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Hall 5e TB Ch14

Hall 5e TB Ch14
Hall 5e TB Ch14

Chapter 14桟onstruct, Deliver, and Maintain Systems Projects

TRUE/FALSE

1. The detailed design phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle is a linear process with each of five

steps occurring once and in its proper sequence.

ANS: F

2. In a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) environment, the most important use of a data

flow diagram is to present a graphic display of the system.

ANS: F

3. During maintenance of a system developed using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

tools, changes to the system are made directly through the data flow diagram.

ANS: T

4. The Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) coding model transforms the structure diagram

into computer code.

ANS: T

5. If system development is conducted properly, most system maintenance costs can be eliminated.

ANS: F

6. The context level data flow diagram is a physical input to the lower CASE models that automatically

produce program code.

ANS: F

7. The design and programming of modern systems follows one of two basic approaches: the structured

approach and the object-oriented approach.

ANS: T

8. The concept of reusability is central to the structured approach to systems design.

ANS: F

9. In the object-oriented approach to systems design, a vendor is an example of an attribute.

ANS: F

10. In the object-oriented approach to systems design, an instance is a logical grouping of individual

objects which share the same attributes and operations.

ANS: F

11. In the object-oriented approach to systems design, when an operation is performed on an object, an

attribute will always be changed.

ANS: F

12. In the object-oriented approach to systems design, inheritance means that each object instance inherits

the attributes and operations of the class to which it belongs.

ANS: T

13. In the object-oriented approach to systems design, it is possible for an object class to inherit attributes

and operations of another object class.

ANS: T

14. The entity relationship diagram is used to represent object-oriented designs.

ANS: T

15. Office automation is more complex than accounting packages.

ANS: F

16. In-house developed systems are less reliable than commercial software.

ANS: T

17. Output of the Management Reporting System may vary considerably among companies.

ANS: T

18. Output reporting includes both paper and electronic reports.

ANS: T

19. Information as to which databases are required for a new system can be obtained from the entity

relationship diagram.

ANS: T

20. A point-of-sale terminal is an example of electronic data input from source documents.

ANS: F

21. Correctly designed, processing modules are tightly coupled and have strong cohesion.

ANS: F

22. A system walkthrough occurs after the system is implemented.

ANS: F

23. The detailed design report is the 揵lueprint which guides programmers and database administrators

in constructing the physical system.

ANS: T

24. When a program module is tested, both good and bad data are included with the test transactions.

ANS: T

25. Instruction for the filling out of paper input forms should always be printed on a separate instruction

sheet.

ANS: F

26. Program modules with weak cohesion are more complex and difficult to maintain.

ANS: T

27. If individual modules are thoroughly tested, it is not necessary to test the whole system.

ANS: F

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which statement is not true?

a. prototypes do not include internal control features

b. a prototype is an inexpensive, simplified model of a system

c. a throwaway prototype is discarded after the requirements are established

d. systems designers always discard prototypes and do not develop them into finished

systems

ANS: D

2. Which statement is not true? Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) technology

a. is commercially available software

b. reduces the productivity but increases the quality of the work of systems professionals

c. expedites the System Development Life Cycle

d. consists of upper and lower tools

ANS: B

3. The central repository of the Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) system contains

a. the program code

b. user prototype screens

c. data flow diagrams

d. all of the above

ANS: D

4. Which is not a level of a data flow diagram?

a. conceptual level

b. context level

c. intermediate level

d. elementary level

ANS: A

5. Which level of a data flow diagram is used to produce program code and database tables?

a. context level

b. elementary level

c. intermediate level

d. prototype level

ANS: B

6. In a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) environment, a structure diagram

a. presents an overview model of the primary transactions processed

b. graphically depicts the iceberg effect

c. presents a model of the program code that constitutes the physical system

d. is prepared by the systems analyst

ANS: C

7. An advantage of the Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) model tool, which transforms the

structure diagram into machine language, is

a. it facilitates the auditors review of the system

b. it ensures that firm will use a specific CASE tool and vendor

c. it forces all system changes to be made through the data flow diagrams

d. it reduces the analysis required in designing the system

ANS: C

8. When maintaining a system that was developed using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

tools,

a. the programmer must thoroughly review the program code

b. changes should be made directly to the structure diagram

c. significantly less time is required compared to maintenance activities for a system

developed without using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools

d. the need for testing the modified application is eliminated

ANS: C

9. Which of the following is an advantage of the Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

approach?

