VOA建国史话文本(中英对照)031-040

VOA建国史话文本（中英对照）

目录

31How a Dispute Helped Lead to Modern Party System (1)

32John Adams Is Elected Nation’s Second President (7)

33Adams Avoids War With France,Signs Alien and Sedition Acts (14)

34Jefferson Is Elected President in1800,But Only on the36th Vote (20)

35Jefferson,at Inaugural,Urges Unity of Hearts and Minds (27)

36Jefferson Begins Presidency With a Loyal Cabinet (30)

37Jefferson Moves to Cut Debt,Spending (36)

38Jefferson Gets Louisiana Territory From France (42)

39A Supreme Court Justice Is Put on Trial in1805 (49)

40The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr,Former VP (56)

31How a Dispute Helped Lead to Modern Party System

第31集汉密尔顿的联邦党和杰斐逊的共和党

Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION–American history in VOA Special English.

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had opposing ideas about how the new nation should be governed.Their dispute helped create the system of political par-ties in the United States.This week in our series,Maurice Joyce and Blake Lanum have more in our story of these two early American leaders.

在上次的建国史话中，我们讲到，在美国第一届总统乔治·华盛顿任期里，美国的两大政党逐渐形成，分别由当时的财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿和当时的国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊领导。

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VOICE TWO:

The Federalist Party,led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton,supported a strong national government with a powerful president and courts.Federalists thought men of money and position should rule the country.

亚历山大·汉密尔顿领导的联邦党主张设置强大的联邦政府，总统和法院，他们认为，国家应该由有权有势者统治。

And they did in the early seventeen nineties.Federalists controlled the Congress. They also had great in?uence over the nation’s?rst president,George Washington.十八世纪九十年代早期，联邦党声势浩大，不仅控制着国会，就连第一届总统乔治·华盛顿也深受他们的影响。

The Republicans,led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,did not want a strong national government with unlimited powers.And they believed political power should be spread throughout the population.

与此同时，托马斯·杰斐逊领导的共和党则反对让一个强大的联邦政府享有无限的权力。他们认为，政治权力应该分配给民众。

VOICE ONE:

The two sides carried on a war of words in their party newspapers.Historians believe Hamilton himself wrote much of what appeared in the Federalist paper. Jefferson,they believe,acted mostly as an adviser to the Republican paper.

双方利用各自的党报，展开了激烈论战。历史学家相信，联邦文集中的大部

分文章都是汉密尔顿本人撰写的，而杰斐逊却主要充当了共和党报纸的顾问。

Both papers carried unsigned articles attacking the opposition.Both printed stories that were false.At times,the attacks were personal.Many people felt two cabinet secretaries should be above that kind of public?ghting.

双方的报纸都刊登不署名文章，抨击对手，有时报导并不属实，甚至夹杂着人身攻击。很多人都觉得，这种公开冲突不符合两位内阁大员的身份。VOICE TWO:

Toward the end of president Washington’s?rst administration,he received a let-ter from Jefferson.The Secretary of State said he planned to resign.He said he disagreed with most of the administration’s national and foreign policies.He did not name Hamilton.It was not necessary.Washington knew what he meant.For Hamilton was the chief planner of those policies.

第一届任期即将结束的时候，乔治·华盛顿总统收到了国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊的来信。杰斐逊在信中说，他对政府的大部分国内和外交政策无法苟同，因此打算辞职。他没有指名道姓，不过也没有这种必要，华盛顿明白他的意思，因为那些政策的主要制定者都是汉密尔顿。

The president tried to make peace between the two men.He liked them and respect-ed them.He believed the new nation needed the skills of both men.However,the dispute had gone too far.It was now more than just a question of two strong men who could not agree.It was a battle of two completely different philosophies of government.

乔治·华盛顿试图在汉密尔顿和杰斐逊之间进行调和。这两个人都是他非常欣赏和器重的人，他认为，这两个人都是国家栋梁。不过，汉密尔顿和杰斐逊之间的分歧已经超越了个人之间的矛盾，演变为两种截然不同的政治理念的撞击。

VOICE ONE:

Washington did not succeed in making peace between Jefferson and Hamilton.But Jefferson decided not to resign.In a letter to his daughter,Jefferson said:"the attacks on me have changed a decision which I did not think could possibly be changed.I must remain and?ght."

