英文翻译方法十二讲
08级第三学期翻译方法十二讲
目录
一、被动语态的翻译 (1)
二、否定句的翻译 (4)
三、比较结构的翻译 (7)
四、定语从句的翻译 (10)
五、名词性从句的翻译 (14)
六、状语从句的翻译 (19)
七、强调和倒装句型的翻译 (21)
八、虚拟语气的翻译 (23)
九、长句的翻译 (26)
十、增译法和减译法 (28)
十一、具体译法和抽象译法 (34)
十二、转性译法 (36)
一、被动语态的翻译
语态是表明句子中谓语与主语之间关系的一种语法手段。相比汉语，英语中被动语态使用范围大、频率高。因此，在翻译时，我们可以根据英语的习惯，从句式和辅助词语两个方面进行语态转换。
1.1译成被动句
英语被动句是由“助动词be + 过去分词”构成，在译成汉语时，除了用“被”表示外，还可以运用其他词语，如“受”、“遭”、“让”、“给”、“由”、“把”、“让”、“为……所”、“加以”、“予以”等。例如：
1) The optimists believe defeat is not their fault: circumstances, bad luck, or other people brought it about. Such people are not bothered by defeat.
乐观主义者相信失败并不是他们的错，环境、运气不佳或其他人都可能造成自己的失败。这些人从不为失败所困扰。
2) When optimists run for office, they are more apt to be elected than pessimists are.
当乐观主义者参加竞选时，他们比悲观主义者更容易当选。
3) Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distance by railroads.
美国人牛肉吃得很多，因为美国有大量的土地可用来养牛，而且牛肉可以由铁路以低廉的价格进行长途运输。
4) Late in November, street lights and store windows are decorated with the traditional Christmas colors of red and green.
11月下旬，街灯和商店的橱窗都用红和绿这两种传统的圣诞节颜色加以装饰。
1.2 译成主动句
英译汉时，不少英语被动句被译成汉语主动句，使句子更符合汉语习惯。例如：
1) Don't be alarmed if your newborn fails to be startled by loud noises or fails to turn toward sound.
如果你的新生儿听到响声并不吃惊，或者没有把头转向发出声音的方向，不必慌张。
2) Here, hold the baby while I fix her blanket. It's all pulled ou t.
来，抱着孩子，我把毯子弄弄好，全都拉散了。
3) When the meal is finished, the guests put their napkins on the table and rise.
吃完饭后，客人们把餐巾放在桌上并起身。
4) The monkeys were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island.
科学家们给猴子白薯，想把它们引到海岛的岸边。
1.3 译成判断句
有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描写，
其作用与系表结构类似，因此，此类句式可翻译成中文的判断句。例如：
1) The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。
2) The first explosive in the world was made and used in China.
世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。
3) He was brought up by his grandmother.
他是由他祖母抚养大的。
4) We are not to be bullied.
我们是不能被欺负的。
1.4 “It+be+past participle+that引导的从句”句型的翻译
A. 不加主语
It is hoped that... 希望……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is said that... 据说……
It is supposed that... 据推测……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...
可以毫不夸张地说……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that... 由此可见……
B. 可增加主语
It is asserted that... 有人主张……
It is believed that... 有人相信（认为）……
It is generally considered
that...
大家认为……
It is well known that...
大家知道（众所周知）……
It will be said that... 有人会说……
It was told that... 有人曾经说……1.5 某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译：
1) This point deserves mentioning.
这一点值得一提。
2) The paper can stand criticizing.
这篇论文经得起推敲。
3) As I passed by, my coat got caught on a nail.
我走过去时，外衣被钉子勾住了。
4) The murder is now under investigation.
这起谋杀案正在调查中。
5) Does your coat require pressing?
你的外衣需要熨烫吗？
6) The noodles are still cooking.
面条还在煮着。
7) This ball-pen writes smoothly.
这支圆珠笔写起来很滑。
二、否定句的翻译
英语的否定结构较为复杂，有一系列表示否定概念的语言规则，无论是在用词、语法，还是在逻辑关系上，英语和汉语的表达习惯都有所差异。因此，在英译汉时，要根据英语否定结构的特点，正确理解原文，才能翻译正确。
1. 全部否定
A．否定词如no one、nobody、nothing、none、neither、nowhere、never等在英语中用于表达全部或完全否定。例如：
1) Nothing that happened in the world of the animals ever escaped his notice.
动物界里发生的任何事都逃不过他的眼睛。
2）None of the birds had heard of this custom but they knew that Tortoise, in spite of his failings in other areas, was a widely traveled man who knew the customs of different peoples.
鸟儿们谁也没听说过这一习俗，但他们知道，尽管乌龟在其他方面不怎么样，他却到过许多地方，知晓不同民族的风俗习惯。
汉译英时，也可使用这些否定词。例如：
1）所有的产品都不受欢迎。
None of the products are popular.
2）她从不买那样的东西。
She'd buy nothing like that.
B. not+any(either 等词)
1) Rest assured, I promise I will not cause you any trouble.
放心吧，我保证不给你们增添任何麻烦。
2) I didn't visit either of the exhibitions.
这两个展览会我都没去参观。
2. 部分否定
A. “all... not...”、“both...not”、“every... not”等句型，可译为“不是每个都……”、“并非全是……”、“未必都是……”等意思。例如：
1) All the answers are not right.
