Patrick Henry

17. During the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the____________ .

A. Chartist Movement

B. Romanticist Movement

C. Enlightenment Movement

D. Modernist Movement

18. Thomas Jefferson' s attitude, that is, a firm belief in progress, and the pursuit of happiness, is typical of the period we now call _________ .

A. Age of Evolution

B. Age of Reason

C. Age of Romanticism

D. Age of Regionalism

19. __________ carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people. It is more than writing of the Revolutionary period, it defined the meaning of the American Revolution.

A. Common Sense

B. The American Crisis

C. Declaration of Independence

D. Defence of the English People

20. Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after the______________ of the English es?sayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.

A. Spectator Papers

B. Walden

C. Nature

D. The Sacred Wood

Keys to Part II.

I. Fill in the blanks

1. 1783

2. 1783

3. the General Magazine

4. Autobiography

5. revolution

6. Common Sense

7. The American crisis

8. The Rights of Man 9. Philip Freneau

10. The British Prison Ship

11. Philip Freneau

12. Philip Freneau

13. Philip Freneau

14. Reason

15. Jonathan Edwards

16. Transcendentalism

17. Benjamin Franklin

III. Make multiple choices.

1. B

2. ABC

3. A

4. D

5. B

6. ABC

7. A

8. B

9. D

10. ABCDE 11. B

12. C

13. ABCD

14. D

15. D

16. A

17. C

18. B

19. C

20. A

Part III. The Literature of Romanticism

I. Fill in the blanks?

1. In the early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote ________ which be? came the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.

2. In 1828, __________ published his An American Dictionary of the English Lan?guage.

3. In 1755, __________ published his remarkable dictionary named Dictionary of the English Language.

4. The Civil War of 1861—1865 ended in the defeat of the Southerners and the ab?olition of___________ .

5. The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .

6. The Transcendental Club often met at____________ ' s Concord home.

7. ______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanti?cism.

8. At nineteen___________ published in his brother' s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life.

9. In Washington Irving' s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.

10. In Paris, Washington Irving met John Howard Payne, the American dramatist and actor, with whom Irving wrote his brilliant social comedy______________ , or The Merry Monarch.

11. The short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is taken from Washington Irving' s work named _______.

12. _________ was the first American to achieve an international literary reputa?tion after the Revolutionary War.

13. Washington Irving' s first book appeared in 1809. It was entitled _____________ .

14. Washington Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life of Oliver Gold? smith, and the other is____________ .

15. The first important American novelist was____________ .

16. James Fenimore Cooper' s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espio?nage against the British during the Revolutionary War.

17. The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________ . The he?ro of the novel represents John Paul Jones, the great naval fighter of the Revolutionary War.

18. The central figure in the Leatherstocking Tales is____________ , who goes by the various names of Leatherstocking, Deerslayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.

19. "To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________ ' s work, it has been called by an eminent English critic " the most perfect brief poem in the lan?guage. "

20. __________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature.

21. Among William Cullen Bryant's most important later works are his translations of the Iliad and the____________ into English blank verse.

22. Edgar Allan Poe' s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomato?poeia in the English language.

23. Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of a collection.

24. Ralph___________ Emerson was responsible for bringing transcendentalism to New England.

25. Ralph Waldo Emerson's truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Emerson's theories, was____________ .

26. In 1845, Henry David Thoreau began a two-year residence at _________________ Pond.

27. A superb book entitled____________ came out of Henry David Thoreau' s two-year experiment at Walden Pond.

28. From Henry David Thoreau' s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______.

29. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel _____________ .

30. Herman Melville' s novel____________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.

31. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's first collection of poems entitled ______________ appeared in 1838.

32. The most scholarly of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow' s writings is his transla?tion of Dante' s

______.

33. Besides lyrics and longer poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote dramatic works, among which____________ is the most conspicuous.

34. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and _____________ are the only two American poets commemorated in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.

35. After his death, __________ became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.

36. The American Romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outburst of the___________ .

37. The English author named___________ was, in a way, responsible for the ro?mantic description of landscape in American literature and the development of American Indian romance. His Waverley novels were models for American his?

torical romances.

38. Published in 1823, __________ was the first of the Leatherstocking Tales, in their order of publication time, and probably the first true romance of the fron?tier in American literature.

39. In The Pioneers, __________ represents the ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God' s world.

40. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intel?lectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by______________ .

41. Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay__________ has been regarded as "America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence". It called on American writers to write about America in a way peculiarly American.

42. Another renowned New England Transcendentalist was_____________ , a friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson' s and his junior by some fourteen years.

43. The way in which___________ wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American puritan moralism.

44. Herman Melville's world classic novel Moby Dick was dedicated to____________ , a novelist.

45. It is said that in his late years, Herman Melville stopped writing novels and sto?ries and turned to poetry, ___________ is his most famous poetic work.

46. Herman Melville is best known as the author of one book named______________ , which is, critics have agreed, one of the world's greatest masterpieces.

II. Make multiple choices.

1. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, was established in____________ to serve the "muslin sex".

A. New England

B. Virginia

C. Massachusetts

D. New York

2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from___________ .

A. the romantic literature in Europe

B. neo-Platonism

C. German idealistic philosophy

D. the revelations of oriental mysticism

3. As a philosophical and literary movement, ____________ flourished in New Eng?land from the 1830s to the Civil War.

A. modernism

B. rationalism

C. sentimentalism

D. transcendentalism

4. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in___________ and Henry David Thoreau.

A. Thomas Jefferson

B. Ralph Waldo Emerson

C. Philip Freneau

D. Oversoul

5. Who were regarded as the "School-room Poets"?

A. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

B. Lowell

C. Oliver Russel Holmes

D. John Greenleaf Whittier

6. American statesmen such as__________ slowly won for their country the respect of European powers.

A. Washington

B. Jefferson

C. Madison

D. Monroe

7. _________ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.

A. Henry David Thoreau

B. Ralph Waldo Emerson

C. Nathaniel Hawthorne

D. Walt Whitman

8. Transcendentalists recognized__________ as the "highest power of the soul. "

A. intuition

B. logic

C. data of the senses

D. thinking

9. Led by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and _______________ , there arose

a kind of teachings of transcendentalism in the early nineteenth century.

A. Herman Melville

B. Henry David Thoreau

C. Mark Twain

D. Theodore Dreiser

10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New England

A. Transcendentalism

B. Humanism

C. Naturalism

D. Unitarianism

11. In the early 19th century America, statesmen such as _________ , came to dominate American politics not with their prose but with the emotional force of their oratory.

A. Daniel Webster

B. Daniel Defoe

C. Philip Freneau

D. Thomas Paine

12. A new___________ had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century.

A. realism

B. critical realism

C. romanticism

D. naturalism

13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a perma?nent convention of American literature, evident in _________ .

A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales

B. Henry David Thoreau' s V/alden

C. Mark Twain' s Huckleberry Finn

D. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter

14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of _________ , and a host of lesser writers.

A. Nathaniel Hawthorne

B. Edgar Allan Poe

C. Herman Melville

D. Mark Twain

15. An American Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1828 by_____

A. Samuel Johnson

B. Noah Webster

C. Daniel Webster

D. Daniel Defoe

16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general char?acteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.

A. moral enthusiasm

B. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception

C. adoration for the natural world

D. presumption about the corrosive effect of human society

17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.

A. The Sketch Book

B. Bracebridge Hall

C. Tales of a Traveller

D. A History of New York

18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic ap?peal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.

A. the Mohican Chief Chingachgook

B. Uncas

C. Tom Jones

D. Kubla Khan

19. In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet___________ to appear in America up to that time.

A. Edward Taylor

B. Philip Freneau

C. William Cullen Bryant

D. Edgar Allan Poe

20. Choose William Cullen Bryant's poems from the following.

A. To a Caty-Did

B. To a Waterfowl

C. Thanatopsis

D. The Wild Honey Suckle

21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.

A. To Helen

B. The Raven

C. Annabel Lee

D. The Bells

22. In his post on the Messenger, Edgar Allan Poe showed his true talents as

A. an editor

B. a poet

C. a literary critic

D. a fiction writer

23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is___________ .

A. Tales of a Traveller

B. Leatherstocking Tales

C. Canterbury Tales

D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque

24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.

A. being highly individual

B. harsh rhythms

C. lack of form and polish

D. striking images

25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?

A. Representative Men

B. English Traits

C. Nature

D. The Rhodora

26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?

A. Of Studies

B. Self-Reliance

C. The American Scholar

D. The Divinity School Address

27. From Henry David Thoreau' s jail experience, came his famous essay, ___________ , which states Thoreau's belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.

