专业英语翻译
1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.
电可以用数量和质量来度量。
2) Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.
互感器安装在高压设备上。
3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.
电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。
4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.
这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。
5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in Farads.
电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.
The signal should be filtered before being amplified.
放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。
2)An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.
Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.
物体放置在太阳下会变热。
3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.
Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.
在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验。
4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.
改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法。
5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.
传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动。
1)The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.
The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.
图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。
2)A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.
A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits. 正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。
3) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.
The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.
工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。
1）The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.
The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.
单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。
2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.
The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit. 保险的作用就是保护电路。
1)If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.
If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.
可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。
2)As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.
As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.
就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。
3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.
The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.
这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。
1)It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.
前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。
2) The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.
磁阻电动机以某一速率同步运转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。
3) The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.
交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。
1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.
All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.
所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。
2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs.
The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs.
到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器。
1. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.
随着系统的扩大和更高的电压等级为输电所必需，旧的输电线路往往被移交给中压输电功能。
1. Roughly, the capability of lines of the same length varies at a rate somewhat greater than the square of the voltage.
粗略的讲，长度相同的线路的容量，以比电压的平方略大的比率变化。
2. No definite capability can be specified for a line of a given voltage, however, because capability is dependent on the thermal limits of the conductor, allowable voltage drop, reliability, and requirements for maintaining synchronism between the machines of the system, which is known as stability.
然而，无法为给定电压等级的线路指定确切的容量，这是因为容量取决于导线的发热极限、允许的电压降落、可靠性和维持系统中的发电机同步的要求（这被认为是稳定性）。
1. Capacitance exists between the conductors and is the charge on the conductors per unit of potential difference between them.
电容存在于导体之间，等于导体上的电荷（电量）与导体间的电势差之比。或：电容存在于导体之间，等于导体之间单位电压对应的电量。
“A per unit of B” 表示“单位B上的A” 或者“A/B”。
2. Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor over an equal distance, as shown in Fig.
3.1.
如图3.1所示，沿线路方向每隔一定间隔就交换导线位置，使每根导线都能占据具有相同输电距离的其他各导线的初始位置，以重建三相平衡。
Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called capacitor or condenser. Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
1.Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level from the primary system, which also supplies the distribution transformers providing secondary voltages over single-phase three-wire circuits for residential and commercial customers at 120 V/240 V.
小型工业用户由一次系统中此电压等级的一次馈线供电。一次系统也给经过单相三线电路为居民用电和商业用户提供120V/240V二次电压的配电变压器供电。
2. As illustrated in Fig. 6.1, the aggregated load represented at a transmission substation (bus A) usually includes, in addition to the connected load devices, the effects of substation step-down transformers…
如图6.1所示，在输电变电站（母线A）所给出的集合负荷，除了所连接的负荷设备以外，通常还包括变电站降压变压器的影响……。
1. Roughly, loads are devices those consume electric energy or electric power consumed by customers mainly in distribution system.
粗略的讲，负荷是主要在配电网中消耗电能的设备或者由用户消耗的功率。
2. The loads absorb electric energy from the power system and converts it into energy of other forms, which may be heat energy to heat water or to melt irons, or mechanical energy to drive a machine, etc.
负荷从电力系统中吸收电能，并将其转换为其他形式的能量，可能是烧水或溶化钢铁的热能，或者是驱动机器的机械能等。
3. This kind of loads, especially those consume energy calculated by standard coals more over 10 thousands of tons per year, has a name of high energy consuming loads.
这种负荷，尤其是那些年耗能万吨标准煤以上的负荷，被称为高耗能负荷。
1. The synchronous machine as an AC generator driven by a turbine is the device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, in powers ranging up to 1500MW.
作为由涡轮机驱动的交流发电机，同步电机是将机械能转化为电能的设备，其功率范围高达1500MW。
1. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riverbank habitats.
水电厂会导致水中的氧气溶解度降低——（这是）一个对岸边生存环境有害的问题。
2. For instance, in the United States, water power accounts for less than 20% of the total and that percentage will drop because most of the available sources of water power have been developed.
例如，在美国，水电在全部电力中所占的比例不到20%，并且，因为大多数可用的水电资
源已被开发，该百分数还会下降。
1. Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and 1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy of a large installation.
大多数电站的额定值在200MW到1500MW之间，以实现大站的高效经济（运行）。
2. Thermal stations are usually located near a river or lake because large quantities of cooling water are needed to condense the steam as it exhausts from the turbines.
