电子信息技术英语部分重点翻译

P19

2.6 Mobility

GSM is a cellular telephone system that supports mobility over a large area. Unlike cordless telephone systems, it provides location，roaming, and hand-over. GSM是移动电话系统，在一个大面积内支持流动性。与无线电话系统相比，它还能提供定，漫游和区域切换等。

2.6.1 Location Area

The ability to locate a user is not supported in first-generation cellular systems. This means that when a mobile is called, the network has to broadcast the notification of this call in all the radio coverage. In GSM, however, location areas (LAs), which are groups of cells, are defined by the operator. The system is able to identify the LA in which the subscriber is located. This way, when a user receives a call, the notification (or paging) is only transmitted in this area. This is far more efficient, since the physical resource use is limited.

第一代蜂窝系统不能够准确找到用户所在位臵。这意味着，当有一个电话被叫时，网络得在无线信号覆盖的整个区域内发出该电话的通知。然而在GSM网络中，位置区域（LAs）即若干个小区组成的区群，由经营者指定。该系统能够确定用户所在的位置区域。这样，当用户收到一个电话，通知（或传呼）只在这个区域内转交。这是更为有效，尽管物理资源的使用是有限的。

Roaming In particular, the GSM system has the capability of international roaming, or the ability to make and receive phone calls to and from other nations as if one has never left home. This is possible because bilateral agreements have been signed between the different operators, to allow GSM mobile clients to take advantage of GSM services with the same subscription when traveling to different countries, as if they has a subscription to the local network. To allow this, the SIM cark contains a list of the networks with which a roaming agreement exists. When a user is ‘roaming’ to a foreign country, the mobile phone automatically starts a search for a network stipulated on the SIM card list. The choice of a network is performed automatically, and if more than one network is given in the list, the choice is based on the order in which the operators appear. This order can be changed by the user. The home PLMN is the network in which the user has subscribed, while the visited PLMN often refers to the PLMN in which the user is roaming. When a user receives a call on a visited PLMN, the transfer of the call from the home PLMN to the visited PLAN is charged to the called user by his operator.

特别是， GSM系统支持国际漫游，能够在其它国家发起或接收呼叫，就像在自己家里一样。这是可能的，因为不同运营商之间的双边协定已经签署了，允许GSM移动的客户在不同的国家旅行时能够利用GSM服务，就像它们已经订购了本地网络一样。为了实现这一点， SIM卡中包含了一个网络清单，其中包含有漫游协议。当用户漫游到国外，手机自动开始搜索SIM卡清单上规定的网络。选择网络是自动执行的，如果列表中的网络有多个，则根据运营商规定的顺序进行选择。选择顺序可以被用户修改。主PLMN是指用户已在此认购的网络，而通常指的是用户漫游到的网络。当用户在访问PLMN收到一个电话，从主PLMN 到访问PLMN的转移呼叫由他的运营商记入被叫用户。

2.6.3 Handover

When the user is moving from one cell to the other during a cell, the radio link between BTS 1 and the MS can be replaced by another link, between BTS 2 and the MS. The continuity of the call can be performed in a seamless way for the user. This is called handover. Which respect to dual-band telephones, one interesting feature is called the dual-band handover. It allows the user in an area covered both by the GSM-900 and by the DCS-1800 frequency bands, for instance,

to be able to transfer automatically from one system to the other in the middle of a call. 2.6.3 当用户正在从一个小区转入另一个小区，BTS 1和用户之间的无线信号链接可转至。BTS 2和用户之间的无线信号链接。通话的连续性可为用户提供一个无缝的连接。这就是所谓的移交。这方面的双频电话，一个有趣的特点是所谓的双频段切换。它允许用户在一个覆盖了GSM-900和DCS-1800频带的区域内能够在一次通话中自动地从一个系统转移到另一个系统中。

2.7 Beacon Channel

For each BTS of a GSM network, one frequency channel is used to broadcast general signaling information about this cell. This particular carrier frequency is called a beacon channel, and it is transmitted by the BTS with the maximum power used in the cell, so that every MS in the cell is able to receive it. 对于GSM网络中的每个基站，使用其中一个信道来承载该小区的主要信号。这种特殊的载波频率被称为信标信道，它在整个小区中的功率最大，使小区中的每个用户能够收到它。

2.8 MS Idle Mode

When it is not in communication, but still powered on, the MS is said to be in idle mode. This means that it is in a low consumption mode, but synchronized to the network and able to receive or initiate calls.

2.8 当用户处于开机状态但不在进行通信时，可视为待机模式。这就是说，此时它处于低耗状态，但和网络同步，并能够接收或发起呼叫。

UNIT 14

Immersive interactive technology is one of the modern DSP topics –it’s at the intersection of the traditionally separate areas of computer animation , computer vision , graphics ,speech and audio processing ,image and video processing , and communications.

