语言学英语
语言学》方面的术语及其英文解释
下面是一些在网上找到的语言学专业词汇，希望大家准备专业（语言学及应用语言学）口试有帮助^-^~~
很多（一共有174个），不过看一下至少可以有个印象，在考场上才不会死的太惨，只需要耐心一点点就可以了……
Define the following terms:
1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativ ity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1e547066.html,nguage functions inclucle imformati ve function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,em otive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of ph onetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,diff erentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of ph onetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningf ul via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investi gator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the prese nt),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1e547066.html,ying d own rules for language use.
9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two level s of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles o
f organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable th eir users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the mo ment of communication.
13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of lan guage.
14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of parti cular studies.
15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolingui stics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropologic
al linguistics,et
16. competence: language use r’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations a re involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarti culation.
22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal c ords.
23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called br oad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,th e use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. 24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at so me place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular langua ge.
26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stop ping of the air can be perceived.
28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the ac tual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in t he vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30． Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme fro m another.
31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. 32． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system e mploying symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek lette rs,diacritics,etc.
33． Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34． Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principl e suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and conte nt,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the me
aning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,bla ckboard,snowwhite,etc.
37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affi xes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to anothe r morpheme(the root or stem).
39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural morthe me is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in cl asses.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is ad ded to,e.g. the plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖.
44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.‖dog in the manger‖)
46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articl es and pronouns.
48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and q uality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs, adjectives,and many adverbs.
50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of th e two words.
术语2
51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptati on,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.
55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleti ng an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.‖contact‖or‖contiguous‖assimilation.
58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, s o that the sounds become less alike,or different.
59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular natio n of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous
60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of sp eech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of sub ject,predicate,etc.
61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which ar
e all present.
63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a pa rticular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.
64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituent s---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,an
d th
e process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or appr oaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence a n endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.
66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any t o any of its constituents.
67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,t he underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.
68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corr esponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government re lations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.
70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.
71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the develo pment of the communication.
72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his o wn consciousness.
73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the ex pression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for ge tting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..
74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.
75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.
76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.
77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word d enotes.
78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.
79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.
80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.
81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.
82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.
83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,et
c.
84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute
a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.
85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;w orse.etc are instances of relational opposites.
86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)
87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has seve ral hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,
88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+hu man>
89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can t ake,e.g.regret requires a human subject.
91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of th
e truth conditions for propositions:how the truth o
f a composite propositions and the connection betwee n them.
92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.
93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.
94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of o ne element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.
95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes
a ―recognition lexicon‖in which each word is represented by a full and independent‖recognistion elemen t‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of t hem,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active. 96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.
97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more fr equent usage in language.
98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.
g.in a specific context.
99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understa nd each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountere d.
100. language perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses, esp, sight. 术语3
101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies t he understanding of language.
102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.
103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.
104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat, where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.
105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story. 106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,e ach governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.
107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditio nally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.
108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a pr operty of propositions that they have truth values.
109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguisti c structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being conc erned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).
110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures repres ented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to crit eria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.
112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.
113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developm eng.
114. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions,etc.g overning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chom sley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.
115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is‖genden difference‖116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1e547066.html,nguage determin es thought.
117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the stru
ctural diversity of languages.
118. linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought abou t by nothing less than women’s place in society.
119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.
120. sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understan d sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.
121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.
122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.
123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or fals e.
124. locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1e547066.html,ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and refere nce.
125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.
126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the conseque nce of,or the change brought about by the utterance.
127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underata ndable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates i ntentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
128. entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.‖Mary is running‖entails,among other things,‖Mary is not standing still‖.
129. ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive -infer-ential.
130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.
131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nat ure of communication,necessarily have.
132. Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G. Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).
133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less‖effortful‖)alternate expression is available tends to be interpret ed as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have co nveyed).
134. constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..
135. third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usua lly called a third –person narrator.
136. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.
137. direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
138. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
139. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.
140. narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of p assage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonde d than indirect speech representation would be.
141. narrator‖srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent t he thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she cons idered his unpunctuality.
142. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their chara cters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.
143. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
144. narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
145. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their chara cters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.
146. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
147. narrator‖s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thin king.
148. free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their chara cters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.
149. direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..
150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,progr ams,etc.
术语4
151. computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of comput ers and computer software.
152. computer linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.
153. Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.
154. programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.
155. local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.The y offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and ex perience with target language.
156. CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored o n one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly an d efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.
157. machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from on e language to another.
158. concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perha ps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usual ly in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of th e word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.
159. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain tex t,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,
160. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain te xt,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.
161. informational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the t ype of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not infor(i.e.change the kn owledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)an d whereabouts of documents relating to his request.
162. document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,bet ween documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information re trieval.
163. precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.
164. recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.
165. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc
166. communicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in puttin g language to communicative use.
167. syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.
168. interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who a re still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and t
he learner’s native language.
169. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the tw o languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different i n structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.
170. validity: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four kin ds of validity,i.e.content validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.
171. rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability,i.e.stability reliability ,and equiralence reliability.
172. hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both frequency,i.e.overp assing the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target,i.e.extending the use of a form i nalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],ext ending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.
173. discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
174. integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into in dividual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
音节syllable
字母alphabet
语言中的歧异现象ambiguity
发音pronunciation
广东话Cantonese
元音vowel
辅音consonant
声调tone
声调语言tone language
韵律rhyme
押韵（v）rhyme
节奏rhythm
语调intonation
语音speech of sound
词汇lexicon
语法grammar
构词法word-building/-formation
形态变化morphological change
语素morpheme
声带vocal cords
发音器官organs of speech
呼吸器官respiratory organs
音标phonetic alphabet
汉语拼音
Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
音位phoneme
属性attribute
发音articulation
甲骨文oracle bone inscriptions 笔画stroke
部首character component
表意文字ideograph
象形文字pictograph
实词notional word
名词noun
动词verb
形容词adjective
副词adverb
代词pronoun
虚词function word
连词conjunction
语气词mood word
介词preposition
叹词interjection
助词auxiliary word
情态动词modal verb
主语subject
宾语object
定语attribute
补语complement
谓语predicate
表语predicative
状语adverbial
修饰语modifier
同义词synonym
反义词antonym
词组word group
时态tense
专有名词proper noun
专业术语register
语境context
词尾ending
后缀suffix
前缀infix
本义original meaning
基本义basic meaning
引申义extended meaning
成语set phrase / idiom
方言dialect
句法学Syntax
语义学Semantics
语用学Pragmatics
应用语言学Applied linguistics 任意性arbitrary / arbitrariness 能产性productivity
二重性duality
移位性displacement
创造性creativity
软腭soft palate
硬腭hard palate
齿龈teeth ridge
气流air stream
重音stress
注音（v）annotate
词根root
词干stem
词序word order
索绪尔Saussure
Course in General Linguistics 言语活动language
言语parole
语言langue
语言能力competence
言语行为performance
洪堡德
（Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt）孤立语isolating language
黏着语agglutinative language 屈折语inflectional language
施来赫尔（A Schleicher）
葆朴（F Bopp）
格林兄弟
（Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm）民俗学folklore
字character
词word
句子sentence
注释note
练习exercise
作业assignment
书写规则the rule of writing
短文passage
语速speech tempo
课件courseware
教学目标teaching objective
教学步骤teaching procedure
分班考试placement test
中介语interlanguage
对比分析contrastive analysis
偏误分析Error analysis
正迁移positive transfer
负迁移negative transfer
语言习得Language Acquisition 目的语Target Language
第二语言Second Language
结构主义Structuralism
行为主义Behaviorism
言语行为理论
speech act theory
会话原则
principle of conversation
会话含义
conversational implication utterance meaning
准则maxim
意义扩大widening of meaning 意义缩小narrowing of meaning 意义改变meaning shift
语言习得装置LAD Language acquisition device
文学类
创作方法method of creation
基本特征essential features
世界观world outlook
文学风格literary style
思想感情emotional feeling
现实主义Realism
浪漫主义Romanticism
古典主义Classicism
文学鉴赏literary appreciation appreciation of literature
文学批评literary criticism
文学理论literary theory
文学流派schools of literature 语言艺术linguistic arts
文学作品literary works
叙事诗narrative poetry
抒情诗lyric poetry
杂文essay
长篇小说novel
中篇小说medium-length novel 短篇小说short story
诗歌poetry
散文prose
戏剧drama
悲剧tragedy
喜剧comedy
正剧（严肃剧）solemn drama 话剧stage play
文学剧本literary script
蒙太奇montage
当代文学contemporary
文化遗产literary heritage
出版publication
调节regulation
知识分子intellectual
学历educational background 定义definition
对应的corresponding
创新意识
creative consciousness
文学界literary circle
文学潮流literary trend
个人价值individual value
文艺复兴Renaissance
启蒙运动Enlightenment
人本主义humanism
英雄主义heroism
生命意识sense of life
文学成就literary achievement 传说legend
想象力imagination
人权human right
文学色彩literary flavor
表现手法
technique of expression
超自然的力量
supernatural power
史诗epic
坚强的意志strong will
基调keynote
历史剧historical play
时间time
地点site
主题theme
鲜明的形象distinctive image 性格character
特征characteristic
美学价值aesthetic value
夸张exaggeration
对比contrast
民间文学folk literature
社会地位social status
汉学Sinology
宗教信仰religion
崇拜worship