答案未必全对。
2) Both of the substances are not involved in the chemical reaction.
这两种物质并非都参与了化学反应。
B．“not all...”、“not every... ”、“not both...”等句型，可译为“不是所有的……都……”、“不是每个……都……”。例如：
1) Not all people can solve the problem.
不是所有的人都能解决这个问题。
2) Not all the children like swimming.
不是每个孩子都喜欢游泳。
3) Not every bomb has hit its target.
不是每个炸弹都击中目标。
4) We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously.
我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。
C. 主语＋not+all (both，every，always...)，可译为“并不是都……”、“不都……”、“并非总是……”等意思。例如：
1) I don't know both of the students.
这两位同学我并不都认识。
2) He doesn't know everything about me.
他并不了解我的全部情况。
同样，在汉译英时，英语的部分否定可用否定词not 与一些不定代词如all、every、both、many等或副词always、often、quite、usually、entirely、altogether等构成。例如：
1）并非人人能取得这一成就。
Not everyone can make this achievement.
2）来函所询的商品不全是我公司经营的。
Not all the items enquired for in your letter are handled by this corporation.
3）并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。
Not all parents are as informative as you.
3. 双重否定句
双重否定指一个句子中出现两个否定结构，否定之否定，意义表示肯定，其目的是加强语气，或是为了委婉的表达意思。译成汉语时可译成肯定语气，或根据上下文需要译成双重否定。例如：
1) At the very beginning of learning English one can not speak it without making mistakes.
刚开始学英语时，讲英语不可能不犯错误。
2) We are not incapable of carrying out the task.
我们有能力完成这项任务。
汉译英时，可用类似的句型。例如：
1）没有一个地方我们没找过。
Nowhere have we not searched.
2）没有人不抱怨那噪音。
Nobody has not complained about the noise.
4．表示肯定意义的否定句
有些英文原文，形式上使用了某些否定词，但其意义是肯定的，翻译时要注意翻译准确。例如：
1) He wouldn't feel better. 他感觉好极了。
2) I couldn't agree with you more. 我完全赞同你的意见。
3) She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。
4) You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好.
另外，有一些句子看似肯定，却表示否定的意义。如：
1) “Oh come on, this is too important to bet on!”
“得了吧！这么重要的事，怎么能打赌呢!”
2) I have yet to hear Ray's version of what happened.
雷仍未告诉我所发生的事。
3) I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling.
有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。
三、比较结构的翻译
比较结构也是翻译中较为复杂的问题，英语的比较句型有原级、比较级、最高级三种比较形式。
1. 用“as/so... as; the same... as; no more than; no more... than; no less than”等来表示两个具有相同性质或状况的事物
1.1 as/so... as, the same as 与……一样/相同
1)She was as beautiful as she was sweet, and her two sisters were consumed with jealousy.
她既美丽又温柔，两个姐姐为此嫉妒得不得了。
2)The joy of laughing at a funny story is universal, probably as old as language itself.
听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。
1.2 no more than; no more... than 与……一样(不)
1) His grammar is no better than mine.
他的语法同我的一样糟。
2) He's no more fit to be a priest than I am!
他和我一样完全不适合当牧师。
1.3 No less... than/nothing less than 并不劣于，同等
1) The joke is no less funny because it is so often used.
这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。
2) It's nothing less than murder to send such a small group of soldiers out to attack those heavily defended enemy positions.
派这样一小股士兵去攻打那些有重兵把守的敌军阵地无异于叫他们去送死。
注意：在某些情况下“no less than”，可译为“多达，不少于”。
1) There were no less than three officials waiting there.
三名官员至少有三名官员在那里等候。
2) By 1977, the USA was importing no less than 45% of its oil.
到了1977年，美国要进口的石油多达45%。
2. 使用形容词或副词比较级或者其他句式来表示程度有差异的比较结构
1) Obviously some people are more sensitive to humor than others.
显然，有些人对幽默更敏感。
2) Some people have a better sense of humor than others just as some people have more musical talent, mathematical talent, etc. than others.
有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学等才能一样。
请注意一些特色句型：
2.1 more... than 更多……而不是
1) I was more annoyed than worried when he didn't come home.
他没回家时我更多的是生气而不是担心。
2) This is more a war movie than a western.
这应当说是战争片而不是西部片。
注意：“more than”可以表示“超过……”“……多”。如：
Even more to his surprise, he found himself accepting money for the drugs, much more than he'd paid for them.
更叫他吃惊的是，他发现自己还在收他们的钱，比买进时的价格高得多了。
2.2 more and more 越来越……
Pretty soon after that he found he was spending more and more time pushing drugs, and making more and more money at it.
不久以后，他发现自己正投入越来越多的时间非法推销毒品，赚的钱也越来越多。
2.3 “the+比较级+the+比较级”：越……越……
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.
问题越难，我能回答的可能性越小。
2.4 less than: 不到，不足，不太
I) I bought it for less than a dollar.
我买它花了不到一美元。
II) We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day.
那天我们很忙，不太想接待客人。
3. 一些表示最高级别的比较结构的译法
除形容词与副词用“most”或者“-est”形式构成最高级, 翻译时译成“最”之外，还有其他一些隐含的表示最高级的句型，它们往往表示意义上的强调，语气上更为强硬。例如：
3.1 用否定词引导的表示最高级的结构
A)否定词＋so... as...，译作“没有比……更……”或“最……”
1) He never looked so energetic as when he was playing tennis.
