安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译

安全工程专业英语

Unit1

1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it.

由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。

2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field.

这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。

3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ.

尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。

4. This legislation was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process plants and buildings.

这部法律很重要，因为它强调工作场所的危险控制，同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的一

些立法，将安全业务的范围扩大到了环境保护、产品安全、危险物料管理以及机动车辆、高速公路、加工厂和房屋的安全设计等方面。

5. As a result, the safety profession has respect from other established professions such as engineering, medicine and law(all of which had traditionally been involved in hazard control, but had no special training in it).

因此安全专业受到了其他发展已经较为成熟的工医药及法律这样的专业的仰慕，这些专业的人们过去经常涉及危险控制问题，但是很缺乏专业化的训练。

6. Safety professionals apply principles drawn from such disciplines as engineering, education, psychology, physiology, enforcement, hygiene, health, physics, and management. They use appropriate methods and techniques of loss prevention and loss control. “Safety science” is a twenty-first century term for everything that goes into the prevention of accidents, illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people, property and the environment.

安全专业人员综合运用工程学、教育学、心理学、生理学、法律法规、卫生、健康、物理、以及管理学等学科的基本原理，选择适当的方法和技术进行损失预防和控制。作为21世纪术语，“安全科学”泛指对事故、疾病、火灾、爆炸以及一切危及人们生命、财产和环境的事件的预防。

7. Illness caused by exposing people to harmful biological, physical and chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of their impact are hard to make.

暴露于有害生物、物理的或化学起因物所造成的疾病，其产生的损失则更是惊人，其负面影响已无法精确估算。

8. Ergonomics helps people understand the performance limits of humans and helps them design tasks, machines, work stations and facilities which improve performance and safety.

人机工程学有助于人们理解人类自身的局限性，从而致力设计能够有效提高安全性和绩效的作业任务、设备、设施、以及工作站。

9. From the careful design and operation of nuclear power generating stations to the elimination of lead-based paints in homes, the efforts to

reduce threats to public safety go on nonstop.

从核电站的精心设计到家居无铅材料，人们致力于降低对公众威胁的努力从未停止。

10. The application of safety science principles occurs in many places: in the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and hospitals, at construction sites, on oil drilling rigs at sea, in underground mines, in the busiest cities, in the space program, on farms, and anywhere else where people may be exposed to hazards.

安全科学原理在人们可能暴露危险的工作场所、交通场所、实验室、学校、医院、建筑工地、海上石油钻井、地下开采、都市、太空探索、农场等得到了广泛的应用。

11. To be called professionals, they must acquire the essential knowledge of safety science through education and experience so that others can rely on their judgments and recommendations.

之所以称为专业人士，是因为他们必须通过教育和经验掌握基本的安全科学知识以使其他人可以信赖他们的判断和建议。

12. Regardless of the industry, safety professionals help to achieve safety in the workplace by identifying and analyzing hazards which potentially create injury and illness problems, developing and applying hazard controls, communicating safety and health information, measuring the effectiveness of controls, and performing follow-up evaluations to measure continuing improvement in progress.

在各行各业，安全专业人员通过识别和分析可能导致伤害和疾病的危险、提出并实施危险控制方案、交流安全健康信息、测量控制方案实施有效性、评估持续改进项目等一系列工作以保障工作场所的安全。

13. Emergency Response: organizing, training and coordinating skilled employees with regard to auditory and visual communications pertaining to emergencies such as fires, accidents or other disasters.

应急响应：组织、培训和协调受训员工应对火灾、事故或其他灾害等突发事件的听觉和视觉交流。

14. Management Safety Programs: planning, organizing, budgeting, and tracking completion and effectiveness of activities intended to achieve

safety objectives in an organization or to implement administrative or technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.

安全管理方案：规划、组织、预算、跟踪项目的完成情况与有效性，以实现组织的安全目标或通过管理或技术手段消除或减少危险。

15. The satisfaction of knowing that people have been protected because harmful accidents and other incidents have been prevented is just one of the many rewards associated with “what safety professionals do”.

当认识到人们因为已经预防了事故或事件而使他们得到保护时，这种满足是所谓的“安全专业人士”得到的诸多奖励之一。

Unit2

1. Safety and health professionals who work in industrial settings concentrate primarily on ensuring compliance with, at the very least, the minimum safety and health standard promulgated under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as enforced by Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA).