华盛顿虽然没能促成杰斐逊和汉密尔顿的和解，但是后来杰斐逊自己放弃了辞职的念头。他在给女儿的信中说，“对我的攻击让我改变了我原本以为无法改变的决定。我要留下来继续斗争。”

The idea of organized political parties was new in the United States.There were no laws saying what they could or could not do.There were no restrictions on the political activities of government of?cials.So,while continuing to serve as Secre-tary of State,Jefferson began working to get his supporters elected to Congress.He believed that was the only way to?ght Hamilton.National elections were set for seventeen ninety-two.

当时在美国，有组织的政党还是一个新鲜事物，没有规范政党行为的立法，政府官员的政治活动也不受任何限制。因此，杰斐逊在担任国务卿期间，积极帮助自己的支持者进入国会。他认为，这是跟汉密尔顿抗衡的唯一途径。美国大选定于1792年举行。

VOICE TWO:

There was no dispute about the highest of?ce.In seventeen ninety-two,everyone wanted George Washington to be elected president again.However,many Republi-cans saw no reason to re-elect John Adams as vice president.Adams was a patriot and had served his country well.But he was not democratic.He made no secret of his opinion that men born to the upper class should rule.

1792年的时候，总统人选没有任何争议，大家都希望乔治·华盛顿连任。然而，很多共和党人觉得，约翰·亚当斯不适合继续担任副总统的职务。亚当斯这个人很爱国，也为国家做了很多贡献，但是他不赞成民主，公开主张贵族统治。

Republicans had another reason to campaign against the Federalists.Hamilton’s ?nancial policies made it possible for bankers and other money lenders to invest in all kinds of deals.One man did this with information he got as a high-level Treasury Department of?cial.His investments turned bad and his business failed. This caused other businesses to fail.There was a?nancial crash in New York City, the center of business in the United States.

共和党人参加竞选还有另外一个原因。根据汉密尔顿的金融政策，银行家和其他从事贷款的人都可以对任何买卖进行投资，财政部的一名高级官员按照自己掌握的信息投资，结果失败，不仅自己倒霉，还导致了其他企业的破产，使美国商业中心纽约的金融行业出现了崩溃。

VOICE ONE:

The Federalists were strong in the northeast.But the Republicans were gaining strength everywhere else.The election of Republican representatives to Congress in seventeen ninety-two would make them an important force in the House of Rep-resentatives.

共和党准备在1792年国会选举中跟联邦党人一争高低。当时，美国东北部是联邦党人的天下，但是共和党人的势力在美国其他地方不断扩大。1792年共和党人进入国会，成为众议院里的重要力量。

The Republicans did not,however,win the vice presidency.That of?ce went once again to Federalist John Adams.Perhaps the one thing that saved Adams was the belief of many Americans that President Washington wanted him again as vice pres-ident.Yet Adams did not win a clear victory.The electors from four states voted for Republican George Clinton of New York.One state voted for Jefferson,though he was not a candidate.

不过，共和党人并没有争取到副总统的位置，副总统继续由联邦党人约翰·亚当斯担任。亚当斯连任的原因之一是因为很多美国人相信，乔治·华盛顿总统希望亚当斯留任。尽管如此，亚当斯并没有大获全胜，13个州里，有四个州投了纽约州共和党人乔治·克林顿的票，还有一个州投票支持杰斐逊，虽然他并不是副总统的候选人。

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VOICE TWO:

The year seventeen ninety-three saw a change in Alexander Hamilton’s political powers.The Republicans in the House of Representatives demanded answers to questions about his?nancial programs.Why did the Treasury Secretary refuse to give Congress all the facts about government plans to borrow,to lend,and to tax? 1793年，亚历山大·汉密尔顿的政治权力发生了变化。国会众议院的共和党人要求汉密尔顿就自己的金融项目对国会作出解释。一个国家的财政部长为什么拒绝将政府借债、贷款和收税的计划的所有事实告知国会呢？

For four years,the House had passed all the laws Hamilton asked for without being told why the laws were needed.In his opinion,that was the only way to govern. Now,the House wanted to know more.

在此之前的四年里，国会众议院对汉密尔顿言听计从，按照汉密尔顿的意思通过了种种立法。在汉密尔顿看来，这样做天经地义。然而，新一届众议院提出了知情权。

VOICE ONE:

Hamilton considered the request an insult.Yet he answered it.He produced four reports about Treasury Department activities.Republicans searched the reports for proof that Hamilton and his Federalist friends had been dishonest.They found no such proof.And they did not accuse him of taking money for himself.But they attacked him on several other issues.

汉密尔顿觉得这种要求是对他的侮辱，但还是就国会的问题做出了答复。他提交了四份报告，解释财政部的工作。共和党人在报告中仔细搜寻汉密尔顿和他的联邦党友人不老实的证据，结果什么也没有找到。他们没有指责汉密尔顿贪污枉法，而是在其他问题上对汉密尔顿发起了攻击。

For example,they said Hamilton had not followed President Washington’s instruc-tions for dealing with the nation’s foreign loans.