a. the ability to easily revise the model during the development stage

b. the requirement that all program code and documentation be regenerated for each module

c. the cost of software engineering programs

d. user involvement is restricted to final stages of development

ANS: A

10. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

approach?

a. source code produced by CASE tools is less efficient than code written by a skilled

programmer

b. alternative designs cannot be reviewed prior to implementation

c. system users are reluctant to become involved with the CASE approach

d. maintenance costs are increased

ANS: A

11. Which statement is not correct? The structured design approach

a. is a top-down approach

b. is documented by data flow diagrams and structure diagrams

c. assembles reusable modules rather than creating systems from scratch

d. starts with an abstract description of the system and redefines it to produce a more detailed

description of the system

ANS: C

12. The benefits of the object-oriented approach to systems design include all of the following except

a. this approach does not require input from accountants and auditors

b. development time is reduced

c. a standard module once tested does not have to be retested until changes are made

d. system maintenance activities are simplified

ANS: A

13. In the object-oriented systems design approach, the employee pay rate is an example of

a. an object

b. an attribute

c. an operation

d. a class

ANS: B

14. Ms. Andrews is a customer of the Edsell Company. In the object-oriented design approach

a. Ms. Andrews is an instance in the object class accounts receivable

b. the amount Ms. Andrews owes the Edsell Company is an operation

c. determining the amount past due is an attribute

d. the object class accounts receivable inherits all the attributes of Ms. Andrews

ANS: A

15. In the object-oriented systems design approach,

a. objects possess two characteristics朼ttributes and instances

b. an instance is a logical grouping of individual objects

c. inheritance means that each object instance inherits the attributes and operations of the

class to which it belongs

d. operations performed on objects always change attributes

ANS: C

16. Which statement is not correct? In the object-oriented design approach

a. a single change to an attribute or operation in one object class is automatically changed for

all the object instances and subclasses that inherit the attribute

b. each module can inherit from other modules the attributes and operations it requires

c. the entity relationship diagram is used to create a program which can be used in other