在工业生产中，安全和健康专业人士主要工作集中于在确保生产至少符合基于《1970职业安全与健康法案》发布的各项安全与健康标准，这些标准由职业安全及健康管理局强制执行。

2. Although numerous areas are addressed and a minimum level of worker protection is ensured by implementation of these many standards, it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is contained not in the Code of Federal Regulations but in Section 5 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.

虽然众多的领域都强调并且通过执行这些标准以确保保护工人最低的安全水平，但值得注意的是：真正推动工人安全的主要驱动因素在于《职业安全与健康法案》的第五部分而不是在于《联邦法规条例》中所包含的内容。

3. This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1), simply states that: Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees, and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this act.

这一因素，即《职业安全与健康法案》第5(a) (1)部分——一般责任条款，简明地阐述如下：每个雇主必须为其雇员提供安全健康的就业和工作环境，使他们免于那些导致或可能造成员工死亡或严重身体伤害的可辨识的危险，并必须遵守基于本法案颁布的职业安全和健康标准。

4. In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the regulations that have followed since 1970 and continues to ensure worker safety in the absence of a specific standard for a specific occupational situation.

事实上，一般责任条款已经被1970年以来许多法规采纳而成为母法，它同样在因缺少特定标准的特定职业情况下确保工人的安全。

5. Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods and techniques associated with the system safety effort are an excellent means of assuring that the intent of the General Duty Clause is met at the earliest possible time in the project or program development process.

对于工人安全同样重要，但表达不太清楚的地方在于有关系统安全的方法和技术是项目早期阶段或研发过程方案中确保符合一般责任条款的极好的手段。

6. However, as noted earlier, most standard and regulations reflect minimum requirements for safe operations and do not place any additional responsibilities on employers to be safer than what is required by these standards.

然而，如前所述，大多数标准和法规反映了安全操作的最低要求，他们并没有提出比这些标准的要求更能确保安全的有关雇主责任的内容。

7. It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to ensure continued safety in a given situation, it is often necessary to exceed the minimum requirements established by law.

在职业安全领域，众所周知的是：为了确保在给定的条件下持续保持安全的状况，超过法律规定的最低要求通常是必要的。

8. Even though a majority of industrial accidents or incidents have historically been attributed to the unsafe acts or the unsafe conduct of workers, the importance of unsafe physical conditions and equipment can

should not be minimized in any discussion concerning accident risk potential.

虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被归因于工人的不安全行为或不安全地执行，但是不应该在所关于事故潜在风险的讨论中将物的不安全状态最小化。

9. Injuries and/or property damage caused by mechanical hazards generally have a high potential severity, since they often result in a permanent total disability (e.g., loss of motion or use of a body member, amputations, loss of sight, damages to hearing) and/or loss to essential equipment or facilities.

机械性危险造成的伤害和/或财产损失一般具有较高的潜在严重性，因为他们往往会导致永久性的部分或全部失能（例如，丧失运动或身体某部位失能，截肢，失明，听力损害）和/或基础设备或设施的巨大破坏或损坏。

10. Furthermore, many of the so-called unsafe acts that cause such injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is properly assessed well in advanced and safer physical conditions are implemented to control the hazards associated with the level of ascertained risk.

此外，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，并且控制与该风险水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，那么，所谓的导致伤害的或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。

11. Therefore ,accurate evaluation of applicable occupational and environmental standards and regulations, as well as an analysis of specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determining appropriate levels of protection.

因此，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，并且控制与风险水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，那么，所谓的导致伤害或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。

12. Since the goals and objectives of both the industrial safety and system safety disciplines tend to serve each other’s best interests, it would not be prudent management practice to ignore the integration of the system safety program with the industrial safety effort.

因为行为安全和系统安全两者的目标都旨在为对方提供最大利益，所以忽视系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合都是不严谨的管理做法。

13. Therefore, in order to fully comprehend the relationship between system safety and industrial safety, one must also understand how system safety can be successfully utilized in the analysis of the human factors element of task performance.

因此，为了充分理解系统安全和行业安全的关系，还必须了解系统的安全是如何成功的运用于任务绩效中的人因分析

14. If this basic concept of human-system interface is not properly considered in the design phase, then all the safety incentives and motivational programs that money can buy will not encourage an individual to operate poorly designed equipment at a designated level of effectiveness.