他在打网球时显得精力最充沛。
2) No book is so interesting as that which we read last night.
没有比我们昨天读的那本书更有趣的了。
B)否定词＋比较级，译作“没有比……更……”或“最……”
1)You can hardly imagine anyone less ignorant than my son.
你难以想像还有任何人会比我儿子更无知。
2)You could n't be better off, could you? 你现在的日子最滋润，是吧？
C) “could not have”结构，要根据上下文翻译
1) As a headliner, Horace Greeley could not have been bettered.
作为头条新闻的制造者，谁也别想赛过霍莱斯?格里莱。
2) —"Leave me alone!" my father snarled.
—If he had clubbed me over the head, I could not have been more hurt.
“不要吵我！”我父亲喊道。
他就是用棍棒打我头，也不会比这更令我难受。
3.2 as... as any 最……。例如：
The weather here is as agreeable as any in the country.
这里的天气是全国最好的。
四、定语从句的翻译
一、限制性定语从句
定语从句分限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词紧紧相连，与其关系密切，没有它，主句的意义不完整；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开，作为补充性叙述或者说明。在翻译限制性定语从句之前，首先要辨明引导从句的关系代词或副词，
如that，which，when，as，然后要判断由这些词引导的从句所修饰的先行词。限制性定语从句的翻译方法主要有以下几种：
1. 前置法
如果定语从句较为简短，可以把定语从句译成带“的”的定语结构，放在其修饰词之前。例如：
1) Taking inventory of progress and planning further steps can help you cope with the changes that you undergo and the changes that take place in the labor market.
评估一下自己的进步并计划下面的步骤，有助于你应对自己要经历的变化以及劳动力市场的变化。
2) Today, growing numbers of men and women are changing careers or getting second starts in careers that have greater appeal to them.
如今，越来越多的男男女女在变换职业，或者重新开始一份对他们更有吸引力的职业。
3) Law offers us our best hope of overcoming the differences that prevail in the world.
法律使我们最有希望去克服世界上普遍存在的分歧。
2. 后置法
如果定语从句结构复杂，译成汉语时作前置定语会显得太长而且不符合汉语表达习惯。这种情况下，往往可以将定语从句译成后置的并列分句。这样译时，有时需要重复先行词，有时不需要。例如：
1) He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who had independent incomes.
他发出了同情之声，这种同情之声是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。（该句重复了先行词。）
2) They like to work in free environments that allow them to express themselves in a wide variety of media writing, music, drawing, photography in general, any art form.
他们喜欢在自由的环境中工作，使他们能够采用多种不同的媒介，如写作、音乐、绘画、摄影——总而言之，用任何艺术形式——来表现自我。(该句没有重复先行词。)
3) He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.
他居然种出了200个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。（定语从句译成并列分句。）
3. 融合法
由于限制性定语从句与主句关系紧密，有时需要把原句中的主句和定语从句融合在一起，译成一个完整的句子。例如：
1) There was nothing that interested him at the show.
展览会上没有什么东西使他感兴趣。
2) There are social, emotional, and moral considerations in our future that cannot be foreseen.
有一些未来的社会、情感、道德等方面要考虑的因素是无法预见的。
3) Students who fail to think about the implications of their career choices often engage in rationalization (deceiving oneself with self-satisfying but incorrect explanations for one's behavior) or procrastination (putting off or delaying).
有些学生没有考虑到职业抉择会产生的影响，往往采取文过饰非（对自己的行为所作的解释虽能自我满足但却是错误的，以此来欺骗自己）或者拖延（推迟或耽搁）的态度。
4. 转换法
有些限制性定语从句，兼有其他语法结构的功能，如状语从句的功能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、让步或假设等关系。翻译时可以分析原文主句和从句之间的逻辑关系，然后译成相应的汉语。例如：
1) He lived his life apart from the workers on whose skill he depended.
他不跟工人们生活在一起，尽管他依赖他们的技能。（译成让步分句。）
2) He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.
他想写一篇文章，以便能引起公众对这件事的注意。（译成表示目的分句。）
二、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句与主句的关系较为松散，对先行词没有限制作用，只是对先行词或者主句的内容加以补充描写、叙述、解释等。根据非限制性定语从句所表达的意思以及汉语习惯，非限制性定语从句的翻译方法主要有以下几种：
1. 后置翻译法
有些非限制性定语从句与主句只是一种形式上的从属关系，根据它们所表达的意思，翻译时可以译作并列分句，放在先行词后面，这样符合汉语简洁、明了的表达习惯。这样译时，先行词可以重复，也可以不重复。例如：
1) Charlotte Bronte, who wrote Jane Eyre, died in 1855.
夏洛蒂·勃朗特于1855年逝世，她写了《简·爱》一书。
2) The letter contains a number of typing errors, which I must correct.
这封信有很多打字错误，我必须加以纠正。
3) Youths often have a great deal of authority in store-selection decisions, which means that stores must attract them with an effective appeal.
青少年在选择商店上很有决定权，这就意味着商店要拿出有效的招数来吸引他们。
4) When I started looking for a summer job in college I found that the only organization that would hire me (except for restaurants) was Filene's, the big Boston department store that operated a summer branch on Cape Cod, where my family vacationed.