A. Walden

B. Nature

C. Civil Disobedience

D. Common Sense

28. The finest example of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in__________ .

A. The Scarlet Letter

B. Young Goodman Brown

C. The Marble Faun

D. The Ambitious Guest

29. The House of Seven Gables is a famous mystery-haunted novel written by_________

A. Nathaniel Hawthorne

B. Nathaniel Hathorne

C. Nathanal Hawthorne

D. Nathanial Hathorne

30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.

A. Young Goodman Brown

B. The Great Stone Face

C. The Ambitious Guest

D. Ethan Brand

E. The Pearl

31. Which is not Nathaniel Hawthorne's long novel?

A. The Scarlet Letter

B. The Marble Faun

C. The Blithedale Romance

D. The House of Seven Gables

E. Dr. Heidegger's Experiment

32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in Ameri?can literature.

A. the largest brain with the largest heart

B. father of American poetry

C. the transcendentalist

D. the American scholar

33. Choose the characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter.

A. Hester Prynne

B. Arthur Dimmesdale

C. Roger Chillingworth

D. Pearl

34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the " man who lived among cannibals".

A. Moby Dick

B. Typee

C. Omoo

D. Billy Budd

35. With the appearance of ______________ in 1855, which is about American Indians, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poetical reputation was established.

A. Evangeline

B. The Courtship of Miles Standish

C. Song of Hiawatha

D. Michael Angelo

36. Choose the authors who belong to the romantic group in American literature.

A. Ralph Waldo Emerson

B. Henry David Thoreau

C. Nathaniel Hawthorne

D. Herman Melville

E. Walt Whitman

37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ .

A. Puritanism

B. Romanticism

C. Rationalism

D. Sentimentalism

38. American romanticist writers,like Washington Irving and especially the group of New England poets such as____________ , __________ ,__________ ,_____ and Lowell, tried to model their works upon English and European masters.

A. William Cullen Bryant

B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

C. Oliver Russel Holmes

D. John Greenleaf Whittier

E. Thomas Gray

39. Washington Irving was best known for his famous short stories such as____________ and____________ .

A. Rip Van Winkle

B. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

C. Life of Goldsmith

D. Life of Washington

40. "The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present every?where". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______

A. Romanticism

B. Transcendentalism

C. Naturalism

D. Symbolism

41. There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actual?ly _________ on the Puritan soil.

A. Romanticism

B. Puritanism

C. Mysticism

D. Unitarianism

42. New England Transcendentalism was important to American literature. It in?spired a whole new generation of famous authors such as_________________ , and Emily Dickinson.

A. Ralph Waldo Emerson

B. Henry David Thoreau

C. Nathaniel Hawthorne

D. Herman Melville

E. Walt Whitman

43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?

A. Nature

B. Walden

C. On Beauty

D. Self-Reliance

44. Which is regarded as the "Declaration of Intellectual Independence"?

A. The American Scholar

B. English Traits

C. The Conduct of Life

D. Representative Men

45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.

A. The Marble Faun

B. The House of Seven Gables

C. The Blithedale Romance

D. Young Goodman Brown

46. Nathaniel Hawthorne's intellectual characters are usually villains, dreadful be?cause of devoid of fellow feeling. Choose the specimens of Hawthorne's chill?ing, cold-blooded human animals.

A. Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter

B. Hollingsworth in The Blithedale Romance

C. Dr. Rappaccini in Rappaccini' s Daughter

D. Pearl in The Scarlet Letter

47. Which three novels drew from Herman Melville' s adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands?

A. Typee

B. Omoo

C. Mardi

D. Redburn

48. Herman Melville' s___________ is an encyclopedia of everything: history, phi?losophy , religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.

A. The Old Man and the Sea

B. Moby Dick

C. White Jacket

D. Billy Budd

IV. Identify the fragments.

passage 4

Once upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,

Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,

As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.

"Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—

Only this, and nothing more. "

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.

Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrow

From my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.

Questions:

1. Who is the writer of these lines?

2. What is the title of this poem from which the selection is selected?

3. Recognize the sound devices in the following lines. LI ________ L4 ________L7________ L10________

4. Describe the mood of this poem.

Passage 5

Lo! in you brilliant window-niche

How statue-like I see thee stand,

The agate lamp within thy hand!

Ah, Psyche, from the regions which

Are Holy-Land!

Questions:

1. This is the last stanza of a poem To Helen. Who wrote this poem To Heleni

2. With whom is Helen associated in Line 4 of the present stanza?

3. Who is Psyche?

Passage 6

?To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.