如果在设计阶段没有正确的考虑人与系统交互的基本概念，则所有的安全动机以及金钱可以购买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定有效性要求下操作一台设计糟糕的设备。

15. Also, if personnel are trained to operate inadequately designed equipment under normal operating conditions, they will typically revert to very ineffective operations under emergency or other stress-include conditions.

此外，如果员工平时在正常操作下操作设计不当的设备，那么在紧急情况或其他应激性条件下，他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。

Unit3

1. The hazard analysis will also assist the engineer in further assessing which hazards are important and which are not and therefore do not need further study.

危险分析也将有助于工程师进一步评估哪些危险是重要的，哪些危险不重要从而不必要进一步研究。

2. With this information, the associated risks are then ranked and engineering management is better able to determine which risks are worth controlling and which risks require less attention.

依据这个信息对相关的风险分级，在工程管理上能够更好的确定哪些

风险是值得控制的，哪些风险是可以较少地关注。

3. Some example engineering controls include: adding a relief value to a 2000-psi oxygen system; building a berm around an oil storage tank; using only hermetically sealed switches in an explosive environment; or putting in hard stops in rotating machinery to prevent overtorquing.

工程控制包括这样一个例子：给2000-psi的氧气系统增加一个安全阀、在储油槽周围建一个护堤、在爆炸性环境只采用密封开关或在旋转机械设置强行停止开关以防止扭矩过大。

4. Developing and implementing a plant safety plan is a good method of applying management controls to hazards.

制定和实施工厂安全计划是应用风险管理控制的一种方法。

5. Once controls are in place , a method needs to be used to verify that the controls actually control the hazards or mitigate the risks to an acceptable level.

一旦控制到位，需要使用方法验证那些控制真正的控制了危险或将风险减小到可以接受的水平。

6. After the system has been studied and hazards identified , then analyzed and evaluated with controls in place , management must make the formal decisions of which risks they are willing to take and which ones they will not take.

经过系统研究和危险识别，然后对已采用的控制措施进行了分析和评价，管理者必须做出正式的决定，哪些风险他们能够接受，哪些风险他们不可以接受。

7. This means that the engineering and management organizations periodically review the safety program , engineering processes , management organizations, and product field use.

这意味着，工程管理机构定期审查安全方案，工程流程，管理组织和产品的现场使用情况。

8. The American automobile industry has lost billions of dollars in automobile recalls due to safety problems , some of which possibly could have been avoided by periodic review of product use.

美国汽车业由于安全问题在汽车召回中已经花费了数十亿美元，其中一些问题可以通过定期审查产品的使用情况来避免。

Unit4

1）Note that all methods are abstractions--they simplify the thin being modeled by abstracting away what are assumed to be irrelevant details and focusing on the feature of the phenomenon that are assumed to be the most relevant

需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，他们是通过抽调假定不相关的细节，关注假定最相关现象的特征从而简化了被建的模型

2）That selection process in most cases is arbitrary and depend entirely on the choice of modeler ,but it is critical in determining the usefulness and accuracy of the model in predicting future events

因为选择过程大多数情况下是任意的，完全取决与建模者的抉择，但他在确定该模型预测未来事件的有效性和准确性方面是至关重要的。

3）Because the accident model influence what cause(s) is ascribed to an accident, the countermeasures taken to prevent future accidents ,and the evaluation of the risk in operating a system ,the power and features of the model will greatly affect our ability to identify and control hazards and thus prevent accidents

因为事故模型影响着导致事故的原因、预防未来事故所采取的措施以及操作系统中的风险评价，所以，该模型的威力和特点建大大大影响我们辨识和控制危险，从而阻止事故发生的能力。

4. At the same time that the development of new technology has sprinted forward ,the time to market for new products has significantly decreased and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.

与此同时，随着新技术的迅猛发展，新产品的上市时间已大大缩短，但强大的压力还要求将这一时间再进一步缩短。

5. Many of the approaches to prevent accidents that worked on electromechanical component failure—such as replication of components to protect against individual component failure—are ineffective in

controlling accidents that arise from the use of digital systems and software.