我在大学期间开始寻找暑期工作的时候，我发现除餐馆外惟一愿意雇我的单位是法林百货公司——波士顿的一家大百货公司，它在科德角开了家夏季分店，我的家人就在那儿度假。
2. 前置翻译法
部分非限制性定语从句因为本身比较简短，翻译时可以译成带“的”的前置定语，放在先行词的前面。例如：
1) His new car, for which he paid $20,000, has already had to be repaired.
他花了两万美元买的新车，已经需要修理了。
2) The man, whom we met yesterday, is living near our house.
我们昨天碰到的那人就住在我们家附近。
3) The alarm clock, which my great-grandfather bought, is still in good order.
我曾祖父买的那个闹钟，现在还走得很准。
4) The well-known actor, who had been ill for two years, met thunderous applause when reappearing on the stage.
那位病了两年的著名演员一上台，观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。
3. 译成独立句子
部分非限制性定语从句，翻译时可视上下文将其译成独立的句子。例如：
1) The Queen will visit the town in May, when she will open the new hospital.
女王将于5月访问该城。届时，她将主持那家新医院的开业仪式。
2) ... and I suppose that one of the most celebrated French speakers of English was that actor, Maurice Chevalier, who made a career out of sounding French and who could probably have spoken it with much less of an accent if he had really wanted to.
……我想最著名的说英语的法国人之一是那个叫莫里斯·谢瓦利埃的演员。他靠一口夸张的法语口音成就了一番事业。其实若他愿意，他或许可以不带那么重的口音。
3) Of course, it was different in feudal times, when girls were expected to stay quietly in their homes.
当然，在封建时代就不同了。那时，人们希望女孩能安静地呆在家里。
4) But we do have a few clues—some fingerprints and the ladder, which they must have left behind in their hurry.
但我们的确有一些线索——一些指纹，一架梯子。他们一定是在匆忙之中留下了这些东西。
4. 转换成其他从句
某些非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句相似，也兼有其他从句的性质和功能，翻译时要分析原文主句和从句之间的逻辑关系，然后译成相应的汉语。例如：
1) She insisted on buying the necklace, which she had no use for.
她坚持要买下那条项链，尽管她并不需要。
2) First, we must keep our body and mind healthy and strong, which is the source of energy to endure any kind of strain and hardships in our lives.
首先，我们必须确保身心健康，因为这是一生中承担任何苦难的力量来源。
五、名词性从句的翻译
英语名词性从句主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。汉语不存在类似结构，在翻译此类从句时，可以基本按照英语语序处理。
1. 主语从句
1.1 以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句翻译时按原文顺序翻译，
例如：
1) Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.
他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。
2) How and when human language developed and whether animals such as chimpanzees and gorillas can develop a more elaborate system of communication are issues at present being researched.
人类的语言是什么时候以及以何种方式发展起来的，诸如黑猩猩和大猩猩一类的动物是否会形成一种更加复杂的交流系统，都是现阶段人们研究的课题。
3) What accounts for other's success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious.
别人的成功是源于某种特殊的奥秘或者某种机遇。但成功是很少如此神秘的。
1.2 代词“it”引导的主语从句的翻译方法
这类主语从句翻译时可前可后。例如，
按照主语在前的顺序翻译:
1) It doesn't make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
他参不参加会议没有多大关系。
2) It is good news that our team has won the championship.
我们队得了冠军是好消息。
3) It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.
驾驶员在飞机失事之后还能活着，真是不可思议。
4) It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.
物体在水中比在空气中轻，这是一种常识。
变换顺序，主语从句翻译时被置于句后:
1) It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely.
显然，这种不安的感觉会对人们产生不利的影响。
2) It is certain that technology, especially computer technology, will rule our lives to a greater and greater degree.
可以肯定，技术将越来越多地主宰我们的生活，特别是计算机技术。
3) It was evident that to answer the letter he needed something more than goodwill, ink, and paper.
很显然，要回复这封信，他需要的不只是好意、墨水和纸张。
也可以在翻译时用人称做主语：
1) It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
我从未想到她这么不诚实。
2) It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes.
许多人认为普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些过程相比。
3) It was observed by professors and women students alike that the boys were "taking over" the classroom discussions.
教授们和女生都发现，男孩子正在逐渐“接管”课堂讨论。
4) It was thought that this drug was blown into the bedroom through a tube in the form of
a fine powder which the sleeper breathed in.
人们认为，这种药是被人通过一根管子以细粉的形式吹入卧室，然后被睡着的人吸入的。
2. 宾语从句
2.1 以that, what, how等引导的宾语从句译成汉语时一般不需要改变原文顺序。例如：
1) The groups charge that the Navy's plan violates federal laws that protect animals from being mistreated.
这些组织指控海军的计划违背了保护动物不受虐待的联邦法律。
2) But critics wonder if dolphins can be trusted to guard nuclear weapons.
但是批评家们怀疑海豚是否能担负起守卫核武器的重任。
3) Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 REM without being damaged.
科学家有理由认为一个人能够忍受远远超过0.1雷姆的幅射而不受伤害。
2.2 用“it”作形式宾语
译成汉语时按原文顺序翻译，但“it”不必译出。例如：
1) I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o'clock in the morning.
