应用化学专业英语 唐冬雁版 1.1 课文翻译

1.1

1.1.1 What Is Chemistry About?

The different kinds of matter that compose the universe are termed materials. Each material has its own distinguishing characteristics, which is termed its properties. These properties enable the material to be recognized or separated from other materials.

(宇宙由不同种类的被称为材料的物质组成。每种材料都有自己的显著特点,这称为它的属性。这些特性使材料被认可或其它材料分开。)

The study of materials is the joint concern of chemistry and physics. Roughly stated, physics is concerned with the general properties and energy and with events which results in what are termed physical changes. Physical changes are those in which materials are not so thoroughly altered as to be converted into other materials distinct from those present at the beginning.

（这项研究的材料是化学和物理学的共同关心。粗略地说，物理学是关注的一般属性和能源，被称为物理变化导致的事件。【物理变化是那些其中材料不彻底改变，以将其转换成不同的其他材料。Ps：尼玛，后面这句怎么翻啊！】）

Chemistry, by contrast, is chiefly concerned with properties that distinguish materials from one another and with events which results in chemical changes.

(相反，化学主要涉及区分一种材料和另一种材料的特性以及导致化学变化的过程。) Chemical changes are those in which materials are transformed into completely different materials. (化学变化是指那些在变化过程中材料转化成完全不同的材料。)

who but a chemist would ever guess that common salt can be resoler into a greenish gas and silvery metal? Or that two gases,nitrogen and hydrogen,can be to from ammonia?or that ordinary air and water can be converted into nitric acid?or that coal tar contains ingredients that can be transform into dyestuffs and perfumes?

（但有一个化学家曾经猜测，可以由盐生成一种绿色的气体和银色的金属。或者可以从氨中生成两种气体，氮气和氢气。或者可以由普通的空气与水反应生成硝酸。或者把煤油转变成染料和香料。）

Such thoroughgoing transformations, in which all the properties of a material are altered, so that a completely different material is obtained, are called chemical transformations, chemical changes, or chemical reactions.

(这种彻底的转变，其中在这个过程中一个物质的所有属性被改变，因此，得到了一个完全不同的新物质，被称为化学变化或化学反应.)

Chemistry as an art is concerned with identifying, separating and transforming materials, in applying them to definite uses.

（化学是一门关于识别、分离和转化材料并正确的应用材料的艺术）

Chemistry as a science is a manner of thinking about transformations of materials which helps us to understand, predict and control them. It provides directing intelligence in the use of materials. (化学作为一门科学是一种材料转变的思维方式，（它）有助于我们理解，预测和控制材料。在材料的使用中，它提供了指导知识。)

1.1.2

Chemistry is sometimes called the”central science” because it rel ates to many areas of human endeavor and curiosity.

(化学涉及到许多人类努力探索和新奇事物的领域，有时候被称为中心学科。)

Chemists who develop new materials to improve electronic devices such as solar cells,transistors,and optic cables work at the interfaces of chemsitry with physics and engineering.

(化学家在物理学和工程学的交叉领域工作，化学家开发新材料，改善像太阳能电池、晶体管、光纤电缆等电子设备的性能。)

Those who develop new pharmaceuticals for uses against cancer or AIDS work at the interfaces of chemsitry with pharmacology and medicine.

(那些开发新药物用于抗癌或治疗艾滋病的化学家，在化学、药学和制药学科的交叉领域进行工作。)

Many chemists work in more traditional fields of chemistry. biochemists are interested in chemical processes that occur in living organisms.

(许多化学家在更传统的化学领域中工作，生物化学家对发生在生命体中的化学过程感兴趣.) physical chemists work with fundamental principles of physics and chemistry in an attempt to answer the basic questions that apply to all to chemistry: why do some substances react with one another while others do not? How fast will a particular chemical reaction occur? how much useful energy can be extracted from a chemical reaction?

(物化学家用物理学和化学的基本原理来解决应用于化学界的基本问题：为什么有些物质会和其他物质反应，然而却不和另一种反应？一个特定的的化学反应的速度到底有多快？一个反应可提供的能量是多少？)

analytical chemistry are investigators;they study ways to separate and identify chemical substances. Many of the techniques developed by analytical chemists are used extensively by environmental scientists. Organic chemists focus their attention on substances that contain carbon and hydrogen in combination with a few other elements. The vast majority of substances are organic chemicals. Inorganic chemists focus on most of the elements other than carbon, though the fields of organic and inorganic chemists overlap in some ways.

（分析化学研究者，他们研究如何分离和鉴定化学物质。分析化学家开发的许多技术被广泛用于环境科学家。有机化学家专注于含有碳和氢以及其他一些元素的有机物。绝大多数物质是有机化合物。无机化学家专注于除碳以外的元素，即便在某些方面有机和无机有重叠领域。）

Although chemistry is concerned a “mature” science, the landscape of chemistry is dotted with unanswered questions and challenges. Modern technology demands new materials with unusual properties, and chemists must devise new methods of producing these materials.

(虽然化学已被认为是一门“成熟”的学科，但是化学领域还布满了各种悬而未决的问题和挑战.现代技术要求新材料具有不寻常的特性，所以化学家必须制定生产这些材料的新方法.)

