语言学教程第一章ppt

语言学教程胡壮麟主编

Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology)

Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics)

Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics?

?1.2 What is language?

?1.3 Features of language

?1.4. Origin of language

?1.5. Functions of language

?1.6. What is linguistics

?1.7 Main branches of linguistics

?1.8. Macrolinguistics

?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics

Lead-in

?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them?

?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?

1.2 What is language ?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

__ by （英）沃德霍(Wardhaugh,R.)

1.3 Design Features of language

?Arbitrariness

?Duality

?Creativity

?Displacement

1.3.1 Arbitrariness ?Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning –Saussure.Eg: name,book,pen

?(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.

?Eg: Hi, Aha,Hush, Hem, Hey.

?(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: according to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words.

?Eg: He came in and sat down.

?(3) Idiom is not arbitrary.

?Eg: apple-polisher, black sheep, a yellow dog.

1.3.2 Duality

?Duality (double articulation)

?Lower level----sounds (meaningless Eg: Consonants and Vowels)

?Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning Eg: word)

?A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent.

A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a

1.3.3 Creativity

?Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.

?Eg: 说曹操曹操到（not refer to Cao Cao himself）

1.3.4 Displacement

?----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters, in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.

?Eg: 911 events , New York

1.4. Origin of language

?语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一。对于语言的起源问题。有摹声说"bow-wow"、“pooh-pooh”theory、劳动号子yo-he-ho说、“社会契约”论和“手势语言”论。

?语言的发展必然包含两个方面：语言交际功能的发展和语言结构系统的发展。

?消亡的词汇不少，但是新产生的更多。词汇变化的另一形式表现为词意的改变。词汇在不同的历史时期可以具有不同的词义，

?语音的变化虽然不如词汇明显，但是它也是随着时间的推移在发展的。英语历史上就出现了“元音大变迁”。

?语法也同样在发生变化。

1.4. Origin of language

?第一种文字图画文字。

?第二种文字是表意文字。表意文字是名副其实的文字，具有文字所必需的特征。

?历史上著名的表意文字有四种：古埃及文字、巴比伦楔形文字、中美洲的玛雅文字和我国的汉字。表意文字是有原始的表形文字演变而来的。

?第三种文字是类型是表音文字。根据书面符号所代表的语音单位，表音文字又可以分为音节文字、辅音文字和音素文字。

?表音文字中用于拼写词语读音的基本书写单位叫做字母。

?使用表音文字的语言的全部基本字母按一定顺序排列起来就构成语言的字母表。拉丁字母表与斯拉夫字母表以及阿拉伯字母表一起是世界上通行

1.5 Functions of language ?Jakobson:referential;poetic;emotive;conative(意动的);phatic(交感的);metalingual function ?Halliday : ideational; interpersonal; textual ?Informative

?Interpersonal

?Performative

?Emotive

?Phatic communion

?Recreational

?Metalingual

1.5.1 Informative ?Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud, for instance, when they are working on a math problem.

1.5.3 Performative

?(1) This concept originates from the philosophical study of language represented by Austin and Searle.

?(2) The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.

?Eg: Kill him!

?Fire!

1.5.2 Interpersonal Function ?Interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.

1.5.4 Emotive Function ?The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.

?Eg: My God! Oh, Darling!

?Damn it!

?Go to hell!

?Shit!

1.5.5 Phatic Communion ?(1) The term PHATIC COMMUNION originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language perfomed by Trobriand Islanders.?(2) It refers to the social interaction of language, maintains a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.?Eg: Chinese people always say "吃了吗？" when first meeting, but English say "How is the weather today?"

1.5.6 Recreational Function ?It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy.

?Eg: Singing, QQ chatting, QQgame.

1.5.7 Metalingual Function ?Our language can be used to talk about itself. Writers employ certain expressions to keep their readers informed about where they are and where they are going.

语言学教程第一章ppt

语言学教程胡壮麟主编

Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics

Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?

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Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement. languages’have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics. A. morphology B. lexicogrammar C. syntax D. meaning of the following words is entirely arbitrary function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is ___. Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation) A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. What language function does the following conversation play(The two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.) A：A nice day, isn’t it B : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A.Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal refers to the a ctual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. C. Langue D. Parole a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- . A. Reference B. Productivity C. Displacement answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%) 1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first. 2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.