我向他们讲清楚了，他们必须在上午10时前交论文。
2) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction.
你们都多次听说过, 科学家采用归纳法和演绎法进行工作。
3) He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.
他想当然地认为自己能通过考试。
3．表语从句
英语表语从句翻译成汉语时可以按照原文顺序翻译。例如：
1) And all I know is that my baby doesn't hear a thing.
我只知道我的宝宝什么也听不见。
2) A more serious criticism is that the apes are responding to unconscious cues from their trainers.
更严厉的批评认为，猿猴其实是在对他们的训练员们不自觉的暗示做出反应。
3) One of the reasons that therapy often takes so long is that, once you leave the safety and support of a session, you reenter the world where familiar people elicit the familiar reactions.
治疗往往需要很长的时间，原因之一是，一旦给予你安全保护和帮助的一个疗程结束后，你重新又回到了原来的世界，那儿你的熟人会诱使你重蹈覆辙。
4) The most important part of any therapy is not what you understand or what you talk about, but what you do.
一种疗法的关键不在于你领悟到什么或谈论了什么，而在于你做了什么。
5) That is why the Tortoise's shell is not smooth.
那就是乌龟壳不平整的原因。
6) And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo.
有趣的是，甚至那些信誓旦旦认为这是不可能的人，也因为用了安慰剂而康复了。
4．同位语从句
4.1 同位语从句翻译成汉语时，可按照原文顺序翻译，适当增添某些动词，以使语言流畅。例如：
1) But, until now, there has been no evidence that any bird could make the big leap to associating one sound exclusively with one object or quality.
然而到目前为止，还没有证据显示任何一种鸟已经实现了这一飞跃：把某一个声音只与某种物体或特征联系起来。
2) There are occasional hints that he has grasped even more advanced concepts but Dr Pepperberg is cautious.
偶尔有一些迹象表明它已掌握了更高级的概念，但佩珀伯格博士对此很谨慎。
3) A year later, the father received a letter that one of his lost ships had been found and had arrived filled with merchandise for him.
一年后，父亲收到了一封信，信上说找到了他失踪的一条船，船上满载货物，已经到港。
4) The scientists have been looking for evidence that Alex understands more complicated ideas.
科学家们一直在寻找证据来证明亚历克斯懂得更复杂的概念。
4.2 但在有些情况下，翻译时，同位语从句可以提前。例如：
1) The fact that they are doing more shopping may result in their spending more money in stores they go to.
青少年现在购物更多了，这就会使他们在所光顾的商店里花钱更多。
2) That aspect has to be weighed against the fact that they might not help your career plans.
但这些工作可能无助于你的择业规划，你必须在这两个方面权衡一下。
3) Your abilities count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.
你的能力固然很重要，但是相信自己会成功的信念将影响你能否获得成功。
4.3 增加“即”或“那就是”，或用冒号、破折号分开。
1) This reinforced the idea that anything was possible, that I could do anything I wanted.
这进一步增强了我的想法：世上无难事，只要我想要做的事，我都能够做到。
2) And he stands by his claim that we need dolphins to protect the country.
他坚持自己的主张，那就是：我们需要海豚来保护国家。
3) Most often this advice includes suggestions that we should eat right, exercise, take vitamins and get a pet.
这种忠告经常包括这样的内容：饮食得当，锻炼身体，服用维他命以及养宠物。
六、状语从句的翻译
状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句和结果状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句等类型。状语从句的翻译应注意以下几个方面。
1．语序处理
许多状语从句翻译时，可以按照原文顺序。例如：
1) If twins interest you, Twinsburg will fascinate you.
如果你对双胞胎感兴趣的话，那么双胞胎镇会使你着迷。（条件状语从句）
2) When they were reunited at the age of 39, they discovered a series of striking similarities.
当他们在39岁重逢时，发现了一系列惊人的相同之处。（时间状语从句）
3) Important as they are, genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait.
尽管基因十分重要，但是基因本身决不能完全决定任何一个特点。（让步状语从句）
4) Since psychological traits depend so much upon experience, it is to be expected that they will reflect it.
由于心理特点在很大程度上取决于经历，可想而知心理特点也反映经历。（原因状语从句）
5) Overall, parents in professional families proved most talkative; they made nearly twice as many statements per hour to their kids as working-class parents did and about four times as many as welfare parents.
总体说来，职业家庭的父母最健谈；他们每小时对孩子说的话几乎是工人家庭父母的两倍，是福利救济家庭父母的四倍。（比较状语从句）
另有一些状语从句在翻译时，可将状语从句译出后，位置前移。例如：
1) These cases do not indicate what would happen if these identical individuals were raised separately.
但这些例子并不能说明，如果把这些同卵双胞胎分开抚养会发生什么情况。（条件状语从句）
2) They did not meet again until they were twenty-eight years old.