沉浸式的交互技术是现代的 DSP 课题之一 ---它的计算机动画、计算机视觉、图形、语音和音频处理、图像和视频处理和通讯的传统上不同区域的交叉点。

The topic of this special issue is immersive interactive technologies .It represents one of the “modern”topic in DSP and is at the intersection of the traditionally separate areas of computer animation，computer vision，graphics，speech and audio processing，image and video processing，and communications(not to mention psychology，physiology，kinesiology，and control)．Such R&D topics act as a catalyst in bringing together researchers from outside the digital signal processing area，and this is clear by looking at the authors in this issue. Each article brings a different perspective to the discussion．

这个特殊问题的主题是沉浸式交互技术.它代表了DSP的“现代”的主题之一，是在计算机动画，计算机视觉，图像，语音和音频处理，图像和视频处理的传统独立区域的交叉身临其境的互动技术和通信（更不用说心理学，生理学，运动学和控制）。这类研发课题作为从数字信号处理领域外汇集研究的催化剂，这是看在这个问题上的明确的作者。每篇文章带来不同的角度来讨论。

The objective of immersive interactive technologies is to build a virtual environment that provides users with the sense of immersion. In virtual conferencing and collaboration applications，for example，the objective is to give participants the feeling that they share the same three-dimensional (3-D) space. Even when thousands of miles away，the

system allows participants to have the same possibilities in interacting as if they were physically in a single office，lab，or conference room. They can look at the same blueprint or blackboard (or whiteboard)，and they can all touch and interact with the same 3-D object. There are numerous efforts and products directed towards this objective，but there is much progress to be made before we achieve a truly immersive environment. A colleague was telling me that he has tried all means available to him to keep remotely advising his students．Still nothing he finds can replace the experience of flying back and sitting at the same table with his students and colleagues．

沉浸式互动技术的目标是建立一个虚拟的环境，为用户提供沉浸感。在虚拟会议和协作应用程序，例如，目的是让参与者感觉一下他们共享同一个三维 (3-D) 空间。甚至当数千英里远，该系统允许参与者有相同的可能性在相互作用好像他们身体在单一的办公室、实验室或会议里可以看看相同的蓝图或黑板（或白板），和他们可以接触并与相同的三维对象进行交互。有很多的努力和产品针对这一目标，但有很大的进步，直到我们实现真正实现一个身临其境的环境。一位同事告诉我他曾向他提供的一切手段继续远程指导他的学生。他仍然没有发现可以替代飞回来，与他的学生和同事坐在同一张桌子的感觉。

Another objective of immersive interactive technologies is to augment the physical worId experience of an individual．These systems are typically the subject of science fiction literature and movies．For example， a user is tracked by a “Machine”and his or intentions and thoughts and moods are understood by the machine automatically at all times．The person is not constrained to sit at the desk in front of the monitor(getting computer “off the desktop”，“pervading”the physical word，and connecting with what other users are doing are different definitions of ubiquitous computing)or hold or wear(wearable computing)a portable device that is wirelessly connected to the rest of the world( ubiquitous communications )·Instead，every motion，facial actions expression，or even secret thought(as described by his／her EKG)is interpreted(multi—modal interaction)．

沉浸式互动技术的另一个目的是增加个人的物理世界经验。这些系统通常是科幻文学和电影的主题，例如，用户被“机器”跟踪及自动的理解他或意图，思想和情绪。人不在受限坐在办公桌在显示器前（让电脑从桌面遍及物理字，并连接其他正在做有不同的定义无处不在的计算的用户），持有或穿（可穿戴计算）无线连接到世界其他地区的便携式设备（无处不在的通信）。相反，每一个动作，面部表情动作，甚至秘密思想（如由他/她的心电图）被解释（多模式交互）。

Unit 15 Computer System Overview (计算机系统概述)

A computer is tool for mainpulating and storing information. Generally speaking, A compute r is an electronic device that can accept input, process it according to a set of instructions，store the instructions and the results of processing, and produce results as its output.

计算机是为控制和存储信息的工具。一般来说，一台计算机是一种电子装置，可以接受输入，处理它根据一系列指令集，存储的指示和处理结果，并产生作为其输出结果。

15.1 Digital Computer (数字计算机)

The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computation tasks. The word “digital” implies that the information in the computer is represented by variables that take a limite d number of discrete values. The decimal digits 0, 1, 2, …, 9, for example, provide 10 discrete valu

es. The first electronic digital computers, developed in the late 1940s, were used primarily for nu merical computations. In this case the discrete elements are the digits. From this application the t erm digital computer has emerged. In practice, digital computer’s function is more reliable if only two states are used. Because of the physical restriction of components, and because human logic tends to be binary, digital components that are constrained to take discrete values are further co nstrained to take only two values and are said to be binary.

数字式计算机是数字系统，执行各种计算任务。单词“数字化”意味着在计算机信息由变量采取了数量有限的离散值的代表。十进制数字0，1，2，...，9，例如: 提供10个离散值。第一台电子数字计算机的，在20世纪40年代末开发的，他们主要用于数值计算。在这种情况下，离散元素的数字。从这个数字电脑一词出现了应用。在实践中，数位电脑的功能是更可靠，如果只有两个国家的使用。由于组件的物理限制，因为人的逻辑往往是二进制，是采取限制离散值的数字组成部分进一步限制到只需要两个值，并说是二进制。

Digital computer use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called one https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d15033882.html,rmation is represented in digital computer in groups of bits. By using various coding techniques , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also oth er discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet For example, American Stan dard Code for Information Interchange originally used 7 bits to form a character .By judicious use of binary arrangements and by using various coding techniques , the groups of bits are used to d evelop complete sets of instructions for performing various types of computations. In contrast to the common decimal numbers that employ the base 10 system . binary number use a base 2 syst em with two digits : 0 and 1 . The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be found by expandi ng it into a power series with a base of 2.

数字计算机使用二进制数字系统，它有两个数字：0和1的二进制数称为一个位。信息被表示在数字计算机中比特组。通过使用各种编码技术，比特组可以由表示不仅二进制数，还包括其他的离散符号，如十进制数或字母。例如字母，美国标准信息交换码最初用于7位组合形成一个字符。通过明智地使用二进制安排和通过使用各种编码技术，被使用的比特的组来开发成套指令，用于执行各种类型的计算。在对比的是使用底座10系统的共同的十进制数。二进制数用一个基座2系统用两个数字：0和1。的二进制数的十进制等效可以通过展开成幂级数为2的基被发现。

A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.The hardware system

is the physical equipment that you can see and touch,such as the disks and the screen.The softwa re system is the intangible control that governs the computer;it is the total of all the programs th at can be run on the computer.A program is list of instructions.Programs tell the hardware what t o do. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts：input and output devices （I/O devices),a Central Processing Unit(CPU),and memory.Software ca n be classified according to its purpose. Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and enginerring. If you’ve ever played a video g ame or typed a paper on a word processor, you’ve already had some experience with application software programs. System software, on the other hand, controls the computer system itself. Syst em software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians create application soft ware in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.