Questions:

1. This paragraph is taken from a famous essay. What is the name of the essay?

2. Who is the author?

3. What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thou?

sand years?

4. Give a peculiar term to cover the author's belief.

Passage 7

?Standing on the bare ground—my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted in?to infinite space—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.

Questions:

1. Which work is this selection taken from?

2. How do you understand the philosophical ideas in these words?

Passage 8

?I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the es?sential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so stur?dily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in

my next excursion. For most men, it appears to me, are in a strange uncertainty about it, whether it is of the devil or of God.

Questions:

1. This passage is taken from a famous work entitled _________ .

2. The author of the work is____________ .

3. List by yourself at least five reasons that the author gives for going to live in the woods. Passage 10

Tell me not, in mournful numbers.

Life is but an empty dream!

For the soul is dead that slumbers,

And things are not what they seem.

Life is real-life is earnest—

And the grave is not its goal.

Dust thou art, to dust retumest,

Was not spoken of the soul.

Questions:

1. Who is the writer of these lines?

2. What is the title of the whole poem from which the two stanzas are taken?

3. Summarize the poet' s advice on living.

Passage 11

?Hester Prynne' s term of confinement was now at an end. Her prison-door was thrown open, and she came forth into the sunshine which, falling on all alike, seemed, to her sick and morbid heart, as if meant for no other purpose than to re?veal the scarlet letter on her breast. Perhaps there was a more real torture in her first unattended footsteps from the threshold of the prison, than even in the procession and spectacle that have been described, where she was made the common infamy, at which all mankind was summoned to point its finger. Then, she was supported by an unnatural tension of the nerves, and by all the combative energy of her character, which enabled her to convert the scene into a kind of lurid triumph.

Questions:

1. Which novel is this selection taken from?

2. What is the name of the novelist?

3. What are the symbolic meanings of the scarlet letter on Hester's breast?

Passage 12

?It was not very long after speaking the Goney that another homeward-bound whaleman, the Town-Ho, was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave us strong news of Moby Dick. To some the general interest in the White Whale was now wildly heightened by a circumstance of the Town-Ho's story, which seemed obscurely to involve with the whale a certain wondrous, inverted visitation of one of those so called judgments of God which at times are said to overtake some men. This latter circumstance, with its own particular accompaniments, forming what may be called the secret part of the tragedy about to be narrated, never reached the ears of Captain Ahab or his ma?tes. For that secret part of the story was unknown to the captain of the Town-Ho himself. It was the private property of three confederate white seamen of that ship, one of whom, it seems, communicated it to Tashtego with Romish injunctions ofsecrecy, but the following night Tashtego rambled in his sleep, and revealed so much of it in that way, that when he was wakened he could not well withhold the rest. Nevertheless, so potent an influence did this thing have on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of it, and by such a strange delicacy, to call it so, were they governed in this matter, that they kept the secret among them?selves so that it never transpired abaft the Pequod' s main-mast . Interweaving in its proper place this darker thread with the story as publicly narrated on the ship, the whole of this strange affair I now proceed to put on lasting record.

Questions:

1. From which novel is this paragraph taken?

2. What is the name of the novelist?

3. Who is Ahab?

4. What is Pequod?

5. What is the theme of the novel?

VI. Analyze Hie main works.

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson' s theory of Transandentalism with the analysis of Nature.