许多针对机电源件防止事故发生的方法，如果用备用元件以防止个别部件失效，在控制由数字系统和软件而引发的事故时是无效的。

6. Overconfidence in redundancy and misunderstanding of the “failure” modes of software—implemented functions has played an important role in recent aerospace accidents, such as the loss of the Arianne 5 on its first flight.

对冗余的过度自信和对软件工具功能失效模式的误解在近年的航空事故中占据重要作用，例如阿丽那5首发的失败

7. The most common accident models are based on an underlying assumption that accidents are the result of an uncontrolled and undesired release of energy or interference in the normal flow of energy.

最常见的事故模型是基于一个基本假设，即事故是能量失控和意外释放或能量在正常流通渠道受到干涉的结果。

8. Software is an important factor here-it has allowed us to implement more integrated, multi-loop control in systems containing large numbers of dynamically interacting components where tight coupling allows disruptions or dysfunctional interacting in one part of the system to have far-ranging ripping effects.

对于含有大量动态交互组件的系统，其组建的机密耦合度使得系统中某部分的瓦解或作用功能紊乱波及到系统范围而产生影响，软件在这里是一个重要因素，他是我们能够对系统实施更加综合、多回路的控制。

9. Our new scientific and technological discoveries have not only created new or increased hazards (such as radiation exposure and chemical pollution) but have provided the means to harm increasing numbers of people as the scale of our systems increases and to impact future generations through environmental pollution and genetic damage.

我们新的科学技术发现，不仅新增了危险（如暴露在辐射和化学污染中），而且提供了随着系统规模的增大而使更多人受到伤害、因环境污染或基因毁坏而对未来后代有所影响的机会。

10. Individuals no longer have the ability to control the risks around them and are demanding that government assume greater responsibility for controlling behavior through laws and various forms of oversight and regulation.

个人不在有控制他们周围风险的能力，他们要求政府通过法律和各种形式的监督、规章来承担更多控制行为的责任。

11. The alternative is individuals and groups turning to the courts for protection, which could have much worse potential effects, such as unnecessary stifling innovation through fear of law suits.

个人和群体转向法院获取保护是个替代的办法，但这可能会带来更加严重的潜在影响，如因害怕向法院提出诉讼而形成的不必要的、令人窒息的变革。

Unit5

1.In such a case，it is beneficial if the person responsible for the organizing the safety activities knows how to utilize external services provided ,for example, by example ,by the insurance companies or safety authorities.

鉴于这种情况，如果负责组织安全活动得的人员知道如何利用保险公司活安全机构等外部服务机构是有益的。

2）By monitoring the activities and performance, top management can follow how the predetermined criteria have been realized, and set the new goals.

通过检测安全活动和绩效，高层管理跟踪既定的标准时如何得以实现的并设定新的目标

3）For motivating the supervisor to continuously work for better safety results, the line manager should build an incentive system.

为了激励班组长能维持在工作中保持良好的安全绩效，生产线管理者应该建立激励制度

4）Leadership is a characteristic that is usually seem as essential in a supervisors’ work

领导力是班组长在工作中常见的必须品质

5）The three major factors that influence any design process are time constraints ,technical feasibility considerations ,and financial and considerations

制约设计流程的只要因素在于时间的限制、技术可行性的考虑以及财政经济因素的考虑

6）An alternate concurrent engineering approach lets the designer conduct safety and reliability analyses as parallel activities, and they can accompany the design throughout the design progression.

有一种可选择的同步方法就是让设计者同时执行安全和可靠分析，这中并行的方法应该贯穿整个设计过程。

7）The idea of participatory design is based on earlier, mainly Japanese, production development methods like production cells ,teamwork ,just-in-time ,Kanab ,and quality-circles

鼓励参与设计的想法基于日本早期的产品研发理念，如在生产单元，团队协作、及时化生产、看板管理以及品质圈活动等。

8）In Finland, the OSH personnel’ work includes the identification and evaluation of work-related health hazard using methods like observations ,interviews ,and industrial hygiene measurements

在芬兰，职业健康安全工作人员的工作包括利用观察、访谈以及工业卫生测定的方法辨识和评价与工作相关的健康危险源。

Unit 6

1.Surveillance of the rates and risks of occupational injures are largely

dependent on case records derived from workers’ compensation and insurance claims and national OHS incident report collections.对职业伤害率及其风险的监督很大程度上依靠工人赔偿和保险索赔的案例记录以及所收集的国家职业健康安全事故报告。

2.The fitting of defective components, unauthorized modifications of

structures, and other readily identifiable structural/design faults have been found to significantly contribute to recorded cases of injuries involving scaffolds.有缺陷部件的装配、擅自改动结构、忽视围栏或安全结构的安装以及其他可识别的结构或设计缺陷已经被视为有关脚手架的可记录伤害案例的重要致因。

3.In response, a prototype decision aid, incorporating prescribed

scaffold regulations and safety management best practices, was developed and is currently being tested to address both of these issues.