热电厂通常位于河流或湖泊附近，这是因为需要大量的冷却水在蒸汽从汽轮机排出时将其冷凝。
1. Nuclear plants fueled by uranium account for a continually increasing share of the load, but their construction is slow and uncertain because of the difficulty of raising capital to meet the sharply rising cost of construction, constantly increasing safety requirements which cause redesign, public opposition to the operation of the plants, and delays in licensing.
Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of it energy.
当电流流过电路时，要损耗掉一部分能量。（现在分词短语作状语）
Doing experiment is of great help to us. 做实验对我们的学习是很有帮助的。（动名词作主语）By changing the resistance，we can change the current.
通过改变电阻，我们就能改变电流。（动名词作介宾）
Mechanization is using machines instead of hand labor.
机械化就是用机器来代替手工劳动。（动名词作表语）
When an electric current flow through a wire it meets some opposition.
当电流流过导线时，它会遇到某种阻力。（状语从句）
Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms.
在我们学习系统之前，必须定义并讨论一些重要的术语。（状语从句）
It is possible that we use a computer to solve these complicated problem.
我们可以用计算机来解这些复杂的题目。（表语从句）
You should determine which of the following functions is analytic.
你应当确定下列函数中哪一个是解析式。（宾语从句）
The fact is that radio waves travel as fast as light does.
事实是无线电波的传播速度与光速一样快。（表语从句）
The places where small computers can be used appear endless.
可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）
The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.
我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）
The places where small computers can be used appear endless.
可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）
The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.
我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）
Now we can determine where the slope is zero. 现在我们可以求出何处斜率为零。（宾语从句）This is how a computer works. 这就是计算机的工作原理。（宾语从句）
Electrons always move toward where the potential is higher.
电子总是朝向电位较高的地方移动。（介宾从句）
The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all.
我们周围的一切东西均是物质这一事实是大家都知道的。（同位语从句）
Section 2 Exercise 3
Section 3 Exercise3
必须强调的是线性电阻器是一个理想的电路元件；它是物理元件的数学模型。我们可以很容易地买到或制造电阻器，但很快我们发现这种物理元件只有当电流、电压或者功率处于特定范围时其电压——电流之比才是恒定的，并且这个比值也取决于温度以及其它环境因素。我们通常应当把线性电阻器仅仅称为电阻器。只有当需要强调元件性质的时候才使用更长的形式称呼它。
而对于任何非线性电阻器我们应当始终这么称呼它，非线性电阻器不应当必然地被视为不需要的元件。
Section 4 Exercise 3
如果一个电路有两个或多个独立源，求出具体变量值（电流或电压）的一种方法是使用节点分析法或网孔分析法。另一种方法是求出每个独立源对变量的作用然后把它们进行叠加。而这种方法被称为叠加法。叠加法原理表明线性电路某个元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）等于每个独立源单独作用时该元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）的代数和。
Section 5 Exercise 3
相电压与相电流之比等于电路的阻抗，符号为字母Z，阻抗是一个具有量纲为欧姆的复数量。阻抗不是一个相量，因此不能通过把它乘以并取其实部把它转换成时域形式。但是，我们把电感器看作是通过其电感量L表现为时域形式而通过其阻抗表现为频域形式，电容在时域里为电容量C而在频域里为，阻抗是某种程度上的频域变量而非时域变量。
Section 6 Exercise 3
科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料
Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理
小议科技英语翻译技巧
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
英语翻译答案
第一单元 1.They took advantage of our helpless situation and took over our company. 2.Although there are still difficulties ahead of us. I am sure that we Chinese people will have the wisdom to bring about the peaceful unification of our country on our own. 3.It is wrong to emphasize nothing but GDP. It will give rise to many serious problems. 4.He loves to show off his wealth, but that is all in vain. People still avoid him as though he were poison. 5 He soon fell in love with the village and decided to make it a beautiful garden together with other villagers 6.We must spend more money in fighting against global warming. Besides, we must resort to tough laws. It is not just a matter of money. 7.When the police reached the school, the students and teachers were still in a daze. 8.This corrupt official was still clinging to his power. He refused to step aside. 9.When the man finally came into view, I found it was my father. I didn’t know how he managed to find this place in the heavy snow. At that moment, I burst into tears.