计算机系统由硬件系统和软件系统的硬件系统是物理设备，你可以看到和触摸，如磁盘和screen.The软件系统，是无形的控制，支配的电脑，它是总所有的，可以在程序运行的computer.A方案是instructions.Programs名单告诉硬件该怎么做。计算机的硬件通常分为三个主要部分：输入和输出设备（I / O设备），中央处理单元（CPU）和memory.Software可分为根据其用途。应用软件设计等领域实现会计，娱乐现实世界的任务和工科。如果你打过一个视频游戏或键入一个字处理器文件，你已经有一些应用软件方案的经验。系统软件另一方面，控制计算机系统本身。系统软件不仅包括由技术人员使用复杂的程序创建摆在首位，但还需要应用软件启动计算机并指导其使用其他方案的组织方案。

15.2 Data Types(数据类型)

Binary information in digital computers is stored in memory or processor registers. Registers contain either data or control information . Control information is a bit or a group of bits used to specify the sequence of command signals needed for manipulation of the data in other registers. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required co mputational results. Now, we present the most common types of data found in digital computer r egisters.

在计算机的二进制数字信息存储在内存或处理器寄存器。寄存器包含数据或控制信息。控制信息是位或1位的组使用指定的命令信号序列在其他寄存器的数据处理需要。数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息的经营，以达到预期的计算结果。现在，我们目前在数字计算机寄存器发现数据的最常见的类型。

The data types found in the registers of digital computers may be classified as being one of t he following categories:

数据类型存在于计算机的登记数字可能被视作下列类别之一分类：

Numeric data can often be represented as integers. In unsigned integers, an n-bit value can r ange from 0 to 2n-1.An n-bit signed integer can have any value between -2n-1 and2n - 1 - 1,inclus ive.Both formats can be used in arithmetic algorithms. Some numeric data cannot be represente d in integers. These values, which typically include fractional portions, are represented in floating point format in computers. A computer may have special registers and instructions exclusively for floating point data.

数字数据通常可以表示为整数。在无符号整数，一个n位的值的范围从0到2n - 1.An n 位有符号整数之间可以有任何价值，为2n - 1和2n - 1 - 1，包括所述限度的格式可用于算术算法。有些数字数据不能代表整数。这些值，这通常包括小数部分，是代表在计算机浮点格式。计算机可能有专为特殊寄存器，浮点数据和指令。

The Boolean values TRUE and FALSE are used often enough to warrant having their own data type, Boolean, and assembly language instructions. Typically, a data value is set to zero to repres ent FALSE and any nonzero value for TRUE . Boolean assembly language instructions can perform logical operations on these values. Unlike logical instructions, which generate one result per bit o f the operands. Boolean instructions generate only one result. To illustrate the difference, conside r the case in which A=0000 0010 and B=0000 0001. The logical AND of these binary values produc es the result 0000 0000. However, if they are Boolean values, A and B are both TRUE, since they a re both nonzero. Their Boolean AND must produce a result of TRUE, represented by a nonzero val

ue.

布尔值TRUE和FALSE的使用频率足以保证他们有自己的数据类型，布尔，和汇编语言指令。通常，一个数据值设置为0表示为真，假和任何非零值。布尔汇编语言指令可以对这些值逻辑运算。不像逻辑指令，产生每一个操作数位结果。布尔指令只生成一个结果。为了说明区别，考虑的案件中，甲和乙= 0000 = 0000 0010 0001。逻辑和这些二进制值产生结果0000 0000。但是，如果他们是布尔值，A和B都为TRUE，因为它们都是非零。他们必须出示布尔和结果为TRUE，由一个非零值代表。

Computers must also deal with character data. The characters are stored as binary values en coded using ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE, or some other character encoding standards. Rather than a rithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of charact ers, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate characters strings.

计算机还必须处理字符数据。字符存储为二进制值编码使用ASCII，EBCDIC，UNICODE 或其他字符编码标准。而非算术或逻辑操作字符，字符的计算机可能会连接字符串，替换他人的，或者以其他方式操纵某些字符的字符字符串。

15.3 The Evolution of Computer （计算机的演变）

The first large-scale electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compu ter(ENIAC) ,which became operational in 1946.From that start ,computer have developed throug h four so-called generations,or stages,each one characterized by smaller size,and less expense th an its predecessor.

第一个大型电子计算机是电子数字积分计算机（ENIAC的），这成为1946. 自从那开始，电脑已通过了四个时代阶段，每一个都有规模小的特点，和花费的费用比它的前身少。

15.3.1 First Generation (1944 — 1958)

In the earliest general-purpose computer,most input and output media were punched cards and magnetic tape. Main memory was almost exclusively made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes-although one computer used a magnetic drum for main memory.These computers were somewh at unreliable because the vacuum tubes failed frequently.They were also slower than any microco mputer used today,produced a tremendous amount of heat,and were very large.They could run o nly one program at a time.