为了解决这两个问题，已经建立并正在测试结合了脚手架法规和安全管理最佳做法的辅助决策模式。

4.Research into the safer design of mobile machinery access paths

reveals that designers require more information regarding the actual use of their machines and need to incorporate accident statistics and knowledge of natural human movement behaviors into integrated design methodologies. 有关可移动设备进入路径较为安全的设计研究显示，设计人员需要更多有关他们设备实际使用情况的信息，并需要把事故统计和人员运行行为的知识融入到设计方案中。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html,monly，the impetus for the production of these products is the

tightening of legislation and guidelines by the natural and international regulating bodies responsible for OHS.通常情况下，这些产品产量的推进源于国内外负责职业健康与安全的管理机构对法规或指南的加强。

6.Importantly, the new design did not represent a significant increase in

the cost of the threshing machine and field testing in the study area was successful—reportedly preventing injuries in at least two cases during the implementation. 重要的是，新的设计并不代表脱粒机成本的大幅增加，研究阶段现场测试是成功的---据报道，实施过程中至少在两个案件中阻止了人员受伤。

7.Nothing that such explosions have increased since the adoption of

aluminum regulators in preference to brass, the researchers, in collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ,have developed and tested a provisional America Society for Testing and Materials standard.研究人员注意到：自从优先采用铝制而不是黄铜制校准仪，这样的爆炸就有所增加，他们与美国食品和药物管理局和美国国家航空航天局合作，相继开发和测试了美国材料与试验协会的一个临时标准。

8.Since the United States study, many of the design improvements

suggested have been supported by more recent research and have been

adopted as recommendations for eliminating injury risk by injury-prevention organizations internationally，including the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.自美国研究以来，许多建议的设计改进得到了最新研究的支持，这些设计改进也已经被包括美国职业安全与健康学会在内的国际健康伤害预防机构用作消除伤害风险的建议措施。

Unit7

1.If you are considering any change in the workplace, a thorough analysis of the change is essential before implementation in order to head off a problem.如果考虑到工作场所的任何变更，为了避免出现问题，在执行变更前应对其进行彻底的分析。

2.All affected employees should be consulted on what is being changed to gather their input.应该问询所有受到影响的员工什么发生了改变，以从他们那里获取信息。

3.A design that appears to enhance productivity and appears delightful to the management may be a poor management decision when reviewed from a risk point of view.从风险角度来看，一个看上去提高产量、有助于管理的设计方案有可能是一个不妥的管理决策。

4. One case we know of is that of a retail company that made a great real estate deal on the purchase of a very large warehouse facility as its “just-in-time” center.我们知道的一种情形是零售公司通过房地产交易买下一个很大的货仓作为它的“即时化生产”中心。

5.You cannot blindly rely on equipment manufacturers to analyze and design guarding, controls, or safe procedures to fit your specific requirements.你不能盲目地以来设备制造商去分析、安全设计、控制或设定安全程序以符合你的特殊要求。

6.The JHA coupled with the risks matrix, cause-and-effect diagram, and hierarchy of controls will walk you through a logical sequence of events to identify hazards associated with the new process and its specific job hazards.配有风险矩阵、原因结果表以及优先控制次序的JHA方法将通过走查一系列符合逻辑顺序的事件来辨识与新工艺机器特殊的作业危险性相关的危险源。

7.In addition, their skills may have been on-job training and passed down

from employee along with undesired at-risk events.再有，他们的这些技能可能存在于岗位培训中，连同一些不期望的风险事件在员工与员工之间传递。

8.Accommodations for individual skill and physical changes may be mandated by law and the impact of such laws on the control of the individual exposure to hazards, use of PPE and other criteria must be considered and responded to.应该通过法律强制个体技能和物理变更的调节，必须考虑这些法律对个体暴露于危险的控制、PPE的使用以及其他标准的影响，并对它们做出响应。

Unit8

1.the average person can receive critical injuries as a result of even very short exposures to everyday 240-volt single phase alternating current supply voltage.