语言学教程总结Chapter 1

语言学教程总结Chapter 1(一) 语言学历史： 时间语言理论理论基础主要特征作用 公元前4c---19c 传统语文 学 传统哲学 观，文化观 语言工具观 静止规定型 表达工具，语 法翻译法 19c 历史比较 语言学经验论，机 械，达尔文 进化论 生物机体观 比较发展型 语言翻译法 20初---60s 结构主义 语言学分析哲学， 行为主义 理论方法 系统结构观 严谨描写型 符号,系统,任 意结构句型 50,60s （系统）功 能语言学受社会学 行为主义 社会现象观 交际功能观 社会，交际功 能 57年转换生成 语言学混合哲学， 心智主义 天赋心智观 智慧演绎型 先天，心智， 生成 70s 认知语言 学体验哲学， 心智建构 主义 体验互动观 认知归纳型 体验，认知， 像似，CL教 学

1What is language? ○1Ronald W ardhaugh: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. (a)systematic (b)arbitrary (c)symbolic (d)vocal (e)human-specific ○2Language is a means of verbal communication. It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. 2Design features of language (the features that define our human languages) ○1Arbitrariness 任意性 (a) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning For example: the dog barks bowwow in English but 汪汪汪in Chinese. (b) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.

胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点

《语言学教程》重难点学习提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。 1. 语言的普遍特征：

胡壮麟第四版语言学教程第一章大题总结

Chapter1 Invitation to Linguistics 1.Why study language? 2.What is language? Explain it in details. 3.What makes language unique to human beings? 4.What are the design features of language? List out at least three of them. 5.In what sense we say linguistic is a science? 6.Explain the different levels of the arbitrariness. 7.What is the function of language? 8.Do you understand the distinction between the langue and parole introduced by Saussure? 9.Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 10.Synchronic vs. Diachronic https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b12528787.html,petence vs. Performance

1.Why study language? First, language is such an integral part of our life and humanity that too muchabout it has been taken for granted. For some people, language may not even be considered a worthy job for academic study. They take it as a tool for access to other fields of knowledge rather than as a subject in and of itself. However, it is indeed necessary to reconsider how much we really the nature of language and its role in our life. And you may be surprised to realize that some of our most damaging racial, ethnic, and socio-economic prejudices are based on our linguistic ignorance and wrong ideas about language. Second, for a student learning language, some knowledge of language is of both interest and important. To know the general properties of language can help the student have an overview of its. No necessary question to ask for human language, they can understand the details of its different features thereof. Third, let us mention the broader educational concerns. We can note that language plans a central role in our lives as individuals and social beings. If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. The understanding of language should not be confined to linguistics, as language is a vital human resource that of us share. 2.What is language? Explain it in details. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b12528787.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has captured the main features of language, i.e. systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic, human-specific. It is system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense(从某种意义上说) that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a word and the object it refers to. This explains and explained by the fact that different language have different “books”: “book”in English, 书in Chinese, “check”in Korean. It is symbolic,because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human language, developed or “new”.The term” human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 6.Explain the different levels of the arbitrariness Arbitrarinessis the core feature of language. Saussure holds the idea that the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.There seems to be different levels of arbitrariness: 1)Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its means. You may object to this when you think of words with different degrees of onomatopoeia, namely, words that sound like the sounds they describe. e. g. in Chinese 叮咚,轰隆,叽里咕噜. These linguistic

语言学教程chapter 1

Chapter 1 Invitation to linguistics 1.1 Why study language? There are a few ignorance and wrong ideas about language, such as "language is only a means of communication", "language has a form-meaning correspondence". So if we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. The understanding of language should not be confined to linguists, as it is a vital human resource that all of us share. 1.2 What is language? Webster's New World Dictionary's several most frequently used sense of the word "language" Primary sense: a, human speech b,the ability to communicate by this means c,a system of vocal sounds and combinations Definition: language is a means of verbal communication. It's instrumental in that communication by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. Language learning and use are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psychological, and environmental factor. 1.3 Design features of language 1, arbitrariness Saussure: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning (1) arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning (2) arbitrariness at the syntactic level--the most strictly arbitrary level language exists in the distinctive units of sounds (3) arbitrariness and convention--the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention 2,duality Lyons: By duality is meant that the property of having two levels of structures , such as that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the level has its own principles of organization. Language is hierarchical. Syllable