道教Taoism
孔子Confucius
儒家的Confucian
迷信superstition
神话mythology
皇帝emperor
黄帝Yellow Emperor
等级制度hierarchy
禁忌taboo
孝顺filial duty
编年史annals
断代史dynastic history
朝代dynasty
片名title
原著original version
对白dialogue
字幕subtitle
镜头take
片段clip
画面picture
专业speciality / major
书法calligraphy
押韵（v）be in rhyme
范畴category
Analytical thinking
四大名著Four Classis
〈水浒传〉
Outlaws of the Marsh
〈红楼梦〉
The Dream of Red Chamber
〈三国演义〉
Three Kingdoms
〈西游记〉
The Journey the West
元曲〈赵氏孤儿〉
Zhao’s Orphan
〈中国孤儿〉伏尔泰
Chinese Orphan
〈论语〉
The Analects of Confucius
〈诗经〉The Book of Songs
〈孟子〉Mencius
唐传奇Tales of marvel
康德Kant
马克思Marx
恩格斯Engels
歌德Goethe
（浮士德Faust ）
贝多芬Beethoven
海顿Hayden
舒曼Schumann
黑格尔Hegel
语言学方面的
writing system书写系统word order 词序word segmentation分词word set 词集
word segmentation unit 分词单位 [切词单位]word segmentation standard for Chinese 中文分词规范voice recognition 声音辨识 [语音识别]vowel 元音vowel harmony 元音和谐 [元音和谐]
verb 动词verb phrase 动词组 [动词短语]verb resultative compound 动补复合词
verbal association 词语联想甲骨文 oracle bone inscriptions
verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话
V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构accent 口音/{Phonetics}重音
Universal Grammar 普遍性语法transformation 变形 [转换]
Transformational Grammar 变形语法 [转换语法] nested structure 崁套结构
tone 音调tone language 音调语言text understanding 文本理解text analyzing 文本分析
text coherence 文本一致性synonym 同义词syntactic category 句法类别 syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律 [句法规则] structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义stem 词干
stop 爆破音social context 社会环境simple word 单纯词situation 情境sememe 意素phoneme 音素
punctuation 标点符号part of speech (POS) 词类particle 语助词phrase 词组 [短语] phonemic stratum 音素层rhetorical structure 修辞结构rhetorics 修辞学proper name 专有名词polysemy 多义性postposition 方位词negative sentence 否定句multilingual translation 多语翻译Morphology 构词学Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法 [蒙塔格语法]mood 语气morpheme 词素morphological affix 构词词缀modal 情态词modal auxiliary 情态助动词modal logic 情态逻辑modifier 修饰语metaphor 隐喻
M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构locution 惯用语linguistic unit 语言单位loan 外来语
lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical category 词类LAD (language acquisition device) 语言习得装置language acquisition 语言习得intonation 语调interlingua 中介语言interlingual 中介语(的）innateness position 语法天生假说inflection/inflexion 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀
indirect object 间接宾语immediate constituent 直接成份imperative 祈使句homograph 同形异义词homonym 同音异义词homophone 同音词homophony 同音异义free morpheme 自由语素
duration 音长{语音学}/时段{语法学/语意学} disambiguation 消除歧义 [歧义消除]discourse 篇章complement 补语checked 受阻的antonym 反义词apposition 同位语ambiguity 歧义
ambiguity resolution 歧义消解affirmative 肯定（的；式）abbreviation 缩写 [省略语]
教你如何学习英语
回顾一下我英语学习的历程,对我影响比较大的学习方法主要是李阳.克立兹的疯狂突破和钟道隆的逆向法.当然还有一些其他的方法,象翱翔英语,武藏式英语(以前看的一本日本人自学英语的书)等等,但都没有前两种来的深刻.所以我想这里和大家主要介绍一下这两种: 李阳老师的疯狂英语我想大家应该都已经比较熟悉了吧.我呢,自己就是亲善大使,所以对这套方法是比较了解的.应该说,在我接触李阳.克立兹之前,我的英语学习方法是出于一种完全混沌的状态,完全是学校里传统的学习方式,那时虽然我日夜苦读,可是总感觉英语水平没有什么实质性的突破,当时我还在考上外的英语自学考试,又不敢放松,就觉得阅读还过得去,口语和听力几乎是零.当时的确是处于一种极其痛苦的徘徊状态.有多少次要放弃学习英语的念头连我自己都数不清了.后来一次看报的时候读到了李阳.克立兹的介绍,大概是道出了我学习英语的痛苦吧,共鸣感极其强烈.当下就汇款邮了两本教材,当时收到教材后简直是如获至宝,把两本黑白小册子都快翻烂了,几乎每天都要读上一遍,18张卡片上的内容真的重复了有一百遍之多,当时每张卡片上的每一句话都能脱口而出,后来我在公司里第一次作翻译的时候,才真正感到卡片上句子看似简单,但在实际生活中出现的频率是很高的. 李阳.克立兹这两年的运作应该说是比较成功的,全国很多英语学习者都有所耳闻,很多人也从中受益不少.现在也有不少人指责李阳.克立兹是一种商业炒作,华而不实.我想作为一名使用者在这里谈谈我的一些看法: 首先我认为李阳.克立兹的疯狂英语并不能称之为一套绝对理想的,完整的学习方法.李阳在教材里的有些话的确是有些言过其实的.但我觉得我们并不能因为他的不甚完整就全盘否定,视而不见他优秀的,发光的地方.应该说每一种学习方法都有其优缺点,我们应该用自己的头脑取长补短,真对自己的实际情况对症下药.我觉得把李阳.克立兹理解成是一种突破口,一种突破方法是很合适的,尤其是在口语方面.李阳老师所提出的"三最口腔训练","一口气训练法"等等,我都进行了刻苦认真的练习,应该说效果还是很明显的,的确使自己在说英语时嘴巴顺溜多了.