在最早的通用计算机，大多数的输入和输出媒体穿孔卡片和磁带。主记忆体几乎完全由数百个真空管的，尽管一台计算

机上使用一个主贮记计算机磁鼓是有点不可靠，因为电子管经常不起作用.它们也高于目前使用的微机慢，制作了大量热，而且非常庞大，它们可以每次只运行一个程序。

It was during this period that symbolic languages were developed.Symbolic languages use sy mbols made up of letters and numbers to stand for 0 and 1 of machine language.

正是在这一时期，符号语言被发展.符号语言的使用由字母和数字组成，以0和1为机器语言。

15.3.2 Second Generation (1959 — 1964)

In the second generation of computers,transistors replaced vacuum tubes.Although Invente d in 1948,the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are sma

ller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat.

在第二代计算机，晶体管取代真空管.尽管在1948年发明的第一台全晶体管计算机没有到位，直到1959.晶体管比较小，不

比真空管昂贵，而且操作速度更快，产生更少的热量。

And the second generation of computers was given auxiliary storage,sometimes called exter nal of secondary storage . Data was stored outside computer on either magnetic tape or magneti c disk.The use of auxiliary storage ended the limitation on how much data the computer could sto re and reduced the use of punched cards. Using magnetic tapes for input and output operations i ncreased the speed of computer.

而第二代计算机给予辅助存储，有时所谓的二级存储外部。数据存储在计算机以外的任何磁带或磁存储磁盘。使用辅助结束多少数据可以存储在计算机上，降低了打孔卡使用的限制。使用输入和输出操作磁带增加了计算机的速度。

In addition, improvements were made in the symbolic programming languages.Many new pr ogramming languages were designed , including COBOL in 1960.More and more businesses and o rganizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.New languages we re more like English than the earlier ones ,making programming the computer much easier.

此外，改进了的符号编程语言。许多新的编程语言，设计，包括1960.更多的企业和组织开始使用COBOL是为他们的计算机做数据处理需求。新的语言比英语更早，使计算机编程更容易。

The expense item should be emphasized.The cost of a computer during the first,Second ,and part of the third generations represented a significant protion of a company’s budget .Computers were expensive. Cost per instruction executes can be used to compare the cost of computers ove r the last three decades. Significant innovations,spurred by intense competition,have resulted in enormous increases in computer performance and substantial reduction in price . This trend ,esta blished with the introduction of second-generation computers,continues today.

项目的费用应在第一，第二，和第三代电脑被强调。部分成本代表了公司的预算明显可逆。计算机昂贵。每个指令执行成本可以用来比较在过去30年来计算机的成本。重大创新，通过激烈的竞争刺激，导致计算机性能和价格的大幅减少也大幅增加。这种趋势，随着第二代计算机的引进建立，今天仍在继续。

P127页

CPU

A processor , also called a central processing unit or CPU，is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions．This is the central nervous system of the computer, and it is often contrasted to the devices that surround the processor and memory，such as keyboards．display screens，and disk and tape drives，which are known as peripherals. Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD，STORE，or LOAD that represent the processor’s instruction set．Computer designers are fond of calling their computers machines，SO the instruction set is sometimes referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language.

处理器，也被称为中央处理单元或CPU，是一个功能单元，解释和执行的指令。这是计算机的中枢神经系统，它往往是与周围的处理器和存储器的设备，如键盘。显示屏幕，和

磁盘和磁带驱动器，这被称为外围设备。每个处理器都有一套独特的操作，如添加，存储，或负载的处理器的指令集。计算机设计师喜欢称自己的电脑机器，所以该指令集是有时被称为机器指令的二进制语言称为机器语言.

An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be manipulated．For example，if an instruction is to perform the operation of adding two numbers，it must know(1)what the two numbers are and(2)where the two numbers are．When the numbers are stored in the computer’s memory，they have an address to indicate where they are，so if an operand refers to data in the computer’s memory，it is called an address．The processor’s job is to retrieve instructions and data from memory and to perform each operation．Having done that，it signals memory to send the next instruction．

指令由操作,指定要执行的功能和操作数,表示要操纵的数据。例如,如果一个指令执行的操作是两个数字相加,它必须知道(1)这两个数是什么和(2)这两个数字的位置。当数据是存储在计算机的内存,他们有一个地址来表示他们在哪里,所以如果一个操作数是指计算机的内存

中的数据,它被称为一个地址。处理器的工作就是检索指令和数据从内存和执行每个操作。做完了这些事,就发信号给存储器发送下一个指令。

This step-by-step operation is repeated over and over again at speeds measured in millions of a second．A timer called a clock releases precisely timed electrical signals that provide a regular heartbeat for the processor’s work. Megahertz(MHz),which means million cycles per second，are used to measure the computer’s speed. For example, in an 8 MHz processor, the computer’s clock ticks 8 millions times to every second tick of an ordinary clo ck.

计算机以惊人的速度一遍遍重复这种按部就班的操作。一种被叫做时钟的计时器会定时地精确地发送电信号，而这种电信号会为处理器的工作发送有规律的脉冲。用来测量计算机速度的术语借用了电子工程领域的“兆赫”，即每秒百万兆举个例子说，在一个时长8赫兹的处理过程中，普通时钟每滴答一次，计算机的时钟滴答800万次。

Register Set

Registers are fast memory，almost always connected to circuitry that arithmetic，logical，control，and other manipulations，as well as possibly setting allows various internal flags．寄存器是快速存储器，几乎总是连接到电路算术，逻辑，控制和其他操作，以及可能设置允许各种内部标志。

Most early computers had only one data register that could be used for arithmetic and logic instructions. Often there would be additional special purpose registers set aside either for temporary fast internal storage or assigned to logic circuits to implement certain instructions. Some early computers had one or two address registers that pointed to a memory location for memory accesses (a pair of address registers typically would act as source and destination pointers for memory operations). Computers soon had multiple data registers，address registers，and sometimes other special purpose registers. Some computers have general purpose registers that can be used for both data and address operations. Many computers have additional control registers for implementing various control capabilities. Often some or a11 of the internal flags are combined into a flag or status register.