systems

d. the control module must be recreated for each program

ANS: D

17. Evaluators of the detailed feasibility study should not include

a. the internal auditor

b. the project manager

c. a user representative

d. the system designer

ANS: D

18. A commercial software system that is completely finished, tested, and ready for implementation is

called燼

a. backbone system

b. vendor-supported system

c. benchmark system

d. turnkey system

ANS: D

19. Which of the following is not an advantage of commercial software? Commercial software

a. can be installed faster than a custom system

b. can be easily modified to the user抯exact specifications

c. is significantly less expensive than a system developed in-house

d. is less likely to have errors than an equivalent system developed in-house

ANS: B

20. Which step is least likely to occur when choosing a commercial software package?

a. a detailed review of the source code

b. contact with user groups

c. preparation of a request for proposal

d. comparison of the results of a benchmark problem

ANS: A

21. The output of the detailed design phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a

a. fully documented system report

b. systems selection report

c. detailed system design report

d. systems analysis report

ANS: C

22. The detailed design report contains all of the following except

a. input screen formats

b. alternative conceptual designs

c. report layouts

d. process logic

ANS: B

23. When each element of information supports the user抯decision or task, the output is said to possess

a. completeness

b. summarization

c. conciseness

d. relevance

ANS: D

24. There is often a conflict between the attributes of

a. timeliness and conciseness

b. accuracy and timeliness

c. relevance and summarization

d. completeness and exceptions orientation

ANS: B

25. A report of accounts that are past due has many information attributes. The most important attribute is

a. summarization

b. timeliness

c. conciseness

d. exception orientation

ANS: D

26. When hardcopy forms are used as the source for electronic data input,

a. a paper audit trail is maintained

b. economies of scale in data collection are avoided

c. input errors are reduced

d. a point-of-sale terminal is required

ANS: A

27. The most important design element for a hardcopy form that is used for electronic data input is that

a. the form is a standard size

b. the source document and the input screen are identical

c. instructions use active voice

d. sufficient copies of the form are prepared

ANS: B

28. Which is not true of direct data input forms?

a. errors caused by transcription are reduced

b. calculations are automatically performed on intelligent forms

c. many data entry errors are detected and corrected immediately

d. workers who use direct data input forms must be highly trained and skilled

ANS: D

29. Which statement is not true?

a. loosely coupled modules are independent of other modules

b. cohesive modules perform a single, well-defined task

c. maintenance of a module with weak cohesion is simple

d. an error made in a tightly coupled module will affect other modules

ANS: C

30. Translating the system modules into pseudocode

a. occurs in the implementation phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle

b. expresses the detailed logic of the module in programming language

c. discourages end users from becoming actively involved in designing the system

d. permits individuals with few technical skills to understand the logic of the module

ANS: D

31. Which statement is not true? A systems design walkthrough

a. is conducted by a quality assurance group

b. occurs just after system implementation

c. simulates the operation of the system in order to uncover errors and omissions

d. reduces costs by reducing the amount of reprogramming

ANS: B

32. System documentation is designed for all of the following groups except

a. systems designers and programmers

b. end users

c. accountants

d. all of the above require systems documentation

ANS: D

33. Which type of documentation shows the detailed relationship of input files, programs, and output

files?

a. structure diagrams

b. overview diagram

c. system flowchart

d. program flowchart

ANS: C

34. Typical contents of a run manual include all of the following except

a. run schedule

b. logic flowchart

c. file requirements

d. explanation of error messages

ANS: B

35. Computer operators should have access to all of the following types of documentation except

a. a list of users who receive output

b. a program code listing

c. a list of all master files used in the system

d. a list of required hardware devices

ANS: B

36. Which task is not essential during a data conversion procedure?

a. decomposing the system

b. validating the database

c. reconciliation of new and old databases

d. backing up the original files

ANS: A

37. When converting to a new system, which cutover method is the most conservative?

a. cold turkey cutover

b. phased cutover

c. parallel operation cutover

d. data coupling cutover

ANS: C

38. What is not true about data modeling?

a. Relationships are the degree of association between two entities.

b. Attributes are data that describe the characteristics or properties of entities.

c. Entities are resources, events, or agents involved in the business.

d. Modeling is the task of formalizing the data requirements of the business process as a

physical model.

ANS: D

SHORT ANSWER

1. Using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools, the structure diagram can be transformed

into machine code. Describe a disadvantage associated with this procedure.

ANS:

Auditors need to review program code, and machine code is more difficult to review than source code.

Also, this approach usually commits the company to a particular CASE tool and vendor while source code is accepted by most CASE tools.

2. Using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools, the structure diagram can be transformed

into machine code. Describe an advantage associated with this procedure.

ANS:

Programmers are forced to make all changes through the data flow diagrams. The CASE tool will then modify the structure diagram and rewrite the machine code automatically. This ensures that the

systems documentation always agrees with the computer code.

3. What is prototyping? Why is it used in systems development?

ANS:

Prototyping is a technique for providing users with a preliminary working version of the new system that users can test. This leads to better understanding of user needs and system requirements. When used in the early stages of the SDLC, prototyping is an effective tool for establishing user

requirements.

