语法专项：动词

1、动词的分类：

★重要注解：

(1) 关于实义动词：

①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：

后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。

②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：

go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。

有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。

④有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash 等。

⑤有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。

如：listen,reply,wait,look.

(2) 关于连系动词：

①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。

②常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、

turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、

feel(感觉、摸→感到)、smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、

turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、

go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。

[注释]

become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别：become表示“变成”,比

较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他变富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(将来他将成为科学家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)

(3) 关于助动词：

①常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been,

being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ;

will (would)和用于一般时的do(does,did) .

②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用

不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.

(4) 关于情态动词：

①常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will

(would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。

②can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明

一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you?(要帮忙吗？)/ He can swim.(他会游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)

③may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly

或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以问你一个问题吗？当然可以)/ You may go

now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)

④must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t；

表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t”如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today.She can’t be here.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)

[注意]用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗？是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房间里吗？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)

⑤“have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.

have to的疑问形式是：助动词+…+have to,否定形式是：助动词+not+have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8点钟吗？)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用这么做)

⑥shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、

三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来)

⑦should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old

people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)

⑧will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please

close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿)

⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time

he returned home.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)

would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”

婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”

或“I should(I’d) like to”来表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at

the moment?(你现在想要休息一下吗？)

would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母

们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事) ⑩need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了) ⑾dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)

⑿‘d better(do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)

(1)规则动词变化表：

注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。

②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在[ s ]、

[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].

③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、

[d]后读[id].

(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形→过去式→过去分词)

3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：

注意：句型变化时,

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而

且not 都可以缩写为n’t (am 后面not 不可以缩写)；

疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：

5、八种时态的具体用法：

(1)一般现在时表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。

①一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：

often,usually,sometimes,always,every(day等), once/twice,a

(week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the

Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often

discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)

②表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时

间状语。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light

travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快)

③表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用

一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如：The train for

Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开

车)

④在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引

导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来

时,句子可以有将来时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive

in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will

have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)

⑤一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go

为主。如：Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响

了)。

⑥一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield

player catches the ball and he keeps it.

⑦人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,

常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认

为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I

think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can

enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)

(2)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常

发生。

①表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight)

(yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。

如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little

Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早

上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a

stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和

他父亲谈话)

②表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：

yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the

year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)

③表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last…, in…,

from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, ne ver等。

如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. /

Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

④讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去

时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the

street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

(3)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。

①一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,

someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。

②用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”

用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要

从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就

要一个人过了)

③“am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主

观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或

计划中的动作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth

to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别

的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

④表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如：I will go to the lab to get some

chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室

去取些药品,请等我回头)

⑤现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)

⑥shall和will在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与

第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next

Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/ Will you please open the

door for me?(替我把门打开好吗？)

⑦“be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如：An angel came

to tell her that she was to have this special boy.

(4)现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此

刻不一定在进行的动作。

①现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。

②现在进行时的时间状语有：now, this …, these…等,但经常不用。如：

What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么？)/ I am writing

a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说)

③表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：

come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就来)/

What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving

soon.(他就要走了)

④表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表

示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money

from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,

过一些时候就忘得一干二净)

(5)过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。

①过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各

人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。

②过去进行时的时间状语有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at

(eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状

语从句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时

候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw

her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)

③用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是

延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen

when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a

lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的

森林里走时唱了很多歌)

④也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always

等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He was

always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时

老向我借钱)

(6)现在完成时现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,

或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下

去的动作。

①在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。

②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already, yet,

just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国)

③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间

状语有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)

④口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands

of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)

⑤have been to与have gone to的区别：have gone to(“已经去了”)表示

人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。如：--Where is Mr Li?

–He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英国。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。)

⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语

连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下

表：

→

或者使用下面这个句型：

(7) 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成

的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。

①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。

②过去完成时时间状语有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或

者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once,

ever, never等词语,也会有for…或since…构成的时间状语。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(当

老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了)

③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before

引导的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the

darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had

never seen a kangaroo before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)

(8) 过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动

词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +

动词原形”。

②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有：later, soon, the next (day).

③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使

用一般过去时。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped

him with the project.(他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/

Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每

次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书)

④表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用

was/were going to (+动词原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next

month.(她告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/ She told me that she was going to

have a walk with her pet dog.(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)

⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如：When it rained in

the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨时他会随身带

一把雨伞)

(9)现在完成进行时：现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并

由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是：“have/has + been +动词的现在分词”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个

小时)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在这里一直等了多久？

)

(1)被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。

(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时

态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：

[注]p.p.表示过去分词。

(1) 被动语态的用法：

①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。

如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Rice is also

grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in

three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)

③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)

是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主

人宰杀的)

(2)主动语态如何改写为被动语态：

+ 状语

+ 状语

(动作的承受者) (be +过去分词) (动作的执行者)

(3) 注意点：

①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：

His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his

teacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)

也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接

宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to．．

him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His

father made him a kite.→A kite was made for

．．．him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)

②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：The boss

made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to．．

work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜

人被迫一天工作12小时)

③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes

good care of．． her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care

of．． by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)

④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：

He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)

He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)

7、动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。

(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包

含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。

(2)动词不定式：

①形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否

定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“wh-疑问词

+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式：“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式：

“to have +过去分词”。

②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾

语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,

即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构

成不定式短语。

③动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定

式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在

不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如：To help animals

is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to

learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me

half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时

间)

④动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。

[A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式：

如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门

[比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)

[B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式：

如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎样上网吗？)

[C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,

而不定式则后置。如：I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)

⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。

[A] 记住下面的一些结构：

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