最早期的计算机有可能被用于算术和逻辑指令只有一个数据寄存器。经常会有额外的专用寄存器预留无论是临时快速内部存储或分配给逻辑电路来实现某些指令。一些早期的计算

机有一个或两个地址寄存器指向的对存储器的访问的存储器位置（一对地址寄存器通常将充当源和目标指针存储器操作）。电脑很快就有了多个数据寄存器，地址寄存器，有时其他特殊用途的寄存器。一些计算机有通用寄存器可用于数据和地址运算。许多计算机有额外的控制寄存器实现各种控制功能。经常一些内部标志或全部被组合成一个标志或状态寄存器.

ALU

The arithmetic／logic unit performs the calculations on the numbers and words in the computer. The main operations are addition，subtraction，multiplication and division. Most computers can also perform certain logical operations on words.

运算/逻辑单元对在计算机中的数字和文字的计算。主要操作是加法，减法，乘法和除法。大多数计算机还可以在字上执行特定的逻辑运算。

The way in which arithmetic operations are performed and the method of representing numbers in the computer have a great effect on the computer’s architecture. A classification of arithmetic units is commonly made as to whether the arithmetic unit acts on single digits at a time (serial mode) or upon all the digits simultaneously (parallel mode). A serial mode of operation requires less equipment than a parallel mode since the digits are sequenced through the same circuits one after another；but of course，it takes more time for a certain operation·Serial operation has become popular with medium and small size computers because It need81ess investment and the input／output operations can he performed concurrently with internal computations if serial input／output equipment such as magnetic tape-readers and teletypewriters is used. In parallel mode，all digits are treated simultaneously. t needs more space to transfer and store data，but results in faster speed．Magnetic core memory units and magnetic disks are usually used to combine with a parallel arithmetic unit because they can read in a complete word of information at one stroke.

在该算术运算的执行的方式，表示在计算机中的数字的方法对计算机的体系结构有很大的影响。算术单元的分类通常作出关于在时刻（串行模式）算术单元是否作用于单个数字或在所有的同时数字（并行方式）。操作的串行模式需要比并行模式，因为该数字是通过相同的电路一个接一个地测序设备更小;但当然，它需要更多的时间在一定的操作。串行操作已成为很受中小尺寸的计算机，因为它需要投资少，输入/输出操作可以他同时执行与内部计算，如果使用串行输入/输出设备，如磁带阅读器和电传打字机。在并行模式下，所有的数字都同时处理。它需要更多的空间来传输和存储数据，但会导致更快的速度。磁芯存储器单元和磁盘通常用于与并行算术单元结合，因为它们可在一个进程中读取完整单词的信息。

Control Unit

The first phase of control is to provide signals to activate the operations in the ALU，the memory unit and the input／output units. After completing an instruction，the control calls for the next instruction from the memory unit. Usually，the instructions are stored in an increasing order of address. An instruction counter is used in the control unit to record the address of the instruction under examination. By incrementing the address counter，the control unit turns to the next instruction to be fetched．控制的第一阶段是提供一种信号，以激活在ALU，存储单元和输入/输出单元的操作。在完成一个指令之后，控制要求从存储器单元的下一条指令。通常，所述指令被存储在地址的递增顺序。一个指令计数器被用在控制单元被检查记录的指令的地址。通过递增地址计数器，控制单元接通到下一指令要被取出。

Special instructions called transfer instructions are used when the control need to leave the current loop of operations and turn to another set of instructions. Among them，the unconditional transfer instruction always causes a modification done to the instruction counter，

while the conditional transfer instruction may cause different types of modifications depending on the result of some previous calculations specified in the program.

所谓的传送指令特殊指令时使用的控制需要离开操作的电流回路转来转去另一组指令。其中，无条件转移指令总是使完成该指令计数器的变形，而条件传送指令可能会引起不同类型的修饰根据在程序中指定的一些先前计算的结果

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RAM

RAM，also called read／write memory，can be used to store data that changes. Unlike ROM，RAM is erasable，temporary，and volatile——meaning that it blanks out each time you turn the computer off. RAM is essential to a computer because it provides rapidly accessible circuitry where the CPU can run your programs and process your data. You may have dozens of computer games or other application software programs stored on a disk，but the computer cannot use them there；when you select a program to run，the computer must first copy it from the disk to RAM where the CPU can access it．It’s particularly important to remember that all the data you type into the computer goes directly to RAM. If you want to keep your data permanently，you must save it by copying it to a secondary storage device such as a disk. The amount of RAM in a computer can be very important. If your computer has too little memory，complicated programs will run slowly or won’t run at all. To stretch the amount of RAM，an operating system can use a strategy called virtual memory that reserves part of the hard disk for use as an extension to RAM．In a computer with virtual memory。less—used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed. Although virtual memory may allow your computer to run large programs，I twill reduce the amount of secondary storage and may cause programs to run slowly because it takes time to swap data to and from the hard disk.