Modern medicine requires drugs targeted to perform specific tasks in the human body, and chemists must design strategies to synthesize these drugs from simple starting materials.

(现代医学需要有针对性的，能在人体中执行特定任务的药物，因而化学家必须使用简单的原材料设计合成这些药物的方法。)

Society requires improved methods of pollution control, substitutes for scarce materials, nonhazardous means of disposing of toxic wastes, and more efficient ways to extract energy form fuels. Chemists are work in all these areas.

(社会需要改善污染控制的方法,替代稀缺的材料,用安全的手段处理有毒废物，提高有效的方法从燃料中提取能量。化学家正在这些领域不断研究。)

1.1.3chemical engineering

chemical engineering is the profession concerned with the creative application of the scientific principles underlying the transport of mass,and the physical and chemical change of matter.the broad implications of this definition have been justified over the past few decades by the kinds of problems that chemical engineers have solved,though the profession has devoted its attention in the main to the chemical process industries. As a result chemical engineers have been defined more traditionally as those applied scientists trained to deal with the research ,development,design and operation problems of the chemicals,petroleum and relate industries. experience has shown that the principles required to meet the need of the process industries are applicable to a significantly wider class of problems,and the modern chemical engineer is bringing his established tools to bear on such new areas as the environmental an life sciences.

化学工程与创意有关的行业应用已有理由在过去的几十年的各种问题，相关的运输质量和广泛影响的事情。这个定义的物理和化学变化的科学原理，化学工程师已经解决了，虽然行业一直致力于其主要关注的化学加工工业。作为一个结果化学工程师已经定义了更加传统的训练处理的研究，开发，设计和操作问题的化学品，石油及相关行业所应用的科学家。经验表明，要求的原则，以满足需要的过程中产业是一个显着更广泛的一类问题，和现代化工工程师带来的是他的工具，以承担对环境生命科学等新领域的。

chemical engineering developed as a distinct discipline during the twentieth century in answer to the needs of a chemical industry no longer able to operate efficiently with manufacturing processes which in many cases were simply larger scale versions of laboratory equipment. thus ,the primary emphasis in the profession was initially devoted to the general subject of how to use the results of laboratory experiments to design process equipment capable of meeting industrial production rates. this led naturally to the characterization of design procedures in terms of the unit operations ,those elements common to many different processes. the basic unit operations include fluid flow ,heat exchange ,distillation , extraction,etc. a typical manufacturing process will be made up of combinations of the unit operations .hence,skill in designing each of the units at a production scale would provide the means of designing the entire process.

化学工程发展作为一个独立的学科在二十世纪，在回答一个化工行业的需求不再能够有效地运作与制造工艺，在许多情况下，简单的规模较大的实验室设备版本。因此，在行业最初主要强调致力于如何使用实验室的实验结果，设计能够满足工业生产的工艺设备一般主体。这自然导致设计程序中的单元操作，这些元素共同的许多不同的过程的表征。基本单元操作包括流体流动，热交换，蒸馏，萃取等。典型的制造过程中会由单元操作的组合，因此，在设计各单元在生产规模的技术人员将提供装置的设计的整个过程。

The unit operations concept dominated chemical engineering education and practice until the mid-1950s, when a movement away from this equipment-oriented philosophy toward an engineering science approach began. This approach holds that the unifying concept is not specific processing operations, but rather the understanding of the fundamental phenomena of mass, energy and momentum transport that are common to all of the unit operations, and it is argued that concentration on unit operations obscures the similarity of many operations at a fundamental level. 单元操作的概念和实践主导化学工程教育直到1950年代中期,即其远离这个设备为导向的理念走向一个工程科学方法开始。这种方法认为,统一的概念是不特定的加工业务,而是理解的基本现象的质量、能量和动量传输是常见的,所有的单元操作,并认为浓度在单元操作掩盖了

相似的许多操作基本水平。

although there is no real conflict between the goals of the unit operations and engineering science approaches ,the latter has tended to emphasize mathematical skills and to de-emphasize the design aspects of engineering education.such a conflict need not exist ,and recent educational effort has been directed toward the development of the skills that will enable the creative engineering use of the fundamentals ,or a synthesis of the engineering science and unit operations approaches . one essential skill in reaching this goal is the ability to express engineering problems meaningfully in precise quantitative terms . only in this way can the chemical engineer correctly formulate , interpret,and use fundamental experiments and physical principles in real world applications outside of the laboratory . this skill which is distinct from ability in mathematics, we call analysis. 虽然目前还没有真正的单元操作和工程科学方法的目标之间的冲突，后者往往强调数学技能，并强调冲突并不需要存在设计方面的工程education.such，近期教育工作被指向的技能，使创造性的工程使用的基本面，或工程科学与单元操作方法合成的发展。在达到这个目标的一个必备的技能是有意义的精确定量条款表达能力的工程问题。化学工程师，只有这样，才能正确制定，解释，并使用基本实验和物理原理在现实世界中的应用，在实验室之外。这个技能，是有别于数学能力，我们称之为分析。