她们直到28岁才再次相遇。（时间状语从句）
2．转换译法
在不少情况下，要将某种状语从句按照上下文的需要，在翻译时译成其他类型的状语从句，使译文更符合汉语习惯。例如：
小议科技英语翻译技巧
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
十二生肖英语
Personality The Rat is charming and humourous, honest and meticulous. Although they can give good advice, they cannot necessarily decide for themselves. May be power hungry, petty or greedy, Bright, sociable and highly ambitious. A true opportunist to reach the target. Passionate and good to her lover. Yet likes to gamble and spend lavishly. The charm of the Rat personality is as universally known and loved as the Walt Disney character, Mickey Mouse. He could be forthright and honest but in such a disarming manner that you find yourself at a disadvantage.Remarkably easy to get along with, hard working and thrifty, he will be generous only to those he is inordinately fond of, so if you
get an expensive gift from him, you should certainly rate yourself high in his esteem. However, in spite of his penny-pinching ways, he will never be found wanting for admirers as he emits such fantastic appeal. The Rat likes: bargains, Negotiation, Winning, Trust and Gambling. The Rat dislike: Boredom, Timetable, Poverty, Loneliness and Reprimands. Compatible Animals: Dragon, Monkey, Ox Luck rating: Neutral Overall Forecast - It will be a busy year for those belonging to the Rat Zodiac - 2010 will not be as smooth sailing as compared to2009
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
专业英语的翻译技巧
专业英语的翻译技巧 一、概论 1.翻译的标准 我国清末翻译家严复认为翻译的标准：信、达、雅。所谓“信”，就是忠实原作，不任意曲解；所谓“达”，即通顺，流畅；而“雅”，则是文字优美，高雅。由于专业英语本身注重表现技术问题的科学性、逻辑性、正确性和严密性，所以，专业英语的翻译标准更侧重于“信”和“达”（或“顺”）。 【例】The importance of building modern road can not be overestimated in the economic development. 在经济发展中，修建现代化道路的重要性无论怎么估计也不过分。 【例】A novel solution to car which runs out of control into bridge abutments and the like has become popular in North America although not yet in Europe. 对于如何避免汽车在失去控制时撞到墩柱上或别的类似的物体上，已经有了一种新的解决办法。这种办法在北美已普遍使用，然而在欧洲却未能做到这一点。 【例】Grouting of the tendons usually follows the freedom of the ducts from obstruction. 钢束灌浆之前，孔道应畅通无阻。 2.翻译的过程 （1）阅读理解 阅读理解阶段应注意：一是正确地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和习惯用法，二是要准确地理解原文的逻辑关系。 【例】Pavement are classified as “rigid” or “flexible”,depending on how they distribute surface loads. 按照传递表面荷载情况，路面可分为“刚性的”或“柔性的”。 （2）汉语表达 表达阶段的任务就是译者根据其对原文的理解，使用汉语的语言形式恰如其分地表达原作的内容。 【例】Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.
科技英语翻译
形合和意合 1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。 I did not buy good seat for movie last day. 2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。 This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。 She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange. 4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。 Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values. 5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。 It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries. 6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension. 某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压 7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。 8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。 That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use. 英汉句子中心的差异 1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。 It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells. 2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。 It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968. 3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。 There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved. 4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。 I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。 One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes. 7.不努力就不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.
英语翻译训练方法：科技英语的特点与翻译
英语翻译训练方法：科技英语的特点与翻译(1) 任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。"It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don’t think so." "Why not?’ "I don’t want to." “听说有个很好的工作要你去干。” “挺好的工作。” “打算干吗？” “不。” “为什么不干？” “不想干。” 这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子I don’t think so。干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简洁有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes we re large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically in to the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断，就运用了十个形容词，占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。 Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first peri od out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecuti ve game without a loss. 在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。 这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。 The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The f ullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the point er to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter. 从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。 科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构