比如说，国会共和党人提出，汉密尔顿在处理外债的问题上，没有遵循总统的指示。

They said he paid too much interest to the National Bank of the United States.And, they said he did not carefully obey laws passed by Congress concerning the use of government money.

他们说，汉密尔顿给美国中央银行的利息太高，而且没有严格遵守国会关于使用政府资金的立法。

VOICE TWO:

Federalist members of Congress answered the accusations.They declared again and again that the Republicans had not been able to prove even one criminal act by the Treasury Secretary.

国会里的联邦党人奋起反击。他们三番五次地重申，共和党人无法证明汉密尔顿有任何犯罪行为。

The attempt to force Hamilton out of of?ce failed.But Hamilton himself was ready to leave.He was satis?ed with the work he had done.More than any other man,he had shaped the policies of the United States for the?rst?ve years of its existence. He was sure the young nation would continue to be governed by the political ideas he supported.Hamilton went to New York City to work as a lawyer and spend more time with his family.

共和党人企图把汉密尔顿赶下台，最终以失败告终。不过，汉密尔顿对自己的工作成绩感到满意，因此萌生去意。美国建国头五年，对美国政策影响最多的人非汉密尔顿莫属。汉密尔顿相信，美国政府一定会延续他的政治理念，他后来到纽约去当律师，用更多的时间陪伴家人。

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VOICE ONE:

Most Americans were not excited by the debate between Federalists and Republi-cans on such issues as the Bank of the United States.Farmers and laborers did not understand economics.But the French Revolution was something else.

大多数美国人对联邦党人和共和党人有关中央银行等问题的辩论并不感兴趣。普通农民和劳工不懂经济。然而，法国大革命就不一样了。Federalists opposed the French Revolution.They denounced the violence and the murder of the king and queen.They also wanted closer economic and political ties with Britain.Republicans welcomed the revolution.They saw it as a?ght for liberty and democracy–the same ideas they fought for against Britain.Besides,they said, Britain was no friend of America.

联邦党人反对法国大革命。他们对暴力冲突和杀死国王王后的做法表示谴责。他们还主张加强跟英国的经济和政治关系。与此同时，共和党人却对法国大革命表示支持，认为这是一场自由民主之战，跟美国摆脱英国统治的独立战争如出一辙。他们还指出，英国并非美国的朋友。

Britain still held land in the western United States in violation of the peace treaty between the two countries.Britain still paid Native American Indians to kill White settlers in frontier areas.And Britain still took sailors off American ships and forced them to serve in its Navy.

当时，英国违反两国间的和平协议，依旧控制着美国西部的土地。英国继续出钱，让印第安人杀死西部的白人定居者。此外，英国还强迫美国船员加入英国海军服役。

VOICE TWO:

The revolution in France put the United States in a dif?cult situation.The situation became worse when the kings of Europe sent their armies against the new French republic.The United States had a treaty with France.It had agreed to aid France if France were attacked.But President Washington?rmly believed the United States should not become involved in the politics of Europe.So he declared the United States would remain neutral.

法国大革命让美国陷入了尴尬的境地，欧洲国家的国王们对法兰西共和国开战后，美国更是进退维谷。美国跟法国有协议，如果法国受到攻击，美国就要出兵协助，但是乔治·华盛顿坚信，美国不应该介入欧洲政治，因此他宣布，美国保持中立。

VOICE ONE:

The declaration was a victory for the Federalists.They still had a great deal of in-?uence over President Washington.But what would they do after seventeen ninety-six?Washington’s second term would come to an end that year.And he had an-nounced he would not run again.

乔治·华盛顿在这个问题上的立场代表了联邦党人的胜利，说明他们对华盛

顿还有一定的影响力。不过，1796年以后怎么办呢？届时，华盛顿任期满了，而且他已经宣布不再竞选连任。

At that time,the Constitution did not limit the number of presidential terms.Yet, George Washington felt two was enough.Who was the most likely candidate to succeed him?That will be our story next week.

虽然当时的宪法并没有限制总统可以连任几届，但是乔治·华盛顿觉得，两任足够了。谁最有可能接任总统职务呢？我们将在下一次的美国史话中介绍。

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ANNOUNCER:

Our program was written by Christine Johnson.The narrators were Maurice Joyce and Blake Lanum.Join us again next week for THE MAKING OF A NATION,an American history series in VOA Special English.