RAM，也称为读/写存储器，可用来存储改变的数据。不像ROM，RAM是可擦写的，临时的和不稳定- 这意味着它从空白每次关闭计算机的时间。RAM是必不可少的一台电脑，因为它提供了快速访问电路，其中CPU可以运行您的程序和处理数据。你可能有几十个电脑游戏或存储在磁盘上的其他应用软件程序，但电脑不能使用它们那里;当您选择要运行的程序，计算机必须先复制它从磁盘到RAM，其中CPU可以访问它。它是特别重要的是要记住，你输入到计算机中的数据直接进入RAM。如果你想保持你的数据永久，你必须将它保存将其复制到二级存储设备，如磁盘。的RAM中的计算机的数量可以是非常重要的。如果您的计算机内存太少，复杂的程序运行缓慢或者无法运行在所有。为了伸展的RAM量，操作系统可以使用称为虚拟内存的策略，保留硬盘用作到RAM的扩展的一部分。在计算机使用虚拟存储器，程序较少使用的部分被从RAM移动到硬盘并只在需要时被移回。尽管虚拟内存可以让您的电脑运行大型程序，这将减少二级存储量，并可能会导致程序缓慢，因为它需要时间来交换数据和从硬盘上运行。

ROM

ROM chips are designed for applications in which data is only read. These chips are programmed with data by an external programming unit before they are added to the computer system. Once this is done，the data usually does not change. A ROM chip is well suited for this purpose because it is nonvolatile，meaning that the instructions recorded in it do not disappear when the power is off。When you turn the computer on the permanent software in ROM boots the computer. To boot the computer，ROM first tells the CPU to determine what input，output，

and storage devices happen to be attached to your computer. Then it instructs the CPU to check a disk to see if it contains operating system software that will let you start giving commands. The ROM in a typical personal computer also has a variety of self—test routines to make it easier to diagnose and repair hardware failures.

ROM芯片被设计用于数据是只读的应用。被添加到计算机系统之前,这些芯片是由外部编程单元编程数据。一旦这样做，数据通常不改变。ROM芯片是非常适合于这个目的，因为它是非易失性的，这意味着记录在它的指令时，电源关闭不会消失。当你打开电脑的ROM 启动计算机的永久软件。要引导计算机，ROM先告诉CPU，以确定哪些输入，输出和存储设备碰巧被连接到您的计算机。然后，它指示CPU检查磁盘，看它是否包含操作系统软件，将让你开始给的命令。在典型的个人计算机的ROM中也有各种各样的自我测试程序，以使其更容易诊断和修复硬件故障。

电子技术专业英语翻译

基本电路 包括电路模型的元素被称为理想的电路元件。一个理想的电路元件是一个实际的电气元件的数学模型，就像一个电池或一个灯泡。重要的是为理想电路元件在电路模型用来表示实际的电气元件的行为可接受程度的准确性。电路分析，本单位的重点，这些工具，然后应用电路。电路分析基础上的数学方法，是用来预测行为的电路模型和其理想的电路元件。一个所期望的行为之间的比较，从设计规范，和预测的行为，形成电路分析，可能会导致电路模型的改进和理想的电路元件。一旦期望和预测的行为是一致的，可以构建物理原型。 物理原型是一个实际的电气系统，修建从实际电器元件。测量技术是用来确定实际的物理系统，定量的行为。实际的行为相比，从设计规范的行为，从电路分析预测的行为。比较可能会导致在物理样机，电路模型，或两者的改进。最终，这个反复的过程，模型，组件和系统的不断完善，可能会产生较准确地符合设计规范的设计，从而满足需要。 从这样的描述，它是明确的，在设计过程中，电路分析中起着一个非常重要的作用。由于电路分析应用电路模型，执业的工程师尝试使用成熟的电路模型，使设计满足在第一次迭代的设计规范。在这个单元，我们使用20至100年已测试通过机型，你可以认为他们是成熟的。能力模型与实际电力系统理想的电路元件，使电路理论的工程师非常有用的。 说理想电路元件的互连可用于定量预测系统的行为，意味着我们可以用数学方程描述的互连。对于数学方程是有用的，我们必须写他们在衡量的数量方面。在电路的情况下，这些数量是电压和电流。电路分析的研究，包括了解其电压和电流和理解上的电压施加的限制，目前互连的理想元素的每一个理想的电路元件的行为电路分析基础上的电压和电流的变量。电压是每单位电荷，电荷分离所造成的断电和SI单位伏V = DW / DQ。电流是电荷的流动速度和具有的安培SI单位（I= DQ/ DT）。理想的基本电路元件是两个终端组成部分，不能细分，也可以在其终端电压和电流的数学描述。被动签署公约涉及元素，当电流通过元素的参考方向是整个元素的参考电压降的方向端子的电压和电流的表达式使用一个积极的迹象。 功率是单位时间内的能量和平等的端电压和电流的乘积;瓦SI单位。权力的代数符号解释如下： 如果P> 0，电源被传递到电路或电路元件。 如果p<0，权力正在从电路或电路元件中提取。 在这一章中介绍的电路元素是电压源，电流源和电阻器。理想电压源保持一个规定的电压，不论当前的设备。理想电流源保持规定的电流不管了整个设备的电压。电压和电流源是独立的，也就是说，不是任何其他电路的电流或电压的影响;或依赖，就是由一些电路中的电流或电压。一个电阻制约了它的电压和电流成正比彼此。有关的比例常数电压和一个电阻值称为其电阻和欧姆测量。 欧姆定律建立相称的电压和电流的电阻。具体来说，V = IR电阻的电流流动，如果在它两端的电压下降，或V=_IR方向，如果在该电阻的电流流是在它两端的电压上升方向。 通过结合对权力的方程，P = VI，欧姆定律，我们可以判断一个电阻吸收的功率：P = I2R= U2/ R 电路节点和封闭路径。节点是一个点，两个或两个以上的电路元件加入。当只有两个元素连接，形成一个节点，他们表示将在系列。一个闭合的路径是通过连接元件追溯到一个循环，起点和终点在同一节点，只有一次每遇到中间节点。 电路是说，要解决时，两端的电压，并在每个元素的电流已经确定。欧姆定律是一个重要的方程，得出这样的解决方案。 在简单的电路结构，欧姆定律是足以解决两端的电压，目前在每一个元素。然而，对于更复杂的互连，我们需要使用两个更为重要的代数关系，被称为基尔霍夫定律，来解决所有的电压和电流。 基尔霍夫电流定律是： 在电路中的任何一个节点电流的代数和等于零。 基尔霍夫电压定律是： 电路中的任何封闭路径上的电压的代数和等于零。 1.2电路分析技术 到目前为止，我们已经分析应用结合欧姆定律基尔霍夫定律电阻电路相对简单。所有的电路，我们可以使用这种方法，但因为他们而变得结构更为复杂，涉及到越来越多的元素，这种直接的方法很快成为累赘。在这一课中，我们介绍两个电路分析的强大的技术援助：在复杂的电路结构的分析节点电压的方法，并网电流的方