一般来说，人们接触到的日常的240伏单相交流电压，即使暴露时间非常短暂，身体也会遭受到严重危害。

2.in order to be effective as personal protection, a circuit breaker or fuse must operate before the potential difference or voltage reaches a level high enough to cause an electric shock to personnel.

为了使人身保护有效，当电位差或电压高达引起人员触电的水平之前，断路起或熔断器必须动作已断开回路。

3.new installation work requires the licensed electrical contractor and/or the registered electrical worker carrying out the work to complete the Electrical Certificate of Compliance.

新的安装工作需要有资质的电器承包商和/或注册电气中作人员来完成以实现“电器合格证书”的要求。

4.under OHSW Regulation 2.

5.6,all new fixed-wiring installations (including the installation of a new sub-circuit to existing installations and modifications of existing sub-circuits) are required to be installed and tested according to AS/NZS 3000 Wiring Rules.

根据OHSW1.5.6规定，所有新的固定电路装置（包括为现有装置安装新的子电路和对现有子电路的改装）的安装和测试都必须按照AS/NZS 3000的不限规范实施。

5.before the connection of a new supply of electricity can be made,it is the employer’s responsibilit y to ensure that a competent person in hazard management has been through the process prior to the supply of electricity to a new installation.

在新的供电联网前，雇主有责任决定指定一名有能力胜任危险管理工作的人士确保在新安装部分供电前对整个过程进行检查。

6.testing of electrical fixed-wiring installation must be carried out in accordance with a hazard identification and risk assessment that takes into account information provided by the designer or manufacturer.

固定线路电气装置安装的测试必须与危险源辨识和风险评价过程相一致，该过程考虑到设计者或制造者提供的信息。

7.a computer person can undertake the hazard management process by way of visual checks for mechanical or other damage that does not require work on the electrical installation.

有能力的人士对机械或其他损坏通过视觉检查的方式开展危险管理工作，这些并不需要在电气安装工程中去实现。

8.some of these ,while “safe”to use ,do not always give reliable diagnostic result and can indicate safe conditions that mask potentially serious faults such as neutral conductor and earth conductor transposition.

当这些器具被“安全”使用时，它们并不总是给出可靠的诊断结果，并有可能预报状况是安全，而其实掩盖了诸如中性线与地线接反了的潜在的严重缺陷。

9.based on the work environment and principle of hazard management, an employer, in consultation with employees, should determine the frequency necessary for ongoing in-service fixed-wiring installation checks.

根据环境工作的危险管理原则，雇主与雇员应为正在进行的固定布线安装协商确定必要的检查频率。

10.records of these regular inspection using the hazard management principle should be kept to assist in determining their future frequency based on any observed deterioration in the condition of the installation.

采用危险管理原则进行的常规检查记录应当保存，以辅助在安装条件

下，根据观察到的耗损情况来确定他们的检查频率。

11.it is also a requirement of the Regulations that employers have a competent person performing inspection and checks using the hazard management process on any existing electric fix-wiring installation at a proposed workplace or location prior to occupation.

法规同样要求任何存在固定线路电气装置安装的工作场所或地点在投入使用前，雇主应安排能胜任的人士采用风险管理流程进行检验和检查。

12.this can be achieved by consulting the designer or supplier of any electrical plant being manufactured or purchased, to ensure that the electrical plant has been manufactured and tested according to the relevant Australian Standard Approval and Test Specification.

可以通过制造或购买的电气设备的设计者和供应商们咨询以确保电气设备是按照相关的澳大利亚标准和监测规范来生产和测试的。

13.an additional safety precaution is that all conductive(metal etc)parts are connected to the protective earthling conductor of the flexible supply cord and the connected to the earthling of the fixed wiring installation.

附加的安全防范措施是，所有导电（金属等）部分先与花线的接地保护导体链接，然后在连接到固定线路接地装置。

14.once again the hazard management principle along with the examination and test requirement of the designer and manufactured need to be taken into account to determine whether permanent/fixed electrical plant should be tested and maintained.