的确,一些基本句型的熟练掌握对自己英语的基本功和学习的信心都有很大的帮助.我希望想真正掌握英语的朋友们要下决心,下死心把这些基本句型倒背如流,这些句型其实拿起市面上随便一本口语教材就以足够了.很多朋友看不起这些简单的口语句型,总喜欢买些动辄五六十元的高级某某某教材,买好以后看了没几页又找个自我开脱的理由束之高阁.写到这里使我想起我一直想说出来的话,也许得罪了不少朋友:中国的学生学英语太急功近利了.在我以前的推广过程中,很多朋友问我的第一句话就是:要多长时间才能学会哪?我就告诉大家:One year is enough.可是现在我就不这么说了,我总是问他们:你的中文怎么样?回想一下,你的中文学了多少年?到了什么水平呢?我们绝大对数的中国人的汉语水平也就是看看报纸,交流交流,又有几个人能写出漂亮的文章呢?有时我看到邻家上一年级的小女孩在认真的一个字一个字的拼写,用每个生词造句联句,这么一干就是四五年的时间,到了小学毕业,好!总算可以写上一篇"小豆腐干"文章了,不知道现在读我这篇文章的朋友们是否还保存着自己那时的文章,有的话拿出来看看,一定会哑然失笑的.那不算!有的朋友说我们那时还是小孩吗!学习能力有限嘛!那好!在这以后的几年,几十年里我们和汉语朝夕相处,每天都在吸收新的信息,在座的各位又有几位敢拍拍胸脯说:我的中文成功了,我说的汉语漂亮极了.我能用中文随手写出漂亮的文章!至少我自己是绝不敢这么crazy的.另外可别忘了,所有这些都是我们在无比优越的纯中文环境下的学习成果.说到这里,我们再想一想英语的学习吧!我不是在给大家泼冷水,打击大家学习英语的冲天信心.我自己也一直在想:我们要有crazy的精神,crazy的方法,但我们不能有crazy的幻想.尤其是违背客观规律的crazy.所以我碰到的所有英语教授,讲师都在苦口婆心的告诉我:学好一门外语是一辈子的事情!这个道理我也是最近一两年才领
我是这样学英语的
我是这样学英语的 在幼儿园时，英语对我来说是一年难得听到的“高级词汇”；上小学后，英语意味着 一周一节课“A.B.C.D.Hello.Bye-bye”的练习，而我真正地去了解它、学习它、热爱它，已是在六年级毕业后一次暑期英语培训的后话了。 我所在的县城之英语多年来戴着“哑巴英语”的枷锁，而这种僵局被我的第一位系统 教授英语的老师廖代铭打破了。2002年的暑假，廖老师开办了我县第一个“剑桥少儿英语”培训班，同时也首次采用了纯英语教学的模式。在对此机构作了了解后，我幸运地成为了 他们其中的一员，通过近一个月全日制的培训，我认识到了英语学习的重要性，并且对这 种寓教娱乐的纯英语教学方式产生极大的热情，正是这种客观上的认识和主观上的兴趣一 直激励着我不懈地学习。 上初中后，尽管时间紧，节奏快，但是为了学到一口地道的英语口语和锻炼英语思维，我仍然坚持利用课余时间在廖氏外语学校学习英语。当时学习负担重，还要学电子琴、声乐，但是如无特殊情况，我决不缺席。学习英语对我本身来说是一种享受异地文化风情的 过程，同时也使自己身心愉快、放松。所以我总是让自己在课堂上充满活力，尽量抢机会 表达、对话、练习，我也因此成为班上最talkative的person。虽然觉得对不起同窗，但“Justonechance,catchitandbecomethewinner!”. 就这样，两年的时间我学习了《剑桥少儿英语系列》并于2020年暑假开始学习《澳 大利亚中学英语》。这是一个挑战，也是一个机遇。刚开始学习时是咬着牙读的。――一 篇长的说明文上生词生句型比比皆是，感觉基本上是从初一过渡到高一的难度，但是当我 的第一堂剑桥英语课上，老师讲的一句话索绕在耳旁时，我又鼓起勇气，坚强面 对――Tryyourbest.慢慢地，英语学习就变得得心应手了，当我再面对一长串不认识的单词、句型也不会瑟瑟发抖了。 另外，在两年多的英语学习中，由于经常参加主持廖氏外语学校以及母校太和中学组 织的各类英语表演活动，能力上也有了较大的提高，还因此悟出了学英语的不二法 门――Showoff!Don’t beshy. 总之，两年多的英语学习只是一个开头，并且将永无结尾。我的成功得益于两大名师――廖氏外语学校廖老师及太和中学邓光玉老师的悉心指导。当然也离不开老爸老妈的 支持和其它各科老师的精神援助。任何一个开头是一个结束，一个结束也是一个开头，就 让我们在开头与结束的交错中，漫游英语王国吧！ 感谢您的阅读。
英语学习材料大全
英语教学改革方案 一、指导思想 实施新课标理念先行，教师们的教育教学观念发生了显著的转变，以创新教育为主的素质教育替代了以往的传统教育，符合当今发展的潮流。在学校的引导和鼓励下，认真学习新课标理论，学习新课程与旧课程的区别以及其特点，并且在学习过程中渐渐地树立起新课标的理念，认识到新课程和旧课程最根本的区别在于理念。在课堂教学的改革中促进教师的专业发展和学生的能力发展，提高课堂教学效率，形成我校课堂教学特色，推进素质教育。 在教务处组织及学校改革基础上，英语组在共同商讨的前提下制定此方案。 二、总体要求 全体师生必须高度统一思想，提高认识，坚定不移地树立以人为本、关注生命的教育理念，彻底开放课堂，群体参与，师生互动，教学相长，切实做到课堂气氛和谐，学习环境宽松，使学生自主参与，发挥特长，张扬个性。实现“课堂活，教学实，师生动，能力强，质量高”的目标。 三、具体实施 1、反思改革前本校老师的英语教学行为。 进行任何教学改革之前，最主要的是要清楚地了解，本校老师的优势是什么，劣势在哪里？之前的课堂有什么值得推广的地方，而又有什么需要改进的？这样才能更好的进行改革，而不是一味地照搬？纵观现在大部分学校的英语老师，优势都是年轻教师居多，具有活力、
亲和力。大部分口语都比较流利、标准，而且课堂创新能力比较强。而在英语课堂的表现基本上就是比较活跃，英语氛围浓郁，师生互动良好，学生乐学、好学，给学生学习口语营造了良好的学习氛围。劣势就是太年轻，经验不足，所以在课堂上的表现就是不够深入和扎实，基本上教教材的居多，能根据学生情况，学校要求开拓教材，灵活运用教材的较少。以至于学生学习的知识局限性较强，使用不够，运用不灵活。 2、如何有效地开展新一轮的改革？ 了解了本校英语教学优劣势之后，接下来就要有计划、有目的地进行改革。我们基本上是从以下几方面进行：a、学习准备阶段。要组织老师学习教学改革理论，充分理解教学改革的理念和方法。要在组内针对课改的实施进行讨论、研究，并最终制定出适合我校实际情况的改革的方案和制度。b、开展试点阶段。重点打造实验教师，实现实验教师的课堂转变，以点带面初步构建新的课堂教学模式。c、实施阶段，全面铺开。利用赛课的形式，进行听课、评课活动，教研组要在评课过程中，解决教学过程中存在的问题。研究的问题要细化到课堂中的每一个环节、每一句话、每一个细节。d、总结夯实阶段。通过赛课、学习、培训、评价，不断总结不足，为下学期继续提升课堂打下基础。 3、善于总结做得好的方面和存在的问题： 教学改革就是一个不断思考，不断实践，不断反思，再实践的过程，所以要善于总结、反思，才能更好地为教学改革服务。结合我校
应该怎样学习英语
应该怎样学习英语 篇一：学习英语的要决 当我们意识到有必要学会英语，并且下决心去攻克这个难关时，我们就一定要： 1、投资我们的时间和心智。我们并不傻，有足够的智慧和大脑空间来消化储存那些ABCD。别人能学会，我们也能学会，只要我们善于投资自己的时间。上帝赋于我们每日24小时，上班8小时，睡觉7小时，三餐饭2小时，莫名其妙kill2小时，无论如何应有1小时来学习。越忙的人，越有时间做事；越闲越懒散的人，越找不到时间来做事。 2、要从心底滋生出一种对英语的喜爱之情。把学英语当成一个开心而愉快的美差，而不是硬着头皮、头悬梁、锥刺骨的苦力。因此，先要从简单的入手，找一本好教材或一本故事书（生词量不超过30%）悉心研读，默识揣摸，就会有收获感，尝到甜头，进而信心更足。如开始就啃一本词汇量太大，没有词典看不下去的书，只会扼杀学习兴趣，降低情绪，最终放弃。 3、要有自我约束力，且称之为“心力”吧。“春来不是读书天，夏日炎炎正好眠，秋来蚊虫冬又冷，背起书包待明年。”总有一些理由不学习。这样下去，我们的英语之树永远长不大。古人云：“人静而后安，安而能后定，定而能后慧，慧而能后悟，悟而能后得。”很有道理。在四川大足佛教石刻艺术中，有一组