电子信息工程专业课程翻译中英文对照表

电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 （2009级培养计划）

实践环节翻译 高等数学Advanced Mathematics

大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 思想、理论和“三个代表” 重要思想概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 （就业指导） Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 现代通信技术Modern Communications Technology

电子信息类专业英语翻译

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电子专业词汇的中英文对照 电路的基本概念及定律 电源source 电压源voltage source 电流源current source 理想电压源ideal voltage source 理想电流源ideal current source 伏安特性volt-ampere characteristic 电动势electromotive force 电压voltage 电流current 电位potential 电位差potential difference 欧姆Ohm 伏特Volt 安培Ampere 瓦特Watt 焦耳Joule 电路circuit 电路元件circuit element 电阻resistance 电阻器resistor 电感inductance 电感器inductor 电容capacitance 电容器capacitor 电路模型circuit model 参考方向reference direction 参考电位reference potential 欧姆定律Ohm’s law 基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law 基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL） 结点node 支路branch 回路loop 网孔mesh 支路电流法branch current analysis 网孔电流法mesh current analysis 结点电位法node voltage analysis 电源变换source transformations 叠加原理superposition theorem 网络network 无源二端网络passive two-terminal network 有源二端网络active two-terminal network 戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem 诺顿定理Norton’s theorem 开路（断路）open circuit 短路short circuit 开路电压open-circuit voltage 短路电流short-circuit current 交流电路 直流电路direct current circuit (dc)交流电路alternating current circuit (ac) 正弦交流电路sinusoidal a-c circuit 平均值average value 有效值effective value 均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms) 瞬时值instantaneous value 电抗reactance 感抗inductive reactance

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 12 译文

Unit 12 生物识别技术 Unit 12-1 第一部分：指纹识别 在所有的生物技术中，指纹识别是最早期的一种技术。我们知道，每个人都有自己独特的、不可变更的指纹。指纹是由手指表皮上的一系列峰谷组成的。指纹的独特性是由这些峰谷的形状以及指纹的细节点所决定的。指纹的细节点是指纹局部凸起处的一些特性，这些特性出现在凸起的分叉处或是凸起的截止处。 指纹匹配技术可以被分为两类：基于细节的指纹匹配技术和基于相关性的指纹匹配技术。基于细节的指纹匹配首先要找出细节点，然后在手指上对应出与它们相关的位置，如图12.1所示。但是，使用这种方法存在一些困难。要精确地提取指纹的细节点是很困难的。而且，这种方法不能很好地考虑指纹峰谷的整体形状。基于相关性的指纹匹配技术可以解决部分基于细节的指纹匹配方法存在的问题，但它也存在一些自身的缺陷。基于相关性的匹配技术需要给出已注册过的特征点的精确位置，并且该方法会受图像平移和旋转的影响。 图12.1 基于细节的指纹匹配 基于细节的指纹匹配技术在匹配不同大小的细节模型时（未注册过的）会存在一些问题。指纹上局部的凸起结构不能完全由指纹细节实现特征化。我们可以尝试另一种表达指纹的方法，它可以获得更多的指纹局部信息并且得到固定长度的指纹编码。于是，我们只需要计算两个指纹编码之间的欧几里得距离，匹配过程有望变得相对简单。 研发对于指纹图像中噪声更稳健并能实时提供更高精度的算法是重要的。商用指纹（身份）认证系统对给定的错误接受率要求具有很低的错误拒绝率。在这点上，任何一项简单的技术都很难实现。我们可以从不同的匹配技术中汇总多个证据从而提高系统的总体精确度。在实际应用中，传感器、采集系统、性能随时间的变化是关键因素。为了评价系统性能，我们有必要对少数使用者在一段时间内进行现场试验。 每天我们可以从法医鉴定、出入口控制、驾驶证登记等多个方面的应用中采集并保存大量的指纹。基于指纹的自动识别系统需要把输入的指纹与数据库中大量的指纹进行匹配验证。为了缩短搜索时间、降低计算复杂度，要以准确而一致的方式将这些指纹分类，从而使输入的指纹只需与数据库某一子集中的指纹进行比对。 指纹分类是将指纹划分入多个预定义指纹类型中的一类中的一项技术。这些预定义的指纹类型是由提供索引机制的文献建立的。图12.2表示了不同类型的指纹。它们有螺纹状的、右旋状的、左旋状的、弓形的、帐篷形的。输入指纹首先粗略地被匹配为预定义的类型中的一类，随后，输入指纹仅与这一大类指纹库中的子集作更精细的比较。 图12.2 不同类型的指纹 指纹自动匹配中关键的一步是自动并且可靠地从输入指纹图像中提取出细节。然而，细节提取算法的好坏很大程度上依赖于输入图像质量的好坏。为确保自动指纹识别或确认系统的性能对于不同指纹图像质量具有稳健性，必须在细节提取模块中加入指纹增强算法。快速指纹增强算法能根据对局部指纹脊方向和频率（密度）的估计自适应地改善输入指纹图像中脊和沟结构的清晰度，如图12.3所示。实验证明加入增强算法可以显著增强指纹认证的精度。 图12.3 指纹增强 Unit 12-2 第二部分：说话人辨认介绍 介绍 现代安全系统范围很广, 通常要通过多层系统才能完全被突破。除了标准的锁和警报系统以外，还有很复杂的方法来保护重要资料。其中多数的方法为可以允许或者不允许一个特定人员获取资料——计算机系统必须能够检测出指纹、读取个人眼孔图样、或者确定说话者的真实身份。最后一点是本文讨论的重点——说话人辨认。说话人辨认经常会与其他类似的术语混淆。以下对这些术语的精确定义做出解释。 说话人识别：确定是谁在说话。 说话人辨认：初始情况下不知道说话人是谁，必须在与模板比较后确定说话人的身份。通常会有很多相关的模板。 说话人确认：确定说话者是否就是他（她）自称的那个人。仅将说话者的话音与一个样板进行比对，即他（她）自称的那一个。 语音识别：识别出人们说话时的语句。换句话说，识别出一个人在说什么而不是谁在说话。这个术语经常与声音识别相混淆。声音识别是识别出说话人。