针对设计者和制造者们有关检测和测试的要求，需要再次根据风险管理原理原则以确认永久性或固定型电器设备是否需要测试和维修。

9.

Unit 9

1.A confined space is any area that is not intended for human occupancy and that also has the potential for containing a dangerous atmosphere.受限空间是指任何不适合人员占据且包含有潜在危险气体的区域。

2.Others which are less obvious can be equally dangerous,e.g.open-top tanks and vats(particularly where heavier than air gases or vapours may be present),closed and unventilated rooms, or furnaces and ovens in which dangerous accumulation of gases can build up because of restricted air circulation even though the door is left open.另外一些看似不明显的受限空间也同样危险，如开顶式储罐和大桶（尤其是可能存在重于空气的气体或者蒸汽）、密闭和通风不畅的空间或炼炉和烤炉，这是由于即使门是敞开的，空气循环的限制增加了危险气体的蓄积。

3.Where it is necessary to enter the space to remove sludge etc. which is liable to give off dangerous fumes, suitable breathing apparatus and, where practicable, a safety line should be worn, and rescue equipment and personnel should be available.当需要进入受限空间去移除污泥时，由于可能释放出危险性气体，所以有必要准备适当的呼吸装置，如有可能，安全绳索、救援设备和救援人员都应予以安置。

4. Negative-pressure air purifying respirators should not be used when the concentration of contaminant exceeds ten times the maximum recommended level for unprotected breathing.当污染物浓度超过最高允许呼吸保护水平的十倍时，不应使用负压空气净化呼吸器。

5.A permit is essentially a document which sets out the work to be done and the precautions to be taken.许可证本质上是一个文件，该文件列出了需要做的工作和要采取的预防措施。

6.If it is not practicable to provide a safe oxygen level, or safe level of air contaminant, suitable protective equipment, including air-supplied respirators are to be worn, as specified on the entry permit.如果不能提供一个安全的氧气水平或不能保证空气污染物处于安全水平，应选择按规定允许进入有限空间时所要求的合适的防护装备，比如佩戴有气源的呼吸器。

7.Typically，a winch has a mechanical advantage of between 2:1 and 6:1, which makes it possible for a worker to be quickly extracted from the confined space should the need arise.典型的，机械增益在2:1到6:1之间的绞盘机，可快速地使工人从受限空间提升出来。

8.It is essential to have an appropriate means of communication between the person working inside a confined space and the person

stationed outside, whether by voice，rope tugging or by a battery-operated communication system specially designed for confined space use.不管是通过声音、拉绳、敲击，还是专为首先空间使用设计的电池驱动的通信系统，必须在受限空间内工作的人和空间外的人建立一个适当的交流方法。

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种

翻译期末作业

浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。

土木专业英语翻译作业

桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939

原文

中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel

机械工程专业英语翻译 华中科技大学版 李光布

1.机械设计过程 机械设计的最终目标是生产一种满足客户需求的有用产品，而且这种产品安全，高效，可靠，经济，实用。当回答这个问题时，广泛地思考，我将要设计的产品或系统的客户是谁？ 在产品设计之前，了解所有客户的期望和期望是至关重要的。营销专业人员经常被用来管理客户期望的定义，但是设计师可能会把他们作为产品开发团队的一部分。 许多方法被用来确定客户想要什么。一种被称为质量功能部署或QFD的流行方法寻求（1）识别客户期望的所有特征和性能因素，以及（2）评估这些因素的相对重要性。QFD过程的结果是产品的一组详细功能和设计要求。 考虑设计过程如何配合为客户提供令人满意的产品所必须发生的所有功能以及在产品的整个生命周期中为产品提供服务也很重要。事实上，重要的是考虑产品在使用寿命后如何处置。影响产品的所有这些功能的总和有时被称为产品实现过程或PRP。PRP中包含的一些因素如下： ?营销功能来评估客户的要求 ?研究确定可在产品中合理使用的可用技术 ?可以包含在产品中的材料和组件的可用性 ?产品设计和开发 ?性能测试 ?设计文件 ?供应商关系和采购职能 ?考虑全球材料采购和全球营销 参加工作的技能 ?物理工厂和设施可用

