英文翻译

LF21 aluminum alloy sheet microstructure and properties of friction stir welding

Abstract: Tests about friction stir butt-welds of LF21 aluminum sheet with 1.4 mm in thickness were made in a single pass. The experimental results show that when rotating speed is 1 500 r / min and welding speed is 100 - 180 mm / min, the good welds can be achieved. The tensile strength of welds is 125 - 134 MPa, which is between 78% and 83% of that of base metal. It shows that the welding adaptability of LF21 aluminum alloy is good. The micro-hardness result shows that the weld is softened, and the soften zone of weld is about 25 mm in width. The brittle MnAl6 compounds are precipitated along the rolling direction with the heat of weldi ng, so the tensile strength of weld decreases.

Key words: friction stir welding; sheet; LF21 aluminum alloy; precipitate

Friction stir welding (referred FSW) is a high-speed rotation of the mixing head and the material to be welded between the combined effects of intense heat to achieve solid phase connection method. It is suitable for fusion welding method for welding difficult to weld light alloy in aluminum, titanium, magnesium alloy welding areas, with no pores and cracks, welding deformation is small, weld strength, fatigue and good performance, display have a broad prospect for industrial application. LF21 aluminum manganese alloy is a typical rust-proof aluminum alloy, is a non-heat treatable aluminum alloy reinforced. The alloy is characterized by a strong corrosion resistance, weldability, and has a moderate strength, high ductility in the annealed state, while in the low work hardening plasticity but when corrosion resistance is a most widely used anti-rust aluminum. Used as a liquid or gas medium in the low load parts, such as tanks, pipes and various shaped container material.

Currently, LF21 rust aluminum welding generally use fusion welding, but in the actual welding is easy to produce a variety of welding defects such as excessive weld porosity, slag, the mechanical properties of welded joints up to standard requirements, the welding deformation is too large, etc. . In addition, there is a fusion welded thin LF21 hardening effect, the plate residual stress, prone to warping and cracking phenomena welding. Since there is corrosion LF21 sheet sealing requirements with low load working environment is widely used, in this, the author of the selected thickness of 1.4 mm alloy sheet FSW experiments for solving the alloy welding applications in engineering problems has important significance.

Materials and methods

Experimental material thickness of 1.4 mm is measured for LF21 aluminum alloy rolled plate, sizes (length × width × thickness) of 300 mm × 70 mm × 1.4 mm, the main chemical composition and mechanical properties are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 shown.

LF21 rust-proof aluminum main strengthening phase MnAl6, impurity phase (FeMn) Al6 or (Fe, Mn, Si) Al6, etc., but the presence of impurities reducing the segregation of Mn, to promote grain refinement of a certain effect. Friction stir welding experiment in self-developed experimental friction stir welding machine for welding along the length of the sample in the form of single-pass butt welding direction. As the spiral-shaped mixing head helps to friction stir weld forming dense, so the present study spiral stir welding head, the mixing head parameters are: shaft shoulder diameter of 10 mm, stirring rod diameter 3 mm, length paddles 1.2 mm. Before welding, butt welding parts no special surface treatment to remove the oxide film. In clear pending butt welders surface dirt and dust on the surface, will be two parts to be welded after the split, fixed on the table. Welding, high-speed rotary drill into the mixing head plates to be welded seams, when the mixing head shoulder compacted aluminum, along the seams forward to complete the welding process. Welding process parameters used in the: mixing head rotational speed of 1 500 r / min, the seam along the direction of friction stir welding speed of 100 ~ 180 mm / min. LF21 aluminum alloy sheet for a single channel friction stir butt weld, the weld pieces were sampled along the transverse welds, preparation of metallographic specimens and tensile specimens in POL YV AR-MET optical microscope to observe the district after welding microstructure, the CSS -44100 electronic tensile machine tensile tested in the HMV-2 on a Vickers hardness tester microhardness.