32John Adams Is Elected Nation’s Second President

第32集亚当斯当选美国第二位总统

ANNOUNCER:

Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION–American history in VOA Special English.

The year seventeen ninety-six saw a change in American politics.That year,the new nation held its third presidential election.And for the?rst time,there was more than one candidate.

在上次的建国史话中，我们讲到，美国第一位总统乔治·华盛顿连任两届后，决定让贤。美国政治在1796年发生了巨大的变化。在总统大选中，第一次出现了多位候选人。

George Washington won the?rst two elections without opposition.But now there were two political parties.The Federalists were led by former Treasury Secre-tary Alexander Hamilton.The Republicans were led by former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.

乔治·华盛顿当选总统时，没有任何竞争对手，但是1796年的时候，美国两党体制初具规模，联邦党和共和党分别由前财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿和前国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊领导。

This week in our series,Harry Monroe and Kay Gallant tell the story of the election

of seventeen ninety-six and the winner,John Adams.

VOICE TWO:

Most people expected John Adams to win.He was well known throughout the country.He had campaigned for American independence from British rule.He had served as a diplomat in Europe and as the?rst American minister to Britain.He was Washington’s choice for vice president and had served in that position for two terms.

大多数人都估计，约翰·亚当斯会当选。毕竟，他知名度高，推动过美国独立战争，曾担任美国驻欧洲外交官，还是美国派往英国的第一位部长。除此之外，乔治·华盛顿也对他委以重任，让他连做了两届副总统。

Adams was a Federalist.But he was not–like other Federalists–loyal to Alexander Hamilton.So Hamilton worked against Adams.He tried to win electoral support for his own candidate for president,Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina.

亚当斯是一名联邦党人，但是他跟其他联邦党人不一样，他并不听命于汉密尔顿。正因为如此，汉密尔顿不仅不支持亚当斯，反而跟亚当斯对着干，为自己支持的总统参选人，南卡罗来纳州的托马斯·平克尼拉选票。

VOICE ONE:

At last,the day arrived for counting the votes.The Federalists were shocked by the results.Seventy-one electors voted for John Adams.Sixty-eight voted for Republi-can Thomas Jefferson.Only sixty voted for Hamilton’s choice,Thomas Pinckney.计票结果出乎联邦党人的意料。在选举人票中，约翰·亚当斯赢得71票，共和党人托马斯·杰斐逊赢得68票，而汉密尔顿支持的托马斯·平克尼只得到了60票。

Under the electoral system used at that time,the candidate with the most votes became president.The candidate with the next largest number of votes became vice president.So America’s second president would be John Adams.Its second vice president would be Thomas Jefferson.

根据当时的选举人制度，得票最多的担任总统，得票数量排在第二的担任副总统，因此，约翰·亚当斯就成了美国历史上的第二位总统，托马斯·杰斐逊担任第二位副总统。

VOICE TWO:

Jefferson had resigned from public service a few years earlier.But he decided to accept his election as vice president.He wrote to his friend James Madison:"I am willing to serve under President Adams.I believe Adams is the only man who can

stop Alexander Hamilton from becoming president in eighteen hundred."

杰斐逊早在几年前就已经辞去了公职，但他还是决定接受副总统的职务。他在给好友詹姆斯·麦迪逊的信中说，“我愿意做亚当斯总统的副手。我认为，亚当斯是唯一能够阻止汉密尔顿在1800年成为总统的人。”

To Adams himself,Jefferson wrote that he valued their long friendship and hoped it would continue.Republican newspapers carried articles that were friendly to Federalist John Adams–the?rst time they had done so.

杰斐逊还致函亚当斯说，他很珍视两人的长期友谊，并希望这种友谊能够继续下去。共和党人的报纸也一反常态，刊登了对联邦党人约翰·亚当斯表示友好的文章。

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VOICE ONE:

When Adams and Jefferson took of?ce in March,seventeen ninety-seven,some Federalists believed their political power had come to an end.But Alexander Hamil-ton,sitting in his law of?ce in New York City,did not lose hope.He knew he still controlled the top Federalist leaders in Congress.

1797年三月，亚当斯和杰斐逊宣誓就职后，有些联邦党人觉得，他们的政治权力宣告结束了，但是坐在纽约律师事务所办公室里的汉密尔顿并没有灰心。他知道，国会里的主要联邦党领袖仍然在自己的掌控之中。

More than that,he believed he knew how to control John Adams.

不仅如此，他同时坚信，自己知道如何去控制新总统约翰·亚当斯。

The new president made Hamilton’s job easy.Adams kept President Washington’s cabinet.The three men who were Washington’s chief government of?cials would now advise President Adams.Washington had appointed them at Hamilton’s re-quest.And they always did what Hamilton told them to do.