2. Keys to Part III.

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. The Sketch Book

2. Noah Webster

3. Samuel Johnson

4. slavery

5. the Transcendental Club

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson

7. Washington Irving

8. Washington Irving

9. The Sketch Book

10. Charles the Second

11. The Sketch Book

12. Wash?ington Irving

13. The History of New York

14. Life of Washington

15. James Fenimore Cooper

16. The Spy

17. The Pilot

18. Natty Bumppo

19. William Cullen Bryant

20. William Cullen Bryant

21. Odyssey

22. The Bells

23. The Raven 24. Waldo

25. Henry David Thoreau

26. Walden

27. Walden

28. Civil Disobedi?ence

29. The Scarlet Letter

30. Moby Dick

31. V oices of the Night

32. Divine Com?edy

33. Michael Angelo

34. Lowell

35. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

36. Civil War

37. Sir Walter Scott

38. The Pioneers

39. Natty Bumppo

40. Ralph Waldo Emerson

41. The American Scholar

42. Henry David Thoreau

43. Nathaniel Haw?thorne

44. Nathaniel Hawthorne

45. Clarel

46. Moby Dick

III. Make multiple choices

1. C

2. ABCD

3. D

4. B

5. ABCD

6. ABCD

7. B

8. A

9. B

10. D

11. A

12. C

13. ABC

14. ABC

15. B

16. ABCD

17. ABCD

18. AB

19. C

20. BC

21. ABCD

22. ABCD

23. D 24. ABCD

25. D

26. A

27. C

28. A

29. A

30. ABCD

31. E

32. A

33. ABCD

34. B

35. C

36. ABCDE

37. A

38. ABCD

39. AB

40. B

41. A

42. ABCDE

43. A

44. A

45. B

46. ABC

47. ABC

48. B

IV. Identify the fragments.

passage 1

1. Washington Irving

2. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

3. A short story is a brief prose Fiction, usually one that can be read in a sin?gle sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.

passage 2

1. James Fenimore Cooper

2. The Last of the Mohicans

3. Hawkeye

passage 3

1. Thanatopsis

2. View of death

3. A

4. Nature speaks to him who in the love of Nature holds communion with na?ture ' s visible forms. Nature responds to two human moods, one is gayness; the other is gloominess, or sadness.

passage 4

1. Edgar Allan Poe

2. The Raven

3. LI—Alliteration, L4—Onomatopoeia, L7—Internal rhyme, L10—Assonance

4. A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird.

passage 5

1. Edgar Allan Poe

2. Psyche

3. Psyche is the goddess of the soul in Greek mythology.

passge 6

1. Nature

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson

3. Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve there? membrance of the city of God which had been shown.

4. Transcendentalism

passage 7

1. Nature

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson regards nature as the purest, and the most sancti?fying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and im?manent God in nature. In this connection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.

3. Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with the outside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits of individuality and become part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit perva?ding everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout na?ture.

passage 8

1. Walden

2. Henry David Thoreau

3. Find the answer from the passage.

passage 9

1. Self-Reliance

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson

3. He believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-re?liance.

passage 10

1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

2. A Psalm of Ufe

3. His optimism which has characterized much of his poetry, also endeared many critics to him. He seemed to have persevered despite tragedy. In his poem, The Psalm of Life, he writes:

Life is real! Life is earnest!

And the grave is not its goal.

?This is the cry of the heart, "rallying from depression" , ready to affirm life, to regroup from losses, to push on despite momentary defeat.

passage 11

1. The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne

2. adultery, able, angel

passage 12

1. Moby Dick

2. Herman Melville

3. The captain of the whaling ship

4. The name of the whaling ship

5. The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysteri?ous vastness of the universe and its awesome sometimes merciless forces.

VI. Analyze the main works.

Work 3: Nuture

1. As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most arti?culate synthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if his firm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runs through virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature, which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendenta?lism, "the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "It beholds the whole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. " He regards nature as the purest, and the most sancti?fying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and im?manent God in nature. In this connection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one. Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:

2. Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.

3. Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with the outside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits of individuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit perva?ding everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout na?ture. The world proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "The Universal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphi?cally illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life. " In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is di?vine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.

4. This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that the individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to be?come better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should deter?mine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by mak?ing his

world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your own discretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest, "Emerson' s message was even?tually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. " Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the main optimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of socie?ty. Hence his famous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not the nation. " Emer?son ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of the buoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emer?son ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democratic individualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", and "Napoleon" (in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness and self-seeking.

5. To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary. Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought," and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spir?itual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit." That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " To him nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature is that the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the cease?less motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.

Part IV. The Literature of Realism

I.Fill in the blanks.

1. Realism had originated in the country ________ as a literary doctrine that called for "reality and truth" in the depiction of ordinary life.

2. The arbiter of nineteenth century literary realism in America was_______________ .

3. ____________ probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.

4. __________ , breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.

5. __________ had an evident influence on naturalism. It seemed to stress the animality of man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evo?lution.

6. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called __________ , that is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.

7. In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, _______ gave America its first genuine epic poem.

8. There is no doubt that the solitary Emily Dickinson of _________ , Massachu?setts , is a poet of great power and beauty.

9. There was only one female prose writer in the nineteenth century. That was________

10. Harriet Beecher Stowe' s masterpiece is_____________ .

11. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name______________ .