4. A bottom-up method to design a new system by assembling reusable modules is called

__________________________.

ANS:

object-oriented design

5. Contrast the structured and object-oriented approaches to conceptual systems design. Which is more

common?

ANS:

The structured approach develops each new system from scratch from the top down. Object-oriented design builds systems from the bottom up through the assembly of reusable modules rather than

creating each system from scratch. The structured approach dominates modern system design while the object-oriented approach is still an emerging concept.

6. What is meant by 搊bject-oriented design? What does it mean for systems design?

ANS:

Object-oriented design refers to a 揵uilding block approach to system design which develops

systems from reusable standard components, called objects. This approach avoids starting from scratch for each new system. This saves time and expense for development, maintenance, and testing of

systems.

An example of an object is inventory. Each object possesses two characteristics: attributes (part

number, description, quantity on hand, . . .) and operations (reorder, replace, review quantity, . . . )

7. List three advantages and one disadvantage of commercial software.

ANS:

Advantages include very quick implementation time, relatively inexpensive software, and reliable, tested software.

Disadvantages include not being able to customize the system and difficulty in modifying the software.

8. What is the purpose of the Request for Proposal (RFP)?

ANS:

The purpose of the RFP is to obtain proposals on supplying commercial software packages from

various vendors. Each prospective vendor is sent an RFP explaining the nature of the problem, the objectives of the system, and the deadline for proposal submission. The RFP includes a format for responses to facilitate a comparison of the proposals from different vendors.

9. Explain how a benchmark problem is used to measure the performance of two different commercial

software packages.

ANS:

Each prospective vendor is given the same data and task to perform (usually important transactions or tasks performed by key components of the proposed system). The results of the benchmark problem are compared for speed, accuracy, and efficiency.

10. Contrast the structured and object-oriented approaches to conceptual systems design. Which is more

common?

ANS:

The structured approach develops each new system from scratch from the top down. Object-oriented design builds systems from the bottom up through the assembly of reusable modules rather than

creating each system from scratch. The structured approach dominates modern system design while the object-oriented approach is still an emerging concept.

11. List three characteristics that should be considered when designing a hardcopy input form.

ANS:

handling, storage, number of copies, form size

12. List two techniques of forms design that encourage efficient and effective data collection.

ANS:

zones and embedded instructions

13. What is the importance of the base case?

A base case is test data that documents how the system performed at a point in time, and it provides a

reference point for analyzing the effects of future system changes. The base case also eases the burden of recreating test data.

14. Describe a risk associated with the phased cutover procedure for data conversion.

ANS:

Incompatibilities may exist between the new subsystems and the yet-to-be replaced old subsystems.

15. List the attributes of output views.

ANS:

relevance, summarization, exception orientation, timeliness, accuracy, completeness, conciseness

16. What are embedded instructions? Why do they matter?

ANS:

Embedded instructions are placed directly on the form in the zone to which they pertain. When

contained in the form, they cannot be lost; when in the relevant zone there is less confusion.

17. What are the two methods of electronic input? How do they differ?

ANS:

The two basic types of electronic input are input from source documents and direct input. The former involves the collection of data on paper that is then transcribed. The latter involves direct capture of data in electronic form. There is no physical record of the input.

18. Describe the Cold Turkey (or Big Bang) approach to system cutover.

ANS:

Under the cold turkey cutover approach (also called the 揃ig Bang approach), the firm switches to the new system and simultaneously terminates the old system. When implementing simple systems, this is often the easiest and least costly approach. With more complex systems, it is the riskiest.

19. Discuss the advantage of the parallel operation cutover approach.

ANS:

Parallel operation cutover involves running the old system and the new system simultaneously for a period of time. The advantage of parallel cutover is the reduction in risk. By running two systems, the user can reconcile outputs to identify errors and debug errors before running the new system solo.

20. What is the objective of a post-implementation review?

ANS:

The objective post-implementation review is to measure the success of the system and of the process after the dust has settled.