英语课后翻译答案新
U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。
商务英语写作-商务英语翻译：商务英语五大实用翻译技巧
商务英语写作 商务英语翻译：商务英语五大实用翻译技巧 商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语，所涉及的专业范围很广，并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识，为了提高翻译质量，翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件。 第一，翻译者的汉语功底要好。很多人往往忽视这一点，认为汉语是自己的母语，凭着自己原来的底子应付翻译中的问题，是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中，为了一个词语或者一个句型，冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见，汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语，打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。 第二，英语语言能力要强。全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量，而没有较好的英语语法知识。翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出，而且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文句子理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。 第三，知识面要广。商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点，就
要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践经验。同时译者还要具有丰富的百科知识，对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓，也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识，译者的语言水平即使再高，也是无法做好翻译工作的。 一、一词多义 同一个词，由于语境不同，其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子： 1.They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。 2.They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China,London. 他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。 以上两个句子credit 词义都有所区别。 二、词类转译 词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。 1.名词与动词的互相转译： Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods
科技英语中专业术语的翻译
科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下： ①firewall ．．．．．．．． ：防火墙 ②data mining ．．．．．．．．．． ：数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ：自动程序控制 2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例子如下： I ．-．bar ．．． 工字钢、工字条；O ．-．ring ．．．． 环形圈；twist ．．．．．-．drill ．．．．．麻花钻；X ．-．Ray ．．．X 光；α．-．brass ．．．．． α黄铜[1] 3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下： gene ．．．． 基因；quark ．．．．． 夸克；Pentium ．．．．．．． 奔腾 celluloid ．．．．．．．．． 赛璐璐；nylon ．．．．． 尼龙 Hertz ．．．．．（Hz ）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen ．．．．．流明（光通量单位） 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下： CPU ．．．：．C ．entral Processing Unit ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器) ASCII ．．．．．：．American S ．．．．．．．．．tandard ．．．．．．． C ．ode ．．． for ．．． I ．nformation ．．．．．．．．．． I ．nterchange ．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ．．．：．A ．synchronous ．．．．．．．．．．． T ．ransfer ．．．．．．． M ．ode ．．． (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下： WTO ．．．(国际贸易组织)；UNESCO ．．．．．．(联合国教科文组织)；WHO ．．．(世界卫生组织)；IOC ．．． (国际奥委会)
英语翻译题目和答案
汉译英专项练习 一、倍数增减的表示法 5 1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍). is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考点：倍数+形容词/副词比较级+ than） 2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍). reacts three times as fast as the other one （考点：倍数+ as +形容词/副词+ as） 3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍). is 49 times the size of the moon （考点：倍数+名词） 4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一). wants to raise the rent by a third （考点：动词+ by +数词/百分比/倍数） 5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍). plan to double their investment （考点：double +名词） 二、时态6 1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了). or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考点：将来完成时） 2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了). the children had fallen asleep （考点：过去完成时） 3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _______________(我姐姐将在海边度假). my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考点：将来进行时） 4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历). have been revising my resume all the morning （考点：现在完成进行时） 5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了). No. It has been five years since I went on holiday （考点：It has been…since sb. did sth.表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了） 6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了). He has been in the army for 5 years （考点：1.现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间） 三、被动语态5 1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代). is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考点：被动语态的现在进行时） 2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版). will have been published by the end of this year （考点：被动语态的将来完成时）