?制造系统的能力 生产计划和生产系统的控制 ?生产支持系统和人员 ?质量体系要求 ?销售操作和时间表 ?成本目标和其他竞争性问题 ?客户服务要求 ?产品在生产，操作和处置过程中的环境问题 ?法律要求 ?金融资本的可用性 你可以添加到这个列表吗？您应该能够看到，产品的设计只是综合过程的一部分。在本文中，我们将更加注意设计过程本身，但必须始终考虑设计的可生产性。产品设计和制造过程设计的同时考虑通常被称为并行工程。 2.机械设计所需的技能 产品工程师和机械设计师在日常工作中使用广泛的技能和知识。这些技能和知识包含在以下内容中： ?素描，技术制图和计算机辅助设计 ?材料的性质？材料加工*和制造过程 ?化学的应用，如腐蚀防护，电镀和喷漆 静力学动力学材料的强度，运动学和机制 流体力学，热力学和传热 ?流体动力，电气现象的基本原理和工业控制

专业英语大作业

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图5.1 RARP请求和应答。 该RARP请求是广播（1号线）的，第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出，“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun（140.252.13.33）的IP地址。 在第3行，我们看到，一旦sun接收其IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP读请求（RRQ）的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。（TFTP是简单文件传输协议，我们在第15章进行详细描述）。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分，后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报，而不是一个UDP数据报（实际上它确实是），因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数，看硬件级别的地址。另一点，在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短（我们所说的是在4.5节60字节）。原因是我们的系统，该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧（BSDI）。该应用程序rarpd，写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置（14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答），这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输（60 ）。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ，长度会是60。 我们可以看到在这个例子，当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上，我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。（第16章介绍了使用RARP ，BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。） 图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址，并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。

上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译

Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。

电子商务专业英语作业翻译

E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used. 电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。 E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall 网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店 As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html,, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html,, and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html, continues to grow. 作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。一些企业已报告了相当大的成功。早在1997年年中，戴尔电脑报告的订单一百万美元一天。1999年初，预计的电子商务业务收入都在数十亿美元的股票和公司认为最善于电子商务暴涨。虽然许多所谓的互联网零售商消失在经济衰退2000，网上零售网站如https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html,，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html,，和https://www.wendangku.net/doc/157742092.html,继续增长 Market Research 市场研究 In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the Internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts -through site registration, questionnaires, and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as "profiling" and a proposed standard has been developed that allows Internet users to decide who can have what personal information.) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

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陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams

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步京侄宛a琴 《专业英语》课程作业 学生姓名____________________________ 学号 __________________________ 院系 _________________________ 专业 __________________________ 任课教师____________________________

二0一五年六月 一、英译中(英文科技资料翻译) 原文： An operating system is the software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute program. The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer system convenient to use. A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient way. We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources which may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, , input/output(I/O) devices, and so on.The operating system acts as the manager of these resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks. Since there may be many, possibly conflicting, requests for resources, the o/s must decide which requests are allocated resources to operate the computer system fairly and efficiently. Multimedia means, from the user ' perspective, that computer information can be represented through audio and/or video, in addition to text, image, graphics and animation . The integration of these media into the computer provides additional possibilities for the use of computational power currently available (e.g., for interactive presentation of huge amounts of information ). Furthermore, these data can be transmitted though computer and telecommunication networks, which implies applications in the areas of information distribution and cooperative work.Multimedia provides the possibility for a spectrum of new applications, many of which are in place today. A multimedia system distinguishes itself from other systems through several properties. We elaborate on the most important properties such as combination of the media, media-independence, computer control and integration.Not every arbitrary combination of media justifies the usage of the term multimedia. A simple text processing program with incorporated images is often called a multimedia application because two media are processed through one program.But one should talk about multimedia only when both continuous and discrete media are utilized.A text processing program with incorporated images is therefore not a multimedia application. An important aspect of different media is their level of independence from each other. In general, there is a request for independence of different media, but multimedia may require several levels of independence. On the one hand, a computer-controlled video recorder stores audio and video information, but there is an inherently tight connection between the two types of media. Both media are coupled together through the common storage medium of the tape. On the other hand, for the purpose of presentations, the combination of DAT recorder (Digital Audio Tape) signals and computer-available text satisfies the request for media-independence. Early computers were(physically) very large machines run from a console.The programmer would

机械工程专业英语 翻译

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