大型佛雕《牧牛图》，描绘了一个牧童和牛由斗争、对抗到逐渐融合、协调，最后合而为一的故事。佛祖说：“人的心魔难伏，就象牛一样，私心杂念太多太多；修行者就要象牧童，修炼他们，驯服他们，以完美自已的人生。”我们学英语也一样，要能够驯服那些影响我们学习的大牛、小牛，抵制各种诱惑，集中精力，专心学习。 4、要有信心。英语不过是表达思想的一种工具、一种说话习惯而已。我们要坚信，只要有投入，有付出，就会有收获。绝不会“付出的爱收不回。” 5、要有实际行动。一个真正的马拉松运动员绝不会空等奥林匹克金牌从天下掉下来，现在就行动起来。 6、要有连续性、持续性。学英语是一个漫长的过程，走走停停便难有成就。比如烧开水，在烧到80度时停下来，等水冷了又烧，没烧开又停，如此周而复始，又费精力又费电，很难喝到水。学英语要一鼓作气。天天坚持，在完全忘记之前及时复习、加深印象，如此反复，直至形成永久性记忆。如果等到忘记了再来复习，就象又学新知识一样，那么，我们就永远是初学者，虽然在辛辛苦苦地烧开水，却难品味到其甘润。 篇二：我发现了学习英语的窍门 在六年的学习生活中，我发现了一个学习英语的窍门。
英语学习材料
安岳中学高2019级英语学习资料 时间: 2.28 班级：： 一、晨读早记每日半小时英语朗读（以必修二课文阅读材料为主） A.每日金句： Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world. A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations. Automobiles,trains,planes and buses need energy , too. Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels. This burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air,causing air pollution. 空气污染是现代世界的主要问题之一。现代工业国家的工厂运转需要大量能源。汽车，火车，飞机和公共汽车也需要能源。几乎所有这些能源都是燃烧产生的燃烧产生废物，其中一些残留在空气中，造成空气污染。 B. 佳篇欣赏：抗击肺炎英文励志佳篇 开校第一堂课，齐声背诵 We are facing a darktime right now. Some of us are stuck at home. Some of us are stuck far away from home. Some of us have lost their jobs And some have to shut down their businesses. Some of us are cutting down their expense. And some can’t even pay their rent and bills. Some can’t go back to school and some can’t go back to their jobs.And some of us are still working day and night, no matter how exhausted they are or how dangerous it is. Some of us have become infected and they were isolated from their families, their loved ones and have to be alone in the wards. Or even worse, it is their children, parents or loved ones that are infected. And they don’t even have a chan ce to say goodbye. The virus is rampaging. The numbers are increasing.
《学英语》报
《学英语》报大学周刊 ·出版周期：周刊 ·国内统一刊号：CN14-0702（F） ·中国大学生第一份有声中英文报纸 ·中国高校报刊第一品牌 ·全国外语教辅类报纸质检第一名 ·主管单位：山西省教育厅 ·主办单位：山西教育教辅传媒集团 我们历经变革，以智行商，如今矗立于教辅行业之巅；我们严于律己，精益求精，精品意识植根于每个人的心田；我们合纵连横，诚信兴业，始终致力服务于中国教育事业。 《学英语》报大学周刊是由学英语报社于2006年推出的面向全国大学生读者发行的中英文读物。 《学英语》报大学周刊以“中国大学生第一份有声中英文报纸”为核心特色，集知识性、辅导性和娱乐性为一体。 目前，本刊在全国拥有超过100万大学生读者。本刊在提供丰富优质的英文学习资源的基础上，详细解析英语四级真题和PETS3（公共英语三级考试）和AB级考试，精心设计模拟题，同时设有与大学成长相关的中文版块，以满足大学生学习、生活、成长的需要。 本刊力求“丰富的内容、优质的稿源、精美的设计”，真正做到名家专家出精品报纸。 《学英语》报大学周刊采用4开彩色印刷，国内标准刊号为CN14-0702/F内容设有：科学与自然、影视欣赏、文化之旅、学海导航、体育与娱乐、社会广角、四、六级真题演练和模拟训练、四、六级高分策略、经典美文、财富人物、心灵空间、新大学时代等栏目。 “天行健，君子以自强不息。地势坤，君子以厚德载物”，在新世纪的征途上，学英语人将一如既往地不断拼搏、锐意创新，力争把《学英语》打造成全国领先的集教学、教研、培训、出版为一体的现代教育传媒产业基地。 传播知识，传递情感，“学英语”依然持之以恒！ 理想?真诚?超越，“学英语”未来更加辉煌！
趣味方法教你更快学英语
趣味方法教你更快学英语 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《趣味方法教你更快学英语》的内容，具体内容：同学们肯定对自己喜欢的东西会比较感兴趣，主动去学习它，所以，有趣的学习英语学习可以让你更快上手英语!下面是我为您收集整理的，供大家参考!找到英语广播台或播客。现在有... 同学们肯定对自己喜欢的东西会比较感兴趣，主动去学习它，所以，有趣的学习英语学习可以让你更快上手英语!下面是我为您收集整理的，供大家参考! 找到英语广播台或播客。现在有无数的播客提供各类话题：娱乐，政治，新闻。搜寻的最佳方式就是从你经常看的电视频道找一个出来。挑一个你感兴趣的，开车的时候听一听。耳朵的本事就这么慢慢锻炼出来啦. 找最热的视频至少看几分钟。大部分都非常搞笑!绝对值得一看。再试着看看下面的评论，找出你不是很熟悉的单词或者句子，但也别忘了底下的评论也有写恶搞。 用英语和自己对话唱歌。一个人在家，或洗澡的时候，和自己说话把!或是对自己唱一首英语歌，谈谈天气或其他的话题。经常这样做，你的发音绝对会有意想不到的提高的。 你有膜拜的英语大神么?去看看他所有的英文访谈吧!你可以花很多时 间来看这些访谈，绝对不会让你有学习的感觉，但这真的是一种学习哦!能大大帮助到你。
最有趣的英语学习 公车上或公园里，不妨坐的离老外近一点，听一听呀!放心这绝对不是偷听!但是看看你能听懂多上词语，听一下对话的进程。你能理解多少?他们大概在谈论什么话题?你听到什么有趣的词让你有回家翻字典的冲动么? 关注一些榜单，标识，广告，售报亭和企业名称。看看想想这些广告的含义。哪些词你是认识的?你还在哪里看到这个词?用看到的词造个句呗。爱音乐?研究下你喜欢歌曲的歌词。在You Tube上看看翻译版本能扩大词汇量。再听不带字幕的版本，试着找到被删掉的不文明词汇。哈哈，真的很有意思哦。 看英语原声的电视片段，剧集和肥皂剧。不明白他们在说什么其实没关系，看就是了!试着去理解什么搞笑什么煽情。如果这个笑话和单词有关，那么也许在你的母语中并没有那么好笑，。那怎么翻译才最到位呢? 和英语国家的朋友在社交网络上交谈。如果你的好友名单里有英语国家的朋友，你会看到他们每天的签名更新，更能了解用英语表达出他们国家的一些新闻和时事视频。朋友也可以是你的老师!他们的状态更新就是你最好的学习资料。 说出来说出来说出来。无论你多么内向，英语多烂，逼着自己去说。帮助看似迷路的外国游客。只要是在帮忙，他们不介意你英语的好坏!课后和老师谈谈近况，以及需要得到英语学习方面什么样的帮助。旅游的时候，用英语问一下路，哪怕并不需要!试试用英语网购，手机购物货使用客户服务!说的慢没关系，关键在于你是在学习!