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
专业英语翻译中的常见问题(详细翻译技巧)
英译汉几个常见问题如下： 1）英译汉时语言组织不符合中文的讲话习惯。在不改变原文绝大部分意思的情况下，不需要字对字或者严格遵守英语语序，在获得原句含意后务必采用中文的思维将译文写出。要求是在读着看过译文后，不能让读着感觉到文章是翻译而得的，即不能留有丝毫翻译的痕迹。 2）英译汉时译文上下文的用词不一致。尤其是学术文献或论文的翻译，除了学术用语和专业用语需要准确，更重要的是全文上下文中同一个词或者短句翻译出的用词或短语必须一致。例如一开始将control panel翻译为“控制面板”，那么全文都不得改变这个译法。 3）英译汉时用词过于口语化。除了剧本，台词，字幕等需要口语化用词的翻译稿件以外。其余大部分翻译，例如文献，论文，合同，申请书，标书等，用词尽量书面化。例如“weight”在统计学和分析学中不可翻译为“给予数值”，必须翻译为“赋权”，两者意思相近，但是采用后者。 4）英译汉时词汇含意理解产生偏差。这是死记单词造成的后果。翻译中，在无上下文的情况下，除非是专有学术名词（例“diabetes”基本上永远都是糖尿病的意思），其余的单词很难说究竟是什么意思，我们只能说某个词大概是对照中文某个词的感觉，但是决不可死认一个意思，死认单词意思造成翻译不通、翻译错误等。当然也不能糊译，不能为了使句子翻译通顺而胡编一个意思。 5）英译汉时英语长句中的意群划分有误。原版的英语资料中长句较多，往往40-50个词之间没有一个标点，修饰成分和意群划分的错误会导致理解错误和翻译错误。原则上，英语中的各类从句，特别是状语从句在句子中的位置相对灵活，没搞明白其修饰对象就会错译。 汉译英几个常见问题如下： 1）汉译英时字对字翻译。这是翻译中最致命的错误，很多人以为认识对应的英语单词或者知道对应的英语单词，这句话才会翻译。其实不是，原则上四千词汇量就能解释大部分英语单词的含义，只不过大部分人不知道如何用简单词汇造句去描述或解释高难度单词。 2）汉译英时中式语序。何谓中式语序，即以“主+谓+宾”为主的句型。这种句子写多了，一旦遇上长句或者语法功能上缺少成分的句子就懵了。所以必须多读，多了解原版英语的句子是如何写的。 3）汉译英时短句太多。这里并不是指写英语短句不好，在考试中建议写短句，这是为了避免语法错误，当然也不要太短了。在较为正式的或专业性强的文本中，汉译英在必要时需要翻译成长句。例如不久前的某论文中的一句：筛选出对靶基因干扰效率最高的 HER2-shRNA慢病毒表达载体并成功包装成病毒去感染SKOV-3细胞而后在体外进行实验的结果显示Her2/neu的siRNA慢病毒载体可以显著抑制靶基因的表达并使卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的生物学行为明显受抑。因此，熟练掌握各类从句的写法和作用很重要。 4）汉译英时英语词汇词义辨析不清而导致误用，用词不准。大部分人的翻译习惯是，凡是中文有英文的对应单词，就二话不说直接用，其实这个是不对的。很多同义词意思相近，用法和所用的语境场合完全不同。例如“base”“basis”“foundation”，意思几乎相同，但是用法完全不同。尤其是学术文章，误用就导致歧义。 5）汉译英时逻辑混乱结构不清。汉译英中的逻辑和语句结构相当重要。逻辑混乱，即译文毫无章法，思绪混沌，不知所云。结构不清，即英语的从句或其他成分在句中的位置胡乱摆放，进行翻译的人员自然是清楚的指导这些英语句子的含义，因为是看着中文翻译过来的，想不知道中文含义都难，但是没看过中文的读着就会因此而看得云里雾里，从而导致读者难以理解译文。
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
英语翻译答案
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
英语翻译答案
Unit 1 3. 战斗结束后, 双方均宣称获胜。 After the battle both sides claimed victory. 她对这块土地产权提出的要求最终得到法庭的认可。 Her claim to the ownership of the land was finally recognized by the court. 4. 我从没有感到忌妒。 There has never been any jealousy on my part. 6. 他最近出的书中提到了中东问题。 His recent book makes references to the issue of the Mideast. 7. CF: efficient & effective 8. 我们听到邻居正在争吵。We could hear the neighbors arguing. 9. 每一个人都有永远不可剥夺的权利。 Every individual has rights which must never be taken away. 10. 他是个个性很强的有抱负的人。 He was an ambitious man with a strong personality. 费德勒是网球界最著名的人物之一。 Roger Federer is one of the best-known personalities in the world of tennis. CF: personality, character, nature & temper 11. 想必你要在吃饭前打开行李休息一下。 No doubt you’ll want to unpack and have a rest before d inner. 12. 他们的资金在一定程度上来自广告收入。 They are financed to a certain extent by advertising revenue. 14. 他们往往持极端观点。 They often go to extremes in their views. 15. 我假定他说的是真的。 I assumed his story to be true. CF: assume, presume & suppose 16. 就在我昏倒之时，他一把拉住了我。 He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted. 17. 美国的国会大致相当于英国的议会。 The US Congress is roughly equivalent to the British Parliament. 18. 男孩也许会拒绝与女孩一起玩，女孩也一样。 The boys may refuse to play with the girls, and vice versa. 19. 这本小册子提供了当地各类服务的有用信息。 This booklet provides useful information about local services. 旅馆为客人们提供擦鞋服务。 The hotel provides a shoe-cleaning service for guests. 21. 这个电影是以马克?吐温的小说为题材的。 The film is based on a novel by Mark Twain. CF: base, basis & foundation 22. CF: continual, continuous, successive & constant 23. 没有办法查明发生了什么。There is no means of finding out what happened.
英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.