ESSAY

1. Describe at least four advantages and two disadvantages of the Computer Aided Software Engineering

(CASE) approach.

Advantages of the CASE approach include:

reduced system complexity

increased flexibility in making revisions to the system model

creation, comparison, and review of alternative system designs

quicker development process

prototyping promotes user involvement

reusable program code and documentation

reduced maintenance costs

Disadvantages of the CASE approach include:

cost of the CASE tools

time and cost involved with developing CASE expertise

CASE products are incompatible with one another

inefficient source code generated by CASE tools encourages skilled programmers to modify the code which results in discrepancies between the data flow diagram and the program code

2. CASE tools develop systems without the intermediate step of writing human readable source code.

This can pose some concerns for accountants. What are they?

ANS:

The absence of human readable source code has implications for accountants, auditors, and

management. The first is one of control. Source code has traditionally been part of system

documentation. Auditors often design test procedures based on the source code. Without it, testing is hampered. In addition, the absence of source code may tie the firm to the CASE tools and vendor, limiting management抯choice.

3. Discuss the appropriate steps to take when selecting a commercial software package.

ANS:

When selecting a commercial software package, the first step is to prepare a needs analysis, as detailed as the user抯technical background permits. The second step is to send out a request for proposal, explaining to the vendor the nature of the problem, the objectives of the system, and the deadline for proposal submission. The third step is to identify and capture facts about each vendor抯system.

These facts come from vendor presentations (including a technical demonstration), comparing the results of a benchmark problem, obtaining information about vendor support, and contacting user groups. The final step is to evaluate the findings and make a selection. A weighted factor matrix is used to analyze the qualitative variables, and the results are reported as a performance/cost index.

4. The Studebaker Company is evaluating two proposals for a commercial software package. Three

relevant factors were identified and weighted. Then the evaluation team assigned raw scores from 1 to

5 to each factor for each vendor. Proposal One will cost $70,000 and Proposal Two will cost $65,000.

Proposal Proposal

Weight One Two

Vendor support 30 4 5

Ease of use 30 5 4

Range of capabilities 40 5 3

Determine a composite score and a performance/cost index for both proposals. Which proposal is the more economically feasible choice?

The composite score is 470 for Proposal One and 390 for Proposal Two. The performance/cost index is 6.7 for Proposal One and 6.0 for Proposal Two. Based on this analysis, Proposal One is the more economically feasible proposal.

5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods of converting to a new system: cold

turkey cutover, phased cutover, and parallel operation cutover.

ANS:

Cold turkey朤his is the fastest, quickest and least expensive cutover method. It is also the most risky.

If the system does not function properly, there is no backup system to rely on.

Phased cutover朤he phased cutover avoids the risk of total system failure because the conversion occurs one module at a time. The disadvantage of this method is the potential incompatibilities

between new modules that have been implemented and old modules that have not yet been phased out.

Parallel operation cutover朤his is the most time consuming and costly of the three methods, but it also provides the greatest security. The old system is not terminated until the new system is tested for

accuracy.

6. What issues must be considered in designing hardcopy documents?

ANS:

The issues to be considered in designing hardcopy documents relate to the physical operations of the business. Handling: designers must take into account moisture, manipulation, temperature, etc. Storage: where, why, environment, time. Number of copies: how many are needed, where will they be stored, etc. Forms distribution sheets can help determine the number of copies needed. Form size: should be standard unless special circumstances are involved.

7. What is the role of test data? What is a base case?

ANS:

Test data is hypothetical data with known results. The test data is run through the system to verify the processing occurs correctly. Test data should test all aspects of the new system including error capture.

When a thorough set of test data is developed, it is saved to document system performance at the time of testing. This is the base case. It can therefore be compared to results of test data after system

modification.

8. Correctly designed modules possess two attributes. Name and explain each.

ANS:

Coupling measures the degree of interaction or exchange of data between modules. A loosely coupled module is independent of the others. Modules with a great deal of interaction are tightly coupled.