英语材料
英译汉 1、The world of fashion began with individual couturiers and evolved, as a result of the Industrial Revolution ,into a mass-market industry. 时装业最初起源于个体高级时装设计师，后来由于工业革命，发展成现在的大规模经营的产业。 2、During the early 19th century ,the opulent designs that dominated the wardrobes of the rich began to disappear; less elaborate dress became the order of the day. 到了19世纪早期，曾经操纵富人衣柜的豪华设计逐渐消失；而相对简单的女装开始大行其道。 3、During this time, the Western world witnessed the growth of the middle class, which prospered from new avenues and industry, and spend money on such luxuries as fine clothing. 这一时期，中产阶级在西方世界兴起，他们通过做生意和办企业发家致富，并且愿意花钱买高级服装。 4、Because of the competitive advantage these inventions gave to manufacturers, England was very protective of its discoveries, and forbade the emigration of textile workers and the exportation of its textile machines. 由于这些发明使得英国的生产商具有巨大的竞争优势，因此英国政府积极保护这些发明，禁止纺织工人移民他国和纺织机械的出口。 5、With this invention ,women began to sew professional-looking clothes at home ,and factories experienced the birth of ready-to-wear apparel. 缝纫机的发明使得妇女在家就可以缝制出向专业人员制作的服装，现代成衣业也由此诞生了。 6、Although globally renowned designers are still crowding the runway with outrageous styles at prices that only a few can afford, new designers are showing fashions that reflect what is taking place on the streets, in the political arenas, in the entertainment field, and in movements to protect the environment 尽管世界的顶级设计师仍然使得T台上充斥着只有少数人可以承受的、价格不菲的高级时装样式，但是新一代的设计师却开始展示反映街头时尚。反映政治界。娱乐界的风云变幻，甚至是环保运动的时装。 7、Although we are taught that we should not judge others by their appearance alone, relying on appearance to guide personal decisions and social interactions is not only natural, but inescapable. 尽管我们所受的教育是不应单纯的以貌取人，但是凭借外表来对他人进行判断和进行社交不仅是很自然的，而且是不可避免的。 8、Most people would like to improve their appearance with appropriate clothing, by camouflaging their less desirable attributes and highlighting the more attractive aspects of their bodies. 多数人喜欢通过选择合适的着装来改善自己的外貌形象，掩饰自己身体不尽如人意的地方，并且彰显自身的优势。 9、One school of though is that“beauty is in the eye of the beholder”,that individual attra ction is a result of personal experience, cultural background and specific circumstances. 一种思想流派认为“情人眼里出西施”，也就是说，所谓“个人的吸引力”是一个人的经历、文化背景以及特殊的环境因素综合作用的结果。 10、Ancient Greeks believed that the world is beautiful because there is a certain measure, proportion, order and harmony between its elements. 古代希腊人认为，世界之所以是美的，是由于组成它的各个部分之间存在着某种尺寸标准、比例、秩序与和谐。 11、There is also a greater difference in the depth ratios from front to back in the female figure than there is in the male with respect to bust/waist and waist/hip relationships. 在胸围/腰围比例，以及腰围/臀围比例方面，男性与女性的身体存在着很大的不同。女性身体的厚度要比男性大。 12、The appearance of the clothed body is a perception of the viewer(whether of the wearers themselves or others)in a social and climatic context. 着装的身体外观是出于一定社会和风气中观察者的直觉表现。这一点无论对于穿着者本身还是其他人而言都是一样的。 13、Information on color trends for the coming season usually comes form fiber companies and professional color services like Pat Tunskey 。 有关下一季的色彩流行趋势的信息，通常来自于纤维公司和像Pat Tunskey这样的专业色彩服务公司。 14、The refabrications and versions of good bodies from the last season may provide the basic styles or staples of the new line.