2 Results

2.1 Mechanical properties of the weld

In the mixing head rotation speed 1500 r / min, the welding speed is 100 ~ 180 mm / min of the welding process, the thickness of 1.4 mm of the LF21 aluminum FSW weld mechanical properties which in Figure 1. Seen, the welding of the weld 1.4 mm thick tensile strength between 125 ~ 134 MPa, and Table 2 shows the intensity comparison shows the substrate, the substrate strength of weld strength factor 78% to 83% Thus, with the FSW welding method when the alloy sheet has good welding adaptability. As the speed increases seam welding, weld strength increased and then showed a decreasing trend, this is because the rotating speed of 1500 r / min, if the welding speed is too slow, then the effect on the weld heat flow per unit length is large, the welding temperature

is too high, the weld zone of heat, so that the weld strength is reduced; other hand, if the welding

speed is fast, the role of the weld heat flow per unit length less, the welding temperature is too low, the thermoplastic weld metal flow variation, the weld metal is difficult to diffusion bonding into a whole, may be weakly bound to weld tissue, thereby reducing the weld strength. Therefore, when the welding speed change, there will be a weld strength peaks.

2.2 weld microstructure analysis

At a speed of 1500 r / min, the welding speed is 160 mm / min of the welding process, the thickness of 1.4 mm of the LF21 friction stir welds Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional morphology.

LF21 sheet friction stir welds also exist four zones: weld nugget zone (referred to WNZ), heat affected zone (referred TMAZ), heat affected zone (referred HAZ) and substrate area (referred to BM), its magnification microstructure shown in Figure 3.

Seen from Figure 3, LF21 friction stir weld good, did not produce holes, loose tissue, thermal cracking and other common welding defects. In addition, from Figure 3 also shows that the welding process because the combined effects of heat in different ways, the weld microstructure and properties of the district there is a big difference. In welding frictional heat local temperature

under the action of nugget zone by mixing head direct mechanical agitation, something completely dynamic recrystallization, forming a fine equiaxed; heat affected zone by mixing head indirect mechanical stirring action, and its Rolling tissue a greater degree of bending deformation and incomplete recrystallization; heat affected zone not subject to mechanical agitation mixing head, but in the welding heat cycle, the occurrence of different degrees of recovery, static recrystallization or grain coarsening phenomenon, in addition, in the heat affected zone, precipitation of manganese in the rolling direction and gathered into coarse brittle MnAl6 compounds.

2.3 Weld microhardness

LF21 antirust friction stir welding aluminum alloy sheet microhardness cross section shown in Figure 4.

Seen, the weld occurs in the welding process softening softening Chief weld length of approximately 25 mm. Nugget zone average hardness of 56 or so. The minimum weld hardness value appears in the heat-affected zone (TMAZ) and the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the transition zone, the minimum hardness of 52. By the precipitation of manganese, hardness of the weld to fluctuations. In addition, the forward side of the weld hardness change relatively flat, while the back side is more severe changes in hardness.

LF21 rust-proof aluminum alloy friction stir weld tensile fracture surface. Section on the distribution of a large number of non-equiaxed dimples, the size of 15 ~ 40 μm. This is because

the grains are welded rolled sheet after rolling, the occurrence of a large deformation, making dimples having a non-equiaxed be imposed. In addition, a large number of dimples is also distributed small tiny dimples, nearly equiaxed shape, its size is about 5 μm, revealed that the fracture position in the welding process the grain recrystallization occurs. Larger cross section deeper.

3 Analysis and discussion

LF21 Mn is an element of the main components of the alloy, as the Mn content increased, the tensile strength increases. When the Mn content is 1.0% to 1.6%, the alloy not only has high strength and good ductility and corrosion resistance. From Al-Mn binary phase diagram, the phase (L) between the solidus line and the crystallization interval is small, only a difference of 0.5 ~ 1.0 ℃; Mn in the maximum solid solubility of aluminum is 1.8%, with temperature drop, Mn solid solution in the aluminum matrix in the sharp reduction, which makes the Mn content of 1.0% to 1.6% of the LF21 alloy at room temperature to form a supersaturated solid solution. Also, Mn in the aluminum alloy and because the diffusion coefficient is small, so LF21 alloy prone to precipitation annealing process, to form coarse grains. LF21-rust aluminum above characteristics, determine its organization and friction stir welding performance. The welding thermal cycle under the effect of the weld zone of Mn in the aluminum matrix formed during casting is easy to fine precipitates nucleation, the rolling direction and gathered into a coarser precipitate brittle MnAl6 compound (shown in Figure 3 ( c)), the tensile strength of the weld tensile strength than the base material.