亚当斯上任后，并没有大刀阔斧地进行改革，而是保留了华盛顿内阁的原班人马。华盛顿任期内的三位主要政府官员留任，继续为亚当斯出谋划策。这些人当初都是汉密尔顿要求华盛顿任命的，因此都对汉密尔顿唯命是从。VOICE TWO:

Historians still cannot explain why John Adams–a man who did not like or trust Alexander Hamilton–kept the three cabinet secretaries.If the secretaries had been men of great ability,then that might be an explanation.But they were not.

历史学家始终无法解释，亚当斯对汉密尔顿既不欣赏也不信任，为什么要保

留汉密尔顿推荐的这三位内阁部长？如果这三个人都具备雄才伟略的话，还可以理解，但事实并非如此。

One was a secretary of state who knew very little about foreign relations.The second was a secretary of the treasury who knew less about?nance.The third was a secretary of war who knew nothing about military matters and defense.

这三个人一个是国务卿，但是对外交关系一无所知；一个是财政部长，但是对金融理财一窍不通，还有一个是战争部长，但却是军事国防的门外汉。Adams may have kept these men as an act of party unity.Or he may have kept them because he could not get anyone else.

亚当斯之所以保留他们，可能是为了党内团结，也可能是苦于没有更好的人选。

VOICE ONE:

Whatever his reason,the decision was politically costly,for the three men worked together against him.President Adams told his cabinet secretaries what he wanted. Then they went to Alexander Hamilton for orders.

历史上对于亚当斯让这些人留任找不到一个合理的解释，这种做法让亚当斯付出了沉重的政治代价。这三位部长对于总统亚当斯的指示，反其道而行之，万事都要请示汉密尔顿的意旨。

In the end,these secret activities helped destroy the Federalist Party.And so,they made the administration of John Adams one of the most exciting and important periods in the political history of the United States.

这些秘密行动最终导致了联邦党的垮台，也使约翰·亚当斯政府成为美国政治史上最重要、最令人激动的一段时期。

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VOICE TWO:

As we said earlier,John Adams was a great man and a true patriot.He was born in the village of Braintree,Massachusetts,in seventeen thirty-?ve.He wanted to be a farmer.But he was sent to Harvard College to study to be a clergyman.He had no interest in this life and became a lawyer,instead.

我们以前讲过，约翰·亚当斯是一个伟人，真正的爱国者。1735年，他在麻萨诸塞州的一个村庄里诞生，理想是长大后当农民，但后来被家里送到哈佛大学去读神学。他对当牧师没兴趣，后来做了一名律师。

In the years before the American Revolution,John Adams wrote articles about

the injustice of British rule.He also became a delegate to the First Continental Congress.He urged the Congress to appoint George Washington as commander-in-chief of American forces.He argued for the creation of an American Navy.And he helped develop the resolutions declaring American independence.

独立战争爆发前，亚当斯发表文章，声讨英国统治，后来出席了第一届大陆会议，敦促大陆会议任命乔治·华盛顿担任大陆军总指挥。他还提议建立海军，并推动了美国的《独立宣言》。

VOICE ONE:

Adams spent most of the war years in Europe.He helped win Dutch recognition of the new American nation.He also negotiated a loan from the Dutch government, as well as a treaty of friendship and commerce.After American forces defeated British forces,he helped negotiate the peace treaty between the two countries.Then he served as the?rst American minister to Britain.

独立战争期间，亚当斯主要是在欧洲渡过的。他说服荷兰承认美国，还从荷兰政府那里得到了一笔贷款，并跟荷兰签署了友好商业协议。大陆军战胜英国部队后，他又参加了两国和平协议的谈判，并出任美国第一位驻英国的部长。

Adams,like other Federalists,believed that men of money and position should gov-ern America.He did not trust the common people.He did not support democracy. He once wrote:"In the city of Boston,there are four noble families.They are just as much a noble class as the nobility of Britain or Spain.And it is good that this aristocracy exists."

跟其他联邦党人一样，亚当斯也认为美国应该由有权有势的人来统治。他不信任普通民众，也不支持民主。他曾经写到，“波士顿有四个贵族家庭。他们跟英国或是西班牙的贵族没什么两样，这种贵族的存在真是太好了。”Yet John Adams had a deep love for his country.He would do whatever was neces-sary to keep it free.