外教教你学英语
外教教你学英语 寻找一个学习伙伴 学习英语还要有较大的动力。每次你坐下来学习，无论在家里还是在语言中心，都需要短期动力集中精力读和听。但更需要长期动力，保证每天经常做这样的事情———这是最难的。所以许多人开始学习英语，过一段时间很快就放弃了———我们学习英语不是一个持续的提高过程，而是通过一系列的突然提高以及间隔着似乎没有变化的阶段，这就是所谓“高原效应”。在几个月的学习中，你都可能注意不到英语的巨大提高，在这些时候，学习者最容易失去长期的动力并放弃学习。 Abc360的外教就是你很好的学习伙伴，和地道的外教学英语，怎么会错呢？每天和外教在线一对一上课，只要17分钟，花费也不多，就可以很轻松的提高英语，何乐而不为呢。 避免“高原效应”的好办法是，尽量不要完全一个人学习。如果你不能到语言中心学习，至少你应尝试找一个“学习伙伴”，这样，你们能够互相鼓励和支持。当然，如果能到一个好的语言中心学习就更不错了。 敢于开口 学英语很重要的一点是用来和他人交流，但开口难也是中国人学英语的一大特点。问题出在以下几点： 一是有些人把是否看懂当成学习的标准。拿到一本口语教材，翻开几页一看，都看懂了，就认为太简单了，对自己不合适。其实，练习口语的教材，内容肯定不会难，否则没法操练。看懂不等于会说，把这些你已经学会的东西流利地表达出来，才是口语教材最主要的目标。二是千万不要用汉字来记英语发音。学习一门外语如果发音不过关，始终不会真正掌握一门外语，而且最大的害处是不利于培养对外语的兴趣，影响下一步学习。现在有人把用汉语发音标注英语。 学口语最好的办法，不是做习题，不是背诵，也不是看语法书，而是反复高声朗读课文，这种做法的目的是培养自己的语感，只有具备了语感，才能在做习题时不假思索、下意识地写出正确答案。而且，当你熟练朗读几十篇课文后，很多常用句子会不自觉地脱口而出，所谓的“用外语思维阶段”就会悄然而至。 听不懂也要听 练习听力时，许多人抱怨听不懂，因而丧失了听的乐趣，往往半途而废。其实，即使听不懂也是一种学习，只不过你自己觉察不到而已。虽然暂时听不懂，但你的耳膜已经开始尝试着适应一种新的语言发音，你的大脑在调整频率，准备接受一种新的信息代码，这本身就是一次飞跃。 所以切记：听不懂时，你也在进步。 练习听力，要充分利用心理学上的无意注意，只要一有时间，就要打开录音机播放外语磁带，使自己处于外语的语言环境中，也许你没听清楚说些什么，这不要紧，你可以随便做其他事情，不用去有意听，只要你的周围有外语环境的发音，你的听力就会提高。
怎样学习英语范文
怎样学习英语范文 It is known to all that language learning is not only a kind of knowledge, but a kind of practice.practice makes perfect.in learning a foreign language,marx has set a good example. from the very beginning i spared no pains and paid as much attention as possible to listening, speaking, reading and writing.i read the english stories with great interest and learn to keep english diary every day. now i am able to appreciate english poetry.to meet the demands of present situation i must learn english wellhow to study english? Study english,you do need to use english with speakers who are not teachers of english. this isn＇t easy, since everyone feels constrained speaking english with friends with whom it would be natural to use a shared mother tongue. Joining an english club is a good idea and joining a club with an international membership (where english is in use at least some of the time) is, for many people, even better. if nothing like this is accessible, you might consider what would be involved in getting something going there are four key points to study english: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Firstly, we should be brave to talk with others in english. by doing this, we can improve ore talking and listening skill. Secondly, we should try to listen to all kinds of english programmes as much as possible. in this way, we can gradually improve our pronunciation. Thirdly, we should often read english books. when we come across a new word. we should guess its meaning through the contest first. then look it up in the dictionary to have a check. i thin,, it is a good way of reading. Fourthly, we should practice our writing skills. whenever we have any
材料学专业英语
加工方法拉力强度机械性能 低碳钢或铁基层金属& 镀镍镀黄铜 马氏铁体淬火退火淬火 高温回火应力退火温度– 晶粒取向()及非晶粒取向(硬磁材料 表面处理硬度电镀方法锌镀层质量 表面处理拉伸应变焊接防止生锈 硬度及拉力& 连续铸造法 珠光体单相金属 渗碳体奥氏体软磁硬磁 疲劳测试热膨胀系数比重 化学性能物理性能再结晶 硬化包晶反应包晶合金共晶 临界温度自由度相律 金属间化物固熔体置换型固熔体 米勒指数's 晶体结构金属与合金 金属特性抗腐蚀及耐用& 强度无机非金属燃料电池 新能源 材料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇材料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇编号中文英文 1 合金 2 材料 3 复合材料 4 制备 5 强度 6 力学 7 力学性能 8 复合 9 薄膜 10 基体 11 增强 12 非晶 13 基复合材料 14 纤维 15 纳米 16 金属 17 合成 18 界面 19 颗粒 20 法制备 21 尺寸22 形状 23 烧结 24 磁性 25 断裂 26 聚合物 27 衍射 28 记忆 29 陶瓷 30 磨损 31 表征 32 拉伸 33 形状记忆 34 摩擦 35 碳纤维 36 粉末 37 溶胶 38 凝胶 39 应变 40 性能研究 41 晶粒 42 粒径 43 硬度 44 粒子 45 涂层 46 氧化 47 疲劳 48 组织 49 石墨 50 机械 51 相变 52 冲击 53 形貌 54 有机 55 损伤 56 有限 57 粉体 58 无机 59 电化学 60 梯度 61 多孔 62 树脂 63 扫描电镜 64 晶化 65 记忆合金 66 玻璃 67 退火 68 非晶态 69 溶胶-凝胶 70 蒙脱土 71 样品 72 粒度 73 耐磨 74 韧性 75 介电 76 颗粒增强 77 溅射 78 环氧树脂 79 纳米 80 掺杂 81 拉伸强度 82 阻尼 83 微观结构 84 合金化
英语报纸电子版