Cohesion refers to the number of tasks a module performs. Strong cohesion means that each module performs a single, well-defined task.

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2013/12/2
四大图谱综合解析
1 某未知物分子式为C5 H12 O,它的质谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱如图,
它的紫外吸收光谱在200 nm以上没有吸收,试确定该化合物结构。
CCl4稀溶液的红外光谱, CCl4浓溶液 在3360cm-1处有1宽峰
[解] 从分子式C5H12O,求得不饱和度为零,故未知物应为 饱和脂肪族化合物。 未知物的红外光谱是在CCl4溶液中测定的,样品的CCl4稀溶液 的红外光谱在3640cm-1处有 1尖峰,这是游离 O H基的特征吸收 峰。样品的CCl4浓溶液在 3360cm-1处有 1宽峰,但当溶液稀释 后复又消失,说明存在着分子间氢键。未知物核磁共振谱中δ4. 1处的宽峰,经重水交换后消失。上述事实确定,未知物分子 中存在着羟基。 未知物核磁共振谱中δ0.9处的单峰,积分值相当3个质子,可 看成是连在同一碳原子上的3个甲基。δ3.2处的单峰,积分值 相当2个质子,对应1个亚甲基,看来该次甲基在分子中位于特 丁基和羟基之间。 质谱中从分子离子峰失去质量31(- CH2 OH)部分而形成基 峰m/e57的事实为上述看法提供了证据,因此,未知物的结构 CH3 是
H3C
C
CH3
CH2OH
根据这一结构式,未知物质谱中的主要碎片离子得到了如下 解释。
CH 3
2. 某未知物,它的质谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱如图,它的 紫外吸收光谱在210nm以上没有吸收,确定此未知物。
CH2
+ OH m/e31 -2H
+ . CH2OH
H3C
CH3
H3C
C
CH 3
C+
CH3
m/e88 -CH3 m/e29 m/e73
m/e57 -CH3 -H CH 3 C + CH 2
m/e41
[解] 在未知物的质谱图中最高质荷比131处有1个丰度很小的峰,应 为分子离子峰,即未知物的分子量为131。由于分子量为奇数,所以未 知物分子含奇数个氮原子。根据未知物的光谱数据中无伯或仲胺、腈、 酞胺、硝基化合物或杂芳环化合物的特征,可假定氮原子以叔胺形式存 在。 红外光谱中在1748 cm-1处有一强羰基吸收带,在1235 cm-1附近有1典型 的宽强C-O-C伸缩振动吸收带,可见未知物分子中含有酯基。1040 cm-1处的吸收带则进一步指出未知物可能是伯醇乙酸酯。 核磁共振谱中δ1.95处的单峰(3H),相当1个甲基。从它的化学位移来 看,很可能与羰基相邻。对于这一点,质谱中,m/e43的碎片离子 (CH3C=O)提供了有力的证据。在核磁共振谱中有2个等面积(2H)的三重 峰,并且它们的裂距相等,相当于AA’XX'系统。有理由认为它们是2个 相连的亚甲-CH2-CH2,其中去屏蔽较大的亚甲基与酯基上的氧原子 相连。 至此,可知未知物具有下述的部分结构:
O CH 2 CH 2 O C CH 3
从分子量减去这一部分,剩下的质量数是 44,仅足以组 成1个最简单的叔胺基。
CH 3 CH3 N
正好核磁共振谱中δ2. 20处的单峰(6H ),相当于2个连到氮原子上 的甲基。因此,未知物的结构为:
CH3 CH3 O N CH2 CH2 O C CH3
此外,质谱中的基峰m /e 58是胺的特征碎片离子峰,它是由氮原子 的β位上的碳碳键断裂而生成的。结合其它光谱信息,可定出这个 碎片为
CH3 CH3 N CH 2
1

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