《科技英语》翻译
Unit 1 Text 科学的方法 解释我们知道的事实是科学家的事情。当他能解释的时候，他选择对照试验。如果他想找到光对于植物的影响，他将会取许多尽可能相像的植物，时而他在阳光下，时而在阴影中，时而在黑暗中，所有的时间保持其他所有的条件（温度，养分）相同。以这种方式，通过保持其他条件恒定，然后只改变光，光对植物的影响能够被清晰的看到。使用控制变量的这种方法与研究铁生锈一定要有一定的湿度和哪种豆类一季的产量最高是不同的。在探究的过程中，科学家发现对于一个现实中增长的数字，他所想的是普通的解释。如果这个解释能持续适应变化的现实，就被称作假设。如果一个假设一直满足着无数实验的测试并且不动摇，它就成为定律。 这个科学中的定律与国家法律是不同的。首先，一个科学定律在任何时候都是需要修改的。当发现一个事实使人感到与该定律应得出的预期结果相矛盾的时候，就会发生这种情况。事实上，有的定律也许不得不被放弃。第二，一个科学定律说“这个可能是这样解释的”或者“这解释了关于它们的众所周知的事实”。但是一个国家的法律说“你必须。。。”或者“你禁止。。。”。科学的定律没有道德上的力量；它既不结合人类的行为，也不被人类的道德支持或反对。科学家总是最欣慰于发现很多现象潜在的解释，表明它证明可能性的变化，没有费周折。通过适当的被安排的决定性的实验，表明了他所拥有的假设的准确性。如果他们的解释是正确的，指出设计用来解答新问题的实验，他们也会很欣慰。科学家的好奇心是永远不会满足的。 证据表明，宇宙的广阔和结构的复杂度正在以一个惊人的速度增长。每一项新的发现说明“已经知道的”和“可以被知道的”之间的差距不但没有缩小，反而还在增大。新鲜的，未开发的领域永远开放着。在19和20世纪，科学知识的迅速增加容易给学生和教师们留下这样的印象——一个问题刚刚阐述，答案就揭晓了。一个更细节化的对于科学历史的研究纠正了“基本发现是在戏剧性的意外中产生的”的印象。甚至是在我们当代，将放射能的发现从对于第一个原子弹的解释之中分离出来不少于五十年。大部分现在能使我们控制疾病开始和持续时间的基础信息已经在一个世纪前被知晓。给出科学发现简洁描述的老师们，容易忘记长期处于的那段困惑、错误的假设、大体的不确定一成不变地领先于对科学事实明确陈述的时期。
十二生肖英文
3.The Chinese zodiac animal signs are the Chinese way of numbering the years. It attributes an animal to each year, according to a 12-year cycle. Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years. At this same time, Chinese nomadic people who lived in northwest china instead used animals to number the years. The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated, and the Chinese zodiac took shape. The 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac are: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog and pig. The meaning of the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make people magnanimous and be of one mind in times of difficulty. Even though the Chinese people now number the years and their age under the Gregorian calendar, they still continue to use the symbolic animals. As long as people know a person's probable age and his symbolic animal, people can infer his exact age and year of birth. 十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的纪年方法。我国自古就有"干支纪年法"，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物记年，两种记年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达、和衷共济。现在，中国人在用公历纪年和计算年龄的同时，仍然习惯用属相纪年和推算年龄。 4.The Rat (子) is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Rat is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 子. Year of the Rat is the leap year. 大鼠（子）是出现在与中国日历相关的中国十二生肖的12年周期的动物之一。鼠的年份与地球分支符号子相关联。大鼠年是闰年。 5.Ranking the first in the Chinese zodiac, rat represents wisdom. Personality traits for the people born in the year of the Rat are intelligent, charming, quick-witted, practical, ambitious, and good at economizing as well as social activities. The weaknesses are that the Rats are likely to be timid, stubborn, wordy, greedy, devious, too eager for power and love to gossip. 排名第一在中国十二生肖，大鼠代表智慧。在大鼠一年出生的人的性格特征是聪明的，迷人的，机智的，实际的，雄心勃勃的，善于节约和社会活动。弱点是，大鼠可能是胆小，固执，冗长，贪婪，迂回，太渴望力量和爱八卦。 6. The Rat person born in the morning can play their perceptual ability well. The shortcoming is lack of perseverance. Once meeting difficulties, they are likely to stop. The Rat person born at noon is usually fond of adventure. While they don’t act rashly but always leave a way open for the future. So they are likely to live a stable life during their lifetime. The Rat people born in the evening usually have an arrogant disposition. Once get a little success, they are easy to show as if nobody on earth could beat him. This personality makes them many enemies and brings many difficulties in their career.早上出生的老鼠可以很好地发挥他们的感知能力。缺点是缺乏坚持。一旦遇到困难，他们很可能会停止 大鼠在中午出生通常喜欢冒险。虽然他们不采取轻率行动，但总是给未来留下一个开放的方式。所以他们可能在他们的一生中生活一个稳定的生活。 在晚上出生的老鼠通常有一个傲慢的性情。一旦得到一点成功，他们很容易显示，好像没有
科技英语翻译教程
第一章概论 1．科技英语翻译的概念 翻译包括口译和笔译。在笔译中，又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻译和应用文翻译等等。翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。因而，翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学，它既带有创造性，又带有科学性，它是用语言表达的一门艺术，是科学性的再创作。随着国际学术交流的日益广泛，科技英语已经受到普遍的重视，掌握一些科技英语的翻译技巧是非常必要的。科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)。作为一种重要的英语文体，与非科技英语文体相比，具有词义多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点，这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的。因此，科技英语的翻译也有别于其他英语文体的翻译。 2. 科技英语翻译的标准及要求 科技英语的语域特征有别于其它语篇体裁.充分认识和把握好科技英语的语体特征,对于研究科技翻译的标准,从而真正实现翻译中的语际意义转换,达到功能对等具有重要意义.综合以上分析,科技英语翻译的标准及要求可定位于以下几方面. (一)准确性 科技英语由于语场,语旨而决定其翻译也有别于其它翻译形式.对于一般翻译,译文必须忠实于原文内容.科技英语翻译除要忠实反映原文内容外,还要确保其信息传递的准确性.科技译文一般不用或很少用"可能","大概"等模棱两可的修饰语言.因此,准确性是科技英语翻译最重要的标准.失去了"准确性",科技翻译就失去了灵魂(许树椿:4MNE).要保证科技译文的准确性,译者必须精心研究原文,充分理解原文,然后用准确流畅的译入语表达. (二)通顺完整性 通顺既包括译文的表达,也包括译文的完整.表达是译者在理解原文的基础上,把所理解的东西用另一种语言阐述的过程.这一过程必须在确切理解原文的前提下进行,并且在尽量保持原文表达形式的同时,必须保证译文合乎译入语的规范,行文尽量通顺流畅,简单明了,让读者一看就懂.此外,在表达过程中,还有一个完整的原则,即译者有责任保证科技信息的完整传达,不得擅自歪曲,篡改,删节或遗漏原文的信息,力求原文和译文保持"事实信息的完整";"语法范畴 的完整";"词义内涵的完整和语句整体的统一". (三)科学性原则 科技文体作为对科学事实及理论的客观描述和阐释,在选词造句上应有其科学性体现.这主要表现在专业术语的翻译上.由于专业术语是科技理论的语言基础,是各学科领域或专业特色的代表,译者在翻译时应潜心研究,广泛查询资料,力求用最准确专业的术语表达.其次在造句上,还应注意使译文逻辑条理清楚明晰,符合技术规范和行业习惯. (四)简明性 由上述对科技语篇的语域分析得知,科技语篇行文严谨规范,文章结构紧凑,重客观事实而反对主观感情色彩的渲染,文风简明平实.因此,翻译时译者应遵循科技语篇的这一文体特点,尽量使用语简洁明快.