Postgrad poisoned by roommate dies A postgraduate student at the medical school of Shanghai Fudan University died Tuesday after drinking water allegedly poisoned by his roommate. Huang Yang, 28, was in his third year at the university. He began violently vomiting and developed a fever after drinking water in his dorm on April 1. He fell into a coma with liver failure after being sent to hospital, according to the university. Initial police investigation on April 11 found that the contents of a water dispenser in Huang's dormitory were contaminated by poisonous compound. But the compound has not yet been identified, police said. Huang's roommate surnamed Lin was identified as a suspect and has been under police custody. Police are continuing to investigate the case . 五十个长大成人的标志(1) Key signs of adulthood are no longer relying on mum and dad for financial decisions, being able to cook an evening meal from scratch and owning a lawn mower according to the Skipton Building Society. Here are the 50 things that prove you are grown-up.1.Having a mortgage 2.Mum and dad no longer make your financial decisions 3.Paying into a pension 4.Conducting a weekly food shop 5.Written a Will 6.Having children 7.Budgeting every month 8.Being able to cook an evening meal from scratch 9.Getting married 10.Having life insurance 11.Recycling 12.Having a savings account 13.Knowing what terms like 'ISA' and 'tracker' mean 14.Watching the news 15.Owning a lawn mower 16.Doing your own washing 17.Taking trips to the local tip 18.Planting flowers 19.Being able to bleed a radiator 20.Having a joint bank account 21.Having a view on politics Editors ：艾琳 陈巧玲 刘丙珍 杨晨露
怎样学好英语的最基础方法
怎样学好英语的最基础 方法 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
怎样学好英语的最基础方法 首先，我们要明白学习英语绝不是看一部动画片，不是一蹴而就的事。要想不下一番苦功夫、不费一点力气就能学好英语，那是绝对办不到的。因此，我们学习英语时，一定要有信心，要有耐心，循序渐进地坚持学习下去，这样才会有收获。 第二，要想学好英语，就得先从听、说入手。课上认真听老师讲，听同学们说，自己积极举手发言，大胆地去讲英语。课下多听录音带，反复练习，尽量模仿正确的语音语调。每天坚持读半个小时的英语。人们常说的“拳不离手，曲不离口”，就是这个道理。 1.第三，要想学好英语，就得有股子韧劲儿。学过的生词和句子一定要记住，真正掌握它，千万别 把希望只放在考前的突击记忆上。期中、期末考试时，成百上千的单词怎么能一下子背下来呢？ 所以，记单词一定要日积月累，备一个小本儿随身携带就更好。比如今天学了10个单词，记住 了7个，其余3个怎么也记不住，这时你就可以把它们记到小本子上。小本子随身带，有空你就掏出来，看它几眼，说它几遍。看的次数多了，说的次数多了，再难记的单词也能记住。当然，记生词最好连句子一块记效果更好，这样记得牢。通过句子记新单词，不但扩大了词汇量，而且还记了单词的用法，真是一举两得。 2.第四，要想学好英语，还要多动脑筋。要采用多种方法、多种形式来巧学巧记。对于一些较难理 解的知识，我们可以把它的核心部分用一两句好记、好上口的话概括起来，进行记忆。比如few 和little的用法同学们常常用错，就可以用以下的话来记忆：“‘字母少的’修饰可数名词； ‘字母多的’修饰不可数名词；有a，就有少数几个，就有一点点；没a，就几乎一点儿也没有 了。” 有的则可以用顺口溜、警句等来帮助记忆。 我好想学好英语能告诉我怎么学可以学的常有人问：学英语有什么诀窍？说老实话，要想掌握 一种语言，在缺乏必要的语言环境的条件下，实在没有什么捷径可走。 概括起来，只有四个字：下苦功夫。我这绝对不是随便说说漂亮话而已。凭我这几年学习英语 的体会，只有日积月累，通过量变，才有可能实现质的飞跃。记得曾经有一段时间，在下了一番苦功夫之后，我仍感到自己的英语水平提高的太慢，于是就故意放松了几天。谁知等到再从新开始学习时，才明显的感觉到自己退步了许多。从那以后，我就给自己制定了这样一条座右铭： “拳不离手，曲不离口”，持之以恒。学好英语，兴趣很重要。正如爱因斯坦所说“兴趣是最好的老师”。学习英语的兴趣大大激发了我的求知欲。有人说，英语水平高是将来找到理想的工作
(完整word版)材料学专业英语分析
加工方法Manufacturing Method 拉力强度Tensile Strength 机械性能Mechanical Properites 低碳钢或铁基层金属Iron & Low Carbon as Base Metal 镀镍Nickel Plated 镀黄铜Brass Plated 马氏铁体淬火Marquenching 退火Annealing 淬火Quenching 高温回火High Temperature Tempering 应力退火温度Stress –relieving Annealing Temperature 晶粒取向(Grain-Oriented)及非晶粒取向(Non-Oriented硬磁材料Hard Magnetic Material 表面处理Surface Finish硬度Hardness 电镀方法Plating type 锌镀层质量Zinc Coating Mass 表面处理Surface Treatment拉伸应变Stretcher Strains焊接Welding 防止生锈Rust Protection 硬度及拉力Hardness & Tensile strength test 连续铸造法Continuous casting process 珠光体Pearlite 单相金属Single Phase Metal Ferrite 渗碳体Cementitle奥氏体Austenite软磁Soft Magnetic硬磁Hard Magnetic 疲劳测试Impact Test热膨胀系数Coefficient of thermal expansion比重Specific gravity 化学性能Chemical Properties物理性能Physical Properties 再结晶Recrystallization 硬化Work Hardening包晶反应Peritectic Reaction包晶合金Peritectic Alloy 共晶Eutectic 临界温度Critical temperature 自由度Degree of freedom相律Phase Rule 金属间化物Intermetallic compound 固熔体Solid solution 置换型固熔体Substitutional type solid solution 米勒指数Mill's Index晶体结构Crystal structure金属与合金Metal and Alloy 金属特性Special metallic featuresStrength抗腐蚀及耐用Corrosion & resistance durability 强度Strengthen 无机非金属inorganic nonmetallic materials 燃料电池fuel cell 新能源new energy resources 材料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇材料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇 编号中文英文 1 合金alloy 2 材料 material 3 复合材料properties 4 制备preparation 5 强度strength 6 力学mechanical 7 力学性能mechanical 8 复合composite 9 薄膜films 10 基体matrix 11 增强reinforced 12 非晶amorphous 13 基复合材料 composites 14 纤维fiber 15 纳米 nanometer 16 金属metal 17 合成 synthesis 18 界面 interface 19 颗粒 particles 20 法制备 prepared 21 尺寸size 22 形状shape 23 烧结 sintering 24 磁性 magnetic 25 断裂 fracture 26 聚合物 polymer 27 衍射 diffraction 28 记忆 memory 29 陶瓷 ceramic 30 磨损wear 31 表征 characterizatio n 32 拉伸tensile 33 形状记忆 memory 34 摩擦 friction 35 碳纤维 carbon 36 粉末 powder 37 溶胶 sol-gel 38 凝胶 sol-gel 39 应变strain 40 性能研究 properties 41 晶粒grain 42 粒径size 43 硬度 hardness 44 粒子 particles 45 涂层 coating 46 氧化 oxidation 47 疲劳 fatigue 48 组织 microstructure