电子信息工程专业英语词汇(精华整理版)

transistor n 晶体管 diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体 resistor n 电阻器 capacitor n 电容器 alternating adj 交互的 amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路 linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数 tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的 adj 非传导性的 deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差 linear device 线性器件 the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 anode n 阳极，正极 cathode n 阴极 breakdown n 故障；崩溃 terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器 collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器 gain n 增益，放大倍数 forward biased 正向偏置 reverse biased 反向偏置 P-N junction PN结 MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体 enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型 integrated circuits 集成电路 analog n 模拟 digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表 frequency n 频率，周率 the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 signal generating device 信号发生器 peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波 triangle wave 三角波 square wave 方波 amplifier 放大器，扩音器 oscillator n 振荡器 feedback n 反馈，回应 phase n 相，阶段，状态 filter n 滤波器，过滤器 rectifier n整流器；纠正者 band-stop filter 带阻滤波器 band-pass filter 带通滤波器 decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的 binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的 domain n 域；领域 code n代码，密码，编码v编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片，碎片 modular adj 模块化的；模数的 sensor n 传感器 plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器 single instruction programmer 单指令编程器 dedicated manufactures programming unit 专 供制造厂用的编程单元 beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁 polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化 Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管 neuron n神经元；神经细胞 fuzzy adj 模糊的 Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序 Expert Systems 专家系统 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 microwave n 微波 charge v充电，使充电 insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物 nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的 antenna n天线；触角 modeling n建模，造型 simulation n 仿真；模拟 prototype n 原型 array n 排队，编队 vector n 向量，矢量 wavelet n 微波，小浪 sine 正弦cosine 余弦 inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v 倒转 high-performance 高精确性，高性能 two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的 object-oriented programming面向对象的程序 设计 spectral adj 光谱的 attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释 distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形 wavelength n 波长 refractive adj 折射的 ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode ADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriber line VDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digital subscriber line HDSL高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber line FDMA频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access) WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址 SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据 链路控制 HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路 控制 IP/TCP(internet protocol /transfer Control Protocol)网络传输控制协议 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟 ISO国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）； OSI开放式系统互联参考模型（Open System Interconnect） GSM全球移动通信系统（Global System for Mobile Communications） GPRS通用分组无线业务(General Packet Radio Service) FDD(frequency division duplex)频分双工 TDD(time division duplex)时分双工 VPI虚路径标识符（Virtual Path Identifier）； ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network）综 合业务数字网 IDN综合数字网（integrated digital network） HDTV (high definition television)高清晰度电视 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)离散余弦变换 VCI(virtual circuit address)虚通路标识 MAN城域网Metropolitan area networks LAN局域网local area network WAN广域网wide area network 同步时分复用STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 单工传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex transmission 全双工传输full-duplex transmission 交换矩阵Switching Matrix 电路交换circuit switching 分组交换packet switching 报文交换message switching 奇偶校验parity checking 循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 虚过滤Virtual filter 数字滤波digital filtering 伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit 带宽分配Bandwidth allocation 信源information source 信宿destination 数字化digitalize 数字传输技术Digital transmission technology 灰度图像Grey scale images 灰度级Grey scale level 幅度谱Magnitude spectrum 相位谱Phase spectrum 频谱frequency spectrum 智能设备Smart Device 软切换Soft handover 硬切换Hard Handover 相干检测Coherent detection 边缘检测Edge detection 冲突检测collision detection 业务集合service integration 业务分离/综合service separation/ integration 网络集合network integration 环形网Ring networks 令牌环网Token Ring network 网络终端Network Terminal 用户终端user terminal 用户电路line circuit 电路利用率channel utilization（通道利用率） 相关性coherence 相干解调coherent demodulation 数字图像压缩digital image compression 图像编码image encoding 有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression 解压decompression 呼叫控制Call Control 误差控制error control 存储程序控制stored program control 存储转发方式store-and-forward manner 语音\视频传输voice\video transmission 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) 会议电视Video Conference 有线电视cable television 量化quantization 吞吐量throughput 话务量traffic 多径分集Multipath diversity 多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication 多址干扰Multiple Access Interference 人机交互man machine interface 交互式会话Conversational interaction