不过，约翰·亚当斯深深地热爱自己的国家，为了美国的自由，不惜一切代价。

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Adams was extremely intelligent and was a thoughtful,lively writer.However,he often acted very coldly and said little.Or he became angry easily.His best friend probably was his wife,Abigail.He had few other friends.

亚当斯头脑敏锐，是一个很有思想和活力的作家，但是他往往表现冷漠，沉默寡言，动不动就发脾气。他最好的朋友是他的夫人阿比盖尔，除此之外，几乎没有多少朋友。

Adams’personal weaknesses caused trouble during his presidency.He belonged to the Federalist Party.But he did not want to become involved in party arguments. And he did not want to make all the compromises necessary in the world of politics. So,other Federalists often worked against him.

亚当斯性格上的弱点给他带来了麻烦。他当政期间，虽然属于联邦党，但却不愿卷入党派之争，也不愿做出政治上必要的妥协，因此招致了其他联邦党人的反对。

VOICE ONE:

Not many people really liked this dif?cult,aristocratic man.Strangely enough,one of the few who did was Thomas Jefferson.

很少有人喜欢这个难以相处，充满贵族气派的人。奇怪的是，亚当斯周围为数不多的人当中，却包括了托马斯·杰斐逊。

This was strange,because Jefferson’s political philosophy was opposed to every-thing Adams represented.

这很奇怪，因为杰斐逊的政治理念跟亚当斯所代表的政治理念完全相反。Perhaps Jefferson liked Adams because he respected him for his intelligence.Per-haps he never forgot that Adams had fought hard for American independence.Or perhaps he understood that,under Adams’sel?shness and weaknesses,there was an honest man who would do anything for his country.

杰斐逊喜欢亚当斯也许是因为他尊重亚当斯的智慧，也许是他从未忘记亚当斯为了美国独立血战到底，也许是他能理解，亚当斯虽然自私、软弱，但亚当斯能为自己的国家做任何事。

However,there were not many like Jefferson.Most men in politics just did not like Adams.They used this fact as a weapon.It was such a strong weapon that it made people forget what Jefferson remembered.John Adams had a good mind and loved the United States.He had given many years of his life to the young nation and should be honored for it.

然而，像杰斐逊这样的人并不多。美国政坛里的大多数人都不喜欢亚当斯。他们利用这一事实作为武器，这一武器是如此强大，以致于人们忘记了杰斐逊不曾忘记的东西。约翰·亚当斯善良、爱国，他将自己一生的许多光阴都奉献给了这个年轻的国家，理应受到尊重。

VOICE TWO:

Federalist leaders,especially,appealed to Adams’weaknesses when they wanted his support.

For example,they knew Adams was jealous of President Washington.Adams felt Washington received too much honor,while he received not enough.Sometimes, if Adams knew the president’s opinion on a question,he would develop a different opinion.Yet Washington–like Jefferson–respected Adams.He felt the new nation needed Adams’skills.

比如，他们知道亚当斯嫉妒华盛顿总统。亚当斯觉得华盛顿获得的赞誉过多，而自己获得的赞誉太少。有时，如果亚当斯知道华盛顿总统对某个问题的观点，他就会提出不同观点。然而，就跟杰斐逊一样，华盛顿尊重亚当斯，他觉得这个年轻的国家需要亚当斯的才能。

VOICE ONE:

Adams won the presidency in seventeen ninety-six.But his term would be dif?cult. His own party,the Federalists,did not trust him.And he did not have the support of the general public.The people knew he did not like them.

亚当斯赢得了1796年的总统大选，但他的任期困难重重。他自己的党派，联邦党人并不信任他。他也没能获得普通大众的支持。人民知道，亚当斯并不喜欢他们。

Adams did not expect the job to be easy.He once wrote:"In politics,a man must always walk on broken glass and red-hot iron.It is not easy to do this when you are not wearing shoes.But some men must do it.There are many dangerous things that have to be done for our country in these dangerous times.If nobody else will do them,I will."

亚当斯也并未期望这是份轻松的工作。他曾经写道：“在政坛里，人必须时刻行走在刀锋之上，如果你没有穿鞋，就会面临巨大困难。但有些人必须这样做。在我们国家的危急关头，我们必须做很多危险的事情。如果没有别人愿意做，那我会做。”

We will continue the story of John Adams next week.

(MUSIC)

ANNOUNCER:

Our program was written by Harold Braverman and Christine Johnson.The nar-rators were Harry Monroe and Kay Gallant.Join us again next week for THE MAKING OF A NATION,an American history series in VOA Special English.