英语论文翻译的各种技巧
1.增译法1）抽象名词后加词使其具体化2）增加一个适当的名词。3）增加数量词。4）增加形容词5）不及物动词后增加宾语。6）增加连词。7）增加表示时态的词。8）增加一个适当的动词。9）增加英语中省略的词。10）增加一些适当修饰词语。 2．减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。1) 省略代词。2) 省略冠词。3) 省略连词。4) 省略介词。5) 省略名词。6) 省略动词。 4．分译法: 英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。 5.合译法:和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。 6．反译法:一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。1) 否定译成肯定。2)肯定译成否定。
7.顺序调整法:一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整（例如采用倒译法），使其符合汉语的习惯。9．被动语态翻译法1) 变为汉语的主动形式。2) 被动结构的表化，将其翻译成"是……的"、"由……的"等3) 译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。4) 增添"人们"、"大家等适当的词做汉语译文的主 语。
科技英语 全文翻译
机器人走进千家万户(1) 比尔﹒盖茨 设想一下：在一个新的产业诞生之际, 你目睹见证了这一切！这个产业是在前所未有的新技术基础上发展起来的, 其中包括一些实力雄厚企业销售的高度专业化商务设备, 还有越来越多的新兴公司生产的新奇玩具、为玩具藏家青睐的机巧装置以及其他一些奇特有趣的特殊产品。但同时, 这还是一个缺乏行业标准和平台的产业，且尚不成规模。项目复杂, 进步缓慢, 实际应用更是少之有少。事实上, 尽管对这个产业的未来充满热情和希望,但是没有人能明确地说出什么时间-- 或究竟是否有可能--它能取得关键性的规模发展。但是,若真能实现发展, 那么,它很可能改变整个世界。 当然, 上述描述可算是上世纪70 年代中期计算机产业的写照, 也就在那时, 保罗·艾伦和我成立了微软公司。当时,部分大企业、政府部门和其他一些机构都在使用笨重昂贵的主计算机进行后台运算。知名大学和大型工业实验室的研究人员正试图建造出最基本的构件, 以使信息化时代的到来成为可能。当时因特尔公司刚刚推出他们的8080 微处理器,安他利公司正在销售一款流行电子游戏Pong 。而在一些自发组成的计算机俱乐部里,热忠于此的人们急切地努力探索这种新技术带来的好处究竟是什么。 但当时我脑海中所萦绕的则是更具前瞻性的问题:机器人产业即将作为一项新兴的产业而崛起,其当时的发展同30 年前计算机的发展如出一辙。想想看, 目前汽车组装线上使用的制造型机器人已替代了昔日的主计算机。这个产业其他的典型产品包括可进行外科手术的机器手, 在伊拉克和阿富汗用于路边及地面排雷的侦察机器人, 以及可以进行地板吸尘的家用机器人。电子产品公司还推出了可模仿人类、狗、恐龙等的机器人玩具, 而玩具收藏者们正迫不及待地想要猎取一套乐高公司生产的最新机器人系列玩具。 与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。在2004 年美国国防部进步科技项目大挑战赛上(DARPA) ,产生了第一辆能够在美国加利福尼亚西南的莫哈韦沙漠142 英里的崎岖赛道上自主操控行驶的机器
科技英语翻译答案
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon. 植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape. The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申）The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness. By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics. 这一作用从外表上看来像电容器的放电现象。 一旦离开了地球的引力范围，宇航员又遇到了另一个问题——失重。 科学家们正通过最大限度地减小微观缺陷来制造强度高得多的陶瓷。 Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones. Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller. Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions. 天文学家有证据表明，还有其他一些恒星也可能有黑洞作为伴星。 和普通电池相比，原子电池体积小、重量轻。 晶体管能使原先体积大的设备变得小得多。 The key to the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level. The largest and most expensive products cannot, because of their size, be testable in the factory. Cold rolling enables the operators to produce rolls of accuracy and uniformity, and with a better surface finish. 最大最贵的产品，因为体积大，在该工厂里是不能检验的。 开发新材料的关键在于研究人员不断提高在分子一级上处理物质的能力。 冷轧可使操作工生产出精确度高、均匀度好的轧制件，并具有更好的表面光洁度。 All these factors play a key role in formulation of the model. PCs are not the most stable, and with video editing you have to be extra careful. This method makes it easy to identify the various components. 在拟订模型时，所有这些因素都将起到关键性的作用。 这个方法使人们很容易识别各种不同的构成成分。 个人电脑一般并不太稳定，所以，进行视频编辑时需要加倍小心。 第4节翻译练习2