4 Conclusions

a. LF21 aluminum alloy sheet using friction stir welding method for welding adaptability. When the rotational speed of 1 500 r / min, the welding speed is 100 ~ 180 mm / min, the availability of better welding performance, the weld tensile strength of 125 ~ 134 MPa, weld strength factor of 78% of the substrate ~ 83%.

b. LF21 aluminum alloy sheet FSW organizations exist four areas, namely weld nugget zone, the heat-affected zone, heat affected zone and the base area. Hardness test results show that the weld occurred softening softening zone length is about 25 mm.

c. the welding thermal cycle under the effect of manganese in the weld heat affected zone in the rolling direction and gathered into a coarser precipitate brittle MnAl6 compound reduces the tensile strength of the wel

d.

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化学专业英语(修订版)翻译

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

美国大学校名英文缩写

美国大学校名英文缩写 英文缩写英文全称中文全称 AAMU Alabama A&M 阿拉巴马农业机械大学ADELPHI Adelphi University 艾德菲大学AMERICAN American University 美国大学 ANDREWS Andrews University 安德鲁大学 ASU Arizona State University 亚利桑那州立大学AUBURN Auburn University 奥本大学 -B- BAYLOR Baylor University 贝勒大学 BC Boston College 波士顿学院 BGSU Bowling Green State University 博林格林州立大学BIOLA Biola University 拜欧拉大学BRANDEIS Brandeis University 布兰迪斯大学BROWN Brown University 布朗大学 BSU Ball State University 波尔州立大学 BU* Boston University 波士顿大学 BU SUNY Binghamton 纽约州立大学宾厄姆顿分校BYU Brigham Young Univ. Provo 百翰大学 *BU通常意义上指Boston University -C- CALTECH California Institute of Technology 加州理工大学 CAU Clark Atlanta University 克拉克亚特兰大大学 CLARKSON Clarkson University 克拉逊大学CLARKU Clark University 克拉克大学CLEMSON Clemson University 克莱姆森大学 CMU* Carnegie Mellon University 卡耐基梅隆大学CMU Central Michigan University 中央密歇根大学COLUMBIA Columbia University 哥伦比亚大学CORNELL Cornell University 康奈尔大学CSU* Colorado State 科罗拉多州立大学 CSU Cleveland State University 克里夫立大学CU* University of Colorado Boulder 科罗拉多大学波德分校 CU University of Colorado Denver 科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 CUA Catholic University of America 美国天主教大学 CWRU Case Western Reserve Univ. 凯斯西储大学*CMU 通常意义上指 Carnegie Mellon University *CSU 通用 *CU 通用

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原

当今最潮的英语翻译

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化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译