33Adams Avoids War With France,Signs Alien and Sedition

Acts

第33集亚当斯总统避免与法国爆发战争，签署《外国人法》和《惩治叛乱

法》

Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION–an American history series in VOA Special English.This week on our program,we continue the story of America’s second president,John Adams.Here are Maurice Joyce and Richard Rael.

VOICE TWO:

John Adams took of?ce in seventeen ninety-seven.He had served eight years as vice president under President George Washington.Now,state electors had chosen him to govern the new nation.

在上次的建国史话中，我们讲到，美国第二任总统约翰.亚当斯1797年宣誓就职。

Adams was an intelligent man.He was a true patriot and an able diplomat.But he did not like party politics.This weakness caused trouble during his presidency.For, during the late seventeen hundreds,two political parties struggled for power.He was caught in the middle.

亚当斯才智过人、热爱国家、而且是一位出色的外交官。不过，他并不热衷于政党政治，这一弱点给他带来了很多麻烦，因为十八世纪末期，美国联邦、共和两党争权夺利，把亚当斯夹在了中间。

VOICE ONE:

Adams was a member of the Federalist Party.As president,he should have been party leader.But this position belonged to a man who really knew how to get and use political power,Alexander Hamilton.Hamilton served as treasury secretary under President Washington.

亚当斯是联邦党成员。作为总统，联邦党领袖的位置本来非他莫数。然而，这个位置却被亚历山大.汉密尔顿牢牢地掌握在手中。乔治.华盛顿任期内，汉密尔顿曾经担任财政部长，在谋求和施展政治权力方面，可谓登峰造极。Now,he was a private citizen,a lawyer in New York City.Through the Federalist Party,Hamilton continued to have great in?uence over the national government. Federalists loyal to Hamilton controlled the Congress.Even President Adams’three cabinet ministers were loyal to Hamilton.In fact,they worked together against the new president.

如今，汉密尔顿虽然已经退出政界，在纽约开办了律师事务所，但他继续通

过联邦党的力量，对政府施加影响。效忠汉密尔顿的联邦党人控制着当时的国会，就连亚当斯总统手下的三位内阁部长，私下里也都听命于汉密尔顿，跟新总统作对。

This political situation made Adams’term in of?ce very dif?cult.Yet strangely,it also led to the end of Federalist Party power.

这种情况给亚当斯带来了不少麻烦，但奇怪的是，最后竟然也将联邦党送入了坟墓。

VOICE TWO:

Two major issues marked Adams’presidency.One concerned foreign policy.The other concerned the rights of citizens.

亚当斯任期内的两个主要问题一个是外交，一个是民权。

The?rst involved America’s relations with France.

外交涉及美国跟法国的关系。

Federalists,in general,were men of wealth and position.They did not believe in democracy,rule by the people.For this reason,they strongly opposed the revolution in France.They were horri?ed by the execution of the French king and queen. Federalists wanted an alliance with Britain.Over time,they demanded war with France.

总的来说，联邦党人都是有权有势的人，他们不相信民主，不相信人民统治。出于这个原因，联邦党人极力反对法国大革命，法国国王和王后被杀，让他们深感震惊。联邦党人主张跟英国结盟，后来还要求对法国宣战。(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

American support for France came from the opposition party,the Republicans.The leader of that party was the country’s vice president,Thomas Jefferson.

然而，由美国副总统托马斯.杰斐逊领导的共和党支持法国大革命。

France helped America win its war for independence from Britain.The friendship formed during the war continued afterward when Thomas Jefferson served as Min-ister to Paris.Relations began to turn bad as soon as he returned home.

The man who replaced him openly supported the French monarchy–the losing side in the revolution.After the revolution succeeded,the new French government demanded that he leave.

VOICE TWO:

Most Federalists did not want good relations with France.They used their power to prevent the government from sending a pro-French representative to Paris.They also searched for any signs of insult,any excuse to declare war.

大多数联邦党人都不希望跟法国保持友好关系，他们想方设法防止政府向巴黎派遣亲法使节，他们还四处捕捉法国冒犯美国的迹象，为宣战寻找借口。President Adams did not agree with the majority of Federalists.He wanted to im-prove relations with France through negotiations.Yet he said the United States would strengthen its defenses.We will be ready,he said,if war comes.

亚当斯总统不同意联邦党的主流意见。他希望通过谈判改善跟法国的关系，但是亚当斯同时也在努力加强国防。按他的话说就是，一旦战争爆发，我们随时准备应战。

VOICE ONE:

One incident,especially,brought the two nations close to war.It is known in Amer-ican history books as the"X,Y and Z Affair."