12. One of Samuel Langhorne Clemens' best books_____________ is built around his experiences as a steamboat pilot.

13. The result of Mark Twain' s European trip was a series of newspaper articles, later published as a book called____________ .

14. __________ was the first literary giant born west of the Mississippi.

15. Mark Twain's work__________ tells of the visits of an angel to the village of Eseldorf in Austria in 1590.

16. William Sidney Porter, whose pen name was_________ , was the author of The Cop and the Anthem.

17. Many of O. Henry's stories tell about the life of poor people in_______________ .

18. 0. Henry sympathized with the poor's lot and hated those rich who exploited and despised them. This is especially seen in his story entitled_____________ .

19. It is said that O. Henry imitated a French author named ______________ as a model, and there is indeed much in common between these two writers.

20. The title of one of O. Henry' s books_____________ indicates that he considered all the people of New York City worth writing about, instead of only the upper class.

21. Henry James' first novel is___________ , which failed to make him famous.

22. The novel which was described by an American critic as "an outrage to Ameri?can girlhood" is Henry James' ___________ .

23. Henry James' first important fiction was___________ , in which he took up for the first time the theme of The American in Europe.

24. In 1881, Henry James published his novel _____________ , which is generally considered as his masterpiece.

25. __________ is considered the founder of Psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.

26. The name of the heroine in The Portrait of a Lady is __________ .

27. In 1902 Jack London published his first novel____________ .

28. __________ is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.

29. The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was____________ .

30. The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Theodore Dreiser's masterpiece__________ .

31. The protagoniswof Theodore Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire is ______ .

32. Theodore Dreiser visited the Soviet Union in 1927 and published______________ the following year.

33. Theodore Dreiser's novel____________ , a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900, was reissued in 1907 and won high praise for its grim, naturalistic portrayal of American society.

34. Mark Twain' s first novel, ___________ was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize.

35. Three years' life on the Mississippi left such a fond memory with Mark Twain that he returned to the theme more than once in his writing career. His book_____ relates it in a vivid, moving way.

36. ______was Mark Twain' s masterpiece from which, as Hemingway noted, "all modern American literature comes. "

37. The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is______________ , which was a success from its first publication in 1884, and has always been regarded as one of the great books of western literature and western civilization.

38. __________ is the pioneer who wrote in the naturalistic tradition.

39. Stephen Crane' s novel___________ relates the story of a good woman' s down?fall and destruction in a slum environment.

40. War in the novel ___________ by Stephen Crane is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is any?thing , it is the fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger.

41. Benjamin Frank Norris' s novel__________ has been called "the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel" and "a consciously naturalistic manifesto".

42. Jack London's masterwork___________ is somewhat autobiographical.

43. O. Henry's___________ is a very moving story of a young couple who sell their best possessions in order to get money for a Christmas present for each other.

III. Make multiple choices.

1. In the late 19th century, a host of new writers appeared, among them were _____.

A. Bret Harte

B. William Dean Howells

C. Hamlin Garland

D. Mark Twain

2. Influenced by such Europeans as___________ , America's most noteworthy new authors established a literature of realism.

A. Zola

B. Flaubert

C. Balzac

D. Tolstoy

3. William Dean Howells defined realism as "nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material" , and he best exemplified his theories in three novels. Choose them from the following.

A. The Modem Instance

B. The Rise of Silas Laphan

C. A Hazard of New Fortunes

D. The Prince and the Pauper

4. Mark Twain created, in____________ , a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature.

A. Huckleberry Finn

B. Tom Sawyer

C. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

D. The Gilded Age

5. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as___________ .

A. Stephen Crane

B. Benjamin Frank Norris

C. Jack London

D. Henry James

E. Theodore Dreiser

6. Although realism and naturalism were products of the nineteenth century, their final triumph came in the twentieth century, with the popular and critical succes?ses of such writers as___________ .

A. Edwin Arlington Robinson

B. Willa Cather

C. Sherwood Anderson

D. Robert Frost

E. William Faulkner

7. American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was _____.

A. Anne Bradstreet

B. Jane Austen

C. Emily Dickinson

D. Harriet Beecher

8. Choose the works written by Mark Twain.

A. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

B. Innocents Abroad

C. Life on the Mississippi

D. The Tragedy of Pudd' nhead Wilson

E. The Prince and the Pauper

9. The publication of the novel____________ stirred a great nation to its depths and hurried on a great war.

A. My Bondage and My Freedom

B. Stanzas on Freedom

C. V oices of Freedom