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应用化学专业英语翻译

１０级应用化学（2）班郑禄春 B2０1０06３224 Lessｅn ２4 ChemicａｌＲeaｃtionｓ Conseｒvation of mａｓs ａnd ｅｎergy(质量与能量守恒) Ｔwo ｃonseｒvaｔｉｏn laws（定律) apｐlｙｔo aｌｌｃhemical reaｃtionｓ: E ｎergy can neitheｒ be cｒｅated nｏr deｓtroｙed, anｄｍａｔteｒｃaｎneither ｂｅ created nor deｓtｒｏyed. Thus the ａtoms taking part in a chemical reactioｎ may be reａrrangｅd, bｕt all ｔhe atoms preseｎt ｉn the reacｔan ｔs must also be preｓent in ｔhe prodｕctｓ, and the tｏtaｌｍasｓ oｆ tｈe ｒeactants muｓt equaｌ thｅｔotaｌｍａss ｏｆthe prｏducts. 化学反应 质量守恒和能量守恒 两个守恒定律(定律)适用于所有的化学反应:能量既不能创造也不能消灭,物质也不能创造也不能消灭。因此原子参与化学反应可能重新安排，但所有的原子出现在反应物必须包含在产品,反应物的总质量必须等于生产物的总质量。 What is ａ chｅmicaｌ reaction? A chｅmicaｌreaｃtiｏn occｕｒs whｅn sｕbsｔａnｃes (tｈe ｒｅactantｓ) colｌide (碰撞）ｗiｔh ｅnouｇｈ energｙ tｏｒearｒａnge to form difｆerent c ｏｍpounds (ｔhe ｐrｏdｕcts）. The changｅ iｎ enerｇy that occurs wheｎ a reaction take pｌａｃe ｉs deｓcriｂed by therｍｏdｙｎaｍics（热力学）anｄt ｈe ｒａｔｅ oｒ speed at which a reacｔioｎocｃurｓis descｒibed by kiｎeticｓ (动力学) . Reacｔions in ｗhiｃh ｔｈe ｒeaｃtａnｔｓaｎd ｐrｏductｓcoｅxist arｅ coｎｓidｅｒed ｔo be in equilｉｂriuｍ(处于平衡）. A chｅｍiｃａl ｅｑuaｔion ｃonsｉｓts ｏf the ｃhemｉｃal fｏrmｕｌａ（化学式)of thｅ rea ｃｔants, and ｔhe cｈemical fｏｒmｕla of ｔhe ｐrodｕcts. The twｏａre separateｄ bｙａn → uｓually read aｓ“yｉelｄs”ａnｄeach ｃhemicａl forｍula is sｅpａｒatｅd frｏm otheｒs by ａ plus sｉgn (加号）． Sometime ｓ a trｉangｌe is dｒawｎ over ｔhe arrow symbol tｏｄenotｅ enerｇy ｍuｓt ｂe addeｄｔo ｔｈe subsｔances ｆor ｔhe ｒeａcｔiｏn to beｇｉn． Eａch ｃｈemiｃaｌ formula may be pｒｅｃeded by a sｃalaｒ（数量的) ｃoｅｆficienｔｉndicatｉng thｅ proｐorｔion (比例) ｏｆ that substaｎce nｅｃｅssary to ｐｒoｄｕce ｔhe rｅacｔion in forｍulａ. Foｒinstanｃe， thｅｆoｒmｕla ｆoｒ the buｒning of mｅthane(CH4 + 2O2 →ＣO2 + 2H2O） iｎdｉｃates that twｉce as much Ｏ2 aｓ CH４ iｓ nｅｅded, and wｈen tｈey reａct， twicｅas ｍuch H2O as ＣO2 wｉll be produceｄ. This is ｂecａuse durｉng tｈe reａctiｏｎ，each atom ｏｆ cａrbon needｓ eｘａctlｙ two atoms ｏf oxygen ｔo combｉnｅ with, to ｐroduｃe the CO2, and ｅvｅry twｏaｔｏms of ｈydrｏgen need an atｏm ｏf oxygen tｏcombine wiｔｈｔo proｄuce ｔhｅH２O． If thｅ pｒｏportiｏns ｏf thｅ reactaｎtｓarｅ nｏｔ reｓpecｔed, when ｔhey arｅ foｒｃｅd ｔｏreacｔ, eitheｒ not all oｆｔhe ｓuｂstance used wilｌparticipate in tｈe re ａｃｔion, or the reａctiｏｎ that wｉll take pｌace ｗilｌbｅ dｉｆfｅｒent ｆｒom tｈe ｏne noteｄin ｔhｅ equatｉon.. 什么是化学反应 一个化学反应发生在物质（反应物）碰撞有足够的能量去重新排列,形成不同的化合物(产品）。当反应发