美国历史教科书上所谓的“X、Y、Z事件”，使美国和法国走向了战争的边缘。

President Adams had appointed a committee of three ministers to negotiate with the French government.French of?cials kept these three men waiting for several weeks.While they waited,they had a visit from three Frenchmen–later called X, Y and Z.

亚当斯总统当时任命了一个由三位部长组成的代表小组，跟法国政府交涉。法国官员让这三个人等了好几个星期。在此期间，三个法国人前来拜访，告诉美国代表说，如果美国答应三个条件，就跟美国签协议。这三个法国人后来被称为X、Y和Z。

X,Y and Z told the Americans that France would sign an agreement if the United States did three things.

法国提出的三个条件是：

It had to lend the French government twelve million dollars.It had to apologize for anti-French statements in a recent message from President Adams to the American Congress.And it had to pay the French foreign minister two hundred?fty thousand dollars.

一，美国要借给法国政府一千两百万美元；二，美国必须就亚当斯总统最近

对美国国会讲话中的反法言论道歉；三，美国要向法国外交部长支付25万美元。

VOICE TWO:

The American ministers were willing to pay.But they wanted to sign the agreement ?rst.The French foreign minister refused.First the money,then the agreement.

美国的三位部长表示，出钱可以，但是要先签协议，结果遭到了法国外交部长的拒绝。法国坚持，只有先付钱，才能签协议。

The Federalists?nally had the excuse they were looking for.France had insulted the United States.We must answer the insult.The only answer was war.Federalist newspapers added fuel to the?re by publishing anti-French propaganda.In a few places,pro-war groups became violent.

联邦党人终于找到了借口。他们指出，这是法国对我们的侮辱，我们绝不能示弱，唯一的回答就是宣战。联邦党人的报纸也煽风点火，进行反法宣传，有些地方的主战团体甚至爆发了暴力行动。

The Republican Party could do little.Even Thomas Jefferson was helpless.He remained in Philadelphia,the capital of the United States at that time.But he had few friends there anymore.

对此，共和党人无能为力，就连副总统杰斐逊也爱莫能助。他继续留在当时的首都费城，但是没有多少朋友。

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Congress quickly passed laws to create a permanent army and navy.It also approved new taxes to pay for them.

美国和法国之间的战火一触即发。美国国会迅速通过立法，建立永久性陆军和海军，并增加税收，补充军费，用于陆海两军的组建和培训。

Two new laws passed by a small vote.But they greatly increased the powers of the national government.The laws were known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. Federalists said they were necessary to protect national security.But,in effect,the Federalists used them to weaken the power of the Republican Party.

国会还以微弱多数通过了另外两项立法–《外国人法》和《惩治叛乱法》。这两项立法极大地增加了联邦政府的权力。联邦党人说，这两项立法对于保护国家安全十分必要，但事实上，联邦党人是为了借此削弱共和党人的力量。VOICE TWO:

Under the Alien Act,the president could accuse any foreigner living in the United States of being a threat to national security.He could order that person out of the country.

根据《外国人法》，美国总统可以指责在美国居住的任何外国人危害美国国家安全，并勒令此人出境。

The act also increased the time a foreigner had to wait to become a citizen,from ?ve years to fourteen years.

法案还将外国人入籍归化的时间从五年延长到十四年。

Republicans were furious.Most foreigners,when they became naturalized citizens, joined the Republican Party.

这种做法让共和党人感到气愤，因为大多数外国人入籍后，都会加入共和党。

Republicans argued that the Alien Act violated the Constitution.They said it gave the government more powers than were stated in the Constitution.Federalists said the act was Constitutional.They said the Constitution gave the government the right to defend the country against foreign aggression.

共和党人认为，《外国人法》违反了美国宪法，使联邦政府的权限超过了宪法规定的范畴。但是联邦党人却认为，《外国人法》并没有违宪，因为宪法赋予联邦政府保护国家不受外来侵略的权力。

VOICE ONE:

The other law,the Sedition Act,barred the publication of anything that might incite public hostility against the government.

另外一项立法《惩治叛乱法》禁止任何煽动公众对政府敌对情绪的出版物。Republicans argued that this act violated Americans’Constitutional rights of free speech and a free press.Federalists,once again,defended it as necessary for na-tional security.

共和党人指出，此法违反了美国宪法规定的言论自由和媒体自由，但是联邦党人再次强调，这样做是出于捍卫国家安全。

The Federalists tried to use the Sedition Act to quiet Republican critics of President Adams’administration.About twenty-?ve persons were charged under the Sedition act.These included several leading Republican newspapermen and a Republican member of Congress.

联邦党人试图利用《惩治叛乱法》，压制对亚当斯政